The origins and the expansion of the Christian Kingdoms

In the kingdom of Castilla, the monarchy was unitary whereas in the kingdom of Aragon it was federal. True. False.

In the 13th century, the city of ... became one of the most important centres of cultural development in Europe. Cordoba. Toledo. Madrid. Sevilla.

During the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries, the peninsular Christian states were consolidated as kingdoms. ... and Aragón extended their territory to the south, taking advantage of the Muslims’ internal problems. Castilla. León. Navarra. Granada.

Castilla and León became consolidated into a single kingdom in ..., when Fernando III definitively united both territories that, until then, had gone through a number of periods of union and separation. 1212. 1248. 1230. 1236.

In the 13th century, after the defeat of the Almohads at , Extremadura and the Guadalquivir Valley were incorporated, where Fernando III conquered Córdoba (1236), Jaén (1246) and Sevilla (1248). Alarcos. Alpujarras. Las Navas de Tolosa. Aljubarrota.

Fernando III's son, Alfonso X, added new territories: added Cádiz (1265) and the kingdom of ... Murcia. Granada. Toledo. Sevilla.

Aragón and ... were united between 1076 and 1135. Navarra. León. Valencia. Naples.

Aragón and the Catalan counties were united under the Crown of Aragón and Navarra remained an independent kingdom. True. False.

The Crown of Aragón was formed in 1137 after the marriage of Isabel, heir to Aragón, to Ramón Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona. True. False.

Alfonso X the ... (1221-1284). Conquered Cádiz and Murcia and carried out significant cultural works. Battler. Conqueror. Cunning. Wise.

Alfonso I the Battler (1073-1134), King of Aragón and Navarra, conquered ..., Tarazona and Daroca. Zaragoza. Toledo. Granada. Córdoba.

Jaime I the Conqueror (1208-1276) conquered Mallorca and Valencia and incorporated them as new kingdoms into the Crown of ... Castilla. Navarra. Aragón. Granada.

After separating from Aragón, Navarra underwent attempts at annexation by Castilla and Aragón. In order to avoid annexation, in the middle of the 13th century it formed ties with ... via matrimonial alliances. England. France. Naples. Turkey.

Portugal became independent from León in 1143, and it initiated its own territorial expansion towards the south. True. False.

The Crown of Aragón had their own institutions, laws and customs. In addition, the kings had less authority because of the imposition of a ... system under which the monarch and subjects committed themselves to honouring their respective rights. caliphate. pact-based. unitary. authoritary.

In Castilla, the monarchy was ...; that is, it was made up of a single kingdom. The authority of the king was greater, given that his power came from God. caliphate. pact-based. unitary. authoritary.

The kings, like in other European kingdoms, governed with the help of the ..., or Royal Council, a body made up of members of the noble class (nobles, knights) and the church (bishops, abbots and representatives of the military orders). Cortes. Justicia. Curia Regia. Chancillería.

At the end of the 12th century in León and the 13th century in the other peninsular kingdoms the kings incorporated wealthy members of the bourgeoisie appointed by the cities into the Curia Regia. This signalled the birth of the Courts (cortes), assemblies made up of representatives of the three classes. True. False.

With the birth of the Courts, the function of advising the king moved to other organisms in all the kingdoms: the Councils (hacienda). True. False.

The king only directly controlled his own manors, called the Royal Council, while nobles and the clergy enjoyed autonomy over their own lands. True. False.

The military orders were made up of warrior ... who lived in fortified monasteries. As monks, they lived under vows of obedience; as soldiers, they fought the Muslims. kings. bishops. monks. princes.

In Castilla, the most important military orders were those of Calatrava, Alcantara and... Santiago. Pablo. Marcos. Antonio.

In the Crown of Aragón and in Navarra, the most important were the ... and the Hospitallers, as well as the Order of the Holy Sepulchre and the Order of Montesa. Templars. Calatrava. Santiago. Alcántara.

Industry and livestock farming were the basis of the economy of the peninsular Christian kingdoms. These activities were practised on the extensive manors belonging to the monarchy, the nobility, the clergy and the military orders. True. False.

In Castilla, the nobility and the military orders turned their land into pastures for raising merino sheep in a transhumance system.In order to defend their interests, in 1273 livestock owners formed an association called the Honourable Council of the ..., recognised and favoured by Alfonso X thanks to the income and the taxes paid on the transhumant flocks. King. Courts. Mesta. Hidalgos.

In the peninsular Christian kingdoms, an estate-based society was soon imposed. Beginning in the 11th century, this society became more complex due to the differences in wealth and the increased diversification of classes that resulted. estate-based society. equality-based society.

The nobility and the clergy made up the ... classes. privileged. unprivileged.

Ricoshombres, or magnates, were the owners of large manors and lived in palaces; infanzones or ... (noblemen) had smaller amounts of land and a manor house. villanos. hidalgos. templarios. sefardíes.

The caballeros villanos of Aragón were wealthy farmers or ranchers who had sufficient resources to maintain a horse and weaponry. True. False.

The peasantry was the smallest social group. It was made up of free landowners and farmers who were dependent on the manors. They lived in small houses and they ate dark bread, mixed cereals, vegetables and pulses, which were considered, at the time, a coarse food that was difficult to digest. True. False.