Why is maternal physiology modulated during pregnancy period? For avoiding maternofetal homeostasis. For maintaining an adequate maternofetal homeostasis.
What is the ultimate GOAL of pregnancy-induced metabolic changes? To meet maternal needs, and the high-energy demands of fetal development. To meet maternal needs, and the low-energy demands of fetal development.
Why did doctors not prescribe exercise during pregnancy? Becase they thought that the energy mother spends doing exercise could affect to the needs of the baby, provoking an early delivery and a low birth weight. Because they thought it could affect the mother's health.
Is pregnancy a pathological stage? Yes, because during pregnancy, the most of the physiological functions are very different from a non-pregnant woman. No, pregnancy is the unique non-pathological and normal state where most of the physiological functions are very different from those of non-pregnant women.
What other pathologies can pregnants suffer? CVD, asthma and gestational diabetes mellitus. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity due to exacerbation / dysregulation of maternal and placental METABOLISM.
Does cardiac output increase during pregnancy? Yes, because of the rise of blood volume and heart rate. No, it remains at the same level as non-pregnant women.
Are pregnants INSULIN-RESISTANTS? Yes, that is one of the inmunometabolic changes. No. it is harmful for the baby.
What type of exercise do we have to avoid during pregnancy? Any kind of exercise is beneficial. Exercise that increase blood pressure a lot.
Exercise increases the risk of: low birth weight, abortion, cesarean section, preterm birth, etc. True. False.
What does "Macrosimia" mean? Birth weight is under 4 kg. Birth weight is over 4 kg.
Why does exercise during pregnancy reduce the risk of macrosimia? Because the birth weight remains in a normal range provided that the mother is trained, independently of the mother's body weight. Because of the lack of energy available to the baby.
Does exercise during pregnancy reduce birth weight? Yes. No.
Who has more risk of suffering cesarean section? An over-weight mother who is trained. An over-weight mother who is not trained. Both the same.
What is Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)? A hormone made by the placenta prevents the body from using insulin effectively. A hormone made by the liver prevents the body from using insulin effectively.
How to know if someone has Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)? If there is a rapid body weight reduction. By two cutpoints: 2 h glucose = or > 140 mg/dl (WHO criteria) or 2 h glucose = or > 153 mg/dl (IADPSG).
Who is more likely to suffer macrosimia? Trained mothers with GDM. Non-trained mothers WITHOUT GDM.
All kind of activities should be prescribed to pregnants? No, they have to avoid activiteis with contact, risk of falling or "hot yoga". Yes, provided that the intensitiy is moderate.
Choose the correct answer: Blood pressure = Heart rate x peripheral resistance Blood pressure = Blood flow x peripheral resistance.
What is the Cardiac Output? The same as Blood pressure, and it is equal the blood flow x heart rate. The same as Blood Flow. Cardiac Output = Systolic volume x Heart Rate.
When can increase the peripheral resistance? When the vessels constrict (get closer each other), and it is more difficult to move for the blood. When the vessels separate each other, making moving easier for the blood.
POISEUILLE'S LAW: Resistance is inversely proportional to the radius of the vessels, and proportional to the blood pressure. Resistance is directly proportional to the radius of the vessels, and proportional to the blood pressure.
Nitric oxide affect the radius of the vessels. True. It is a Vasodilator local factor. False.
What are the normal levels of blood pressure? Systolic (< 120 mm Hg) and Diastolic (< 80 mm Hg). Systolic (< 140 mm Hg) and Diastolic (< 90 mm Hg). Systolic (< 120 mm Hg) and Diastolic (< 90 mm Hg).
Which are some of the consequences of HYPERTENSION? Increased of the BMI, COPD symptoms and renal insufficiency. Increased incidence of all cause and CVD mortality, Stroke, Coronary disease, heart failure, renal insufficiency.
Once you start taking pharmaceutical pills for hypertension, you will be taking it for the rest of your life. True. False, we can replace it with exercise.
Why psychological factors influence blood pressue? When we are nervous, we increase heart rate and therefore the cardiac output. If the cardiac output increases (blood flow), the blood pressure increases. Psychological factors do not influence blood pressure.
Who are more likely to die due to hypertension? Men. Both genders at the same level.
How is the neurohumoral system regulated? By the sympathetic nerve activity only. By the sympathetic nerve activity and norepinephrine.
How does the sympathetic nerve activity act? When there is a dangerous or stressful situation, it activates itself to speed out our heart rate and deliver more blood (more blood pressure). When there is a dangerous or stressful situation, it dicreases the heart rate to deliver less blood (less blood pressure).
How does noradrenaline act? It is a vasoconstrictor, so it increases the blood pressure. It is a vasodilator, so it decreases the blood pressure.
Does exercise reduce norepinephrine effects? Yes, and the sympathetic nerve activity. No, exercise enhances it.
How does the renin-angiotensin system work? When the peripheral resistance increases, there is less blood flow, so the blood pressure decreases in the kidneys. Here, renin is produced and it produces angiotensin I, which produces angiotensin II. This is a powerful vasodilator, which decreases the blood pressure. When the peripheral resistance increases, there is less blood flow, so the blood pressure decreases in the kidneys. Here, renin is produced and it produces angiotensin I, which produces angiotensin II. This is a powerful vasoconstrictor, which increases the blood pressure.
What is "vascular responsiveness"? The capacity of the vessel to respond to a specific stimulus. It depends on the endothelium. The capacity of the blood to flow through the vessels. It depends on the peripheral resistance.
How does hypertension affect the endothelial function? Hypertension impairs endothelial function, producing less vascular tone and more vasodilator function. Hypertension impairs endothelial function, producing greater vascular tone and less vasodilator function.
How nitric oxide (NO) affects endothelial vasodilation function? Nitric Oxide (NO) is a vasodilator (Less Blood pressure). Nitric Oxide (NO) produces angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor whcih increases blood pressure).
Does vascular responsiveness increase or decrease blood pressure? It depends on the stimulus. It is just the capacity of adapting to them. It is the capacity of vasodilating or vasoconstricting. It is the capacity of vasodilating, so it decrease blood pressure.
Does exercise produce structural adaptations? Yes, like increased vessels length, cross-sectional area, new vessel growth (angiogenesis), etc. It reduces blood pressure. Yes, with the aim of increasing blood pressure.
Does Oxidative Stress increase blood pressure? Yes, through the accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). No.
Which effects has the accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)? Increase of the bioavailability of NO (vasodilator), inflammation (vasoconstriction), underactivity of the Sympathetic Nervous System (it increases cardiac output), and production of angiotensin II (vasoconstrictor). Decrease of the bioavailability of NO (vasodilator), inflammation (vasoconstriction), hyperactivity of the Sympathetic nervous system (increase of the cardiac output), imbalance in salt and water homeostasis in kidneys (production of angiotensin II = vasoconstriction).
Exercise improves Antioxidant System. True, avoiding the accumulation of Reactive Oxygen System and thereby, the increase of the blood pressure. False, exercise impairs it, avoiding the acummulation of ROS.
How long do exercise effects on blood pressure last? 4-10 h after cessation of exercise, but may last 24 h. 8-12 h after cessation of exercise.
Does HIT produce more ROS than MIT? Yes, the more intensity, the more ROS. No, exercise does not produce ROS, regardless the intensity of it.
Which intensity has better effects on blood pressure? MIT > HIT. HIT > MIT > No training.
Patients with coronary heart disease should refrain (abstenerse) from short intensive exercise situations: Borg 15-16 should be a good limit for intensity. True. False, HIT is better than other kinds of intensity training.
Cells can not take more glucose at one point, producing an increase of the glucose level in the blood. Pancreas continuous producing insulin in order to decrease this high level, but it is useless. What kind of diabetes is it? Type 1 Diabetes. Type 2 Diabetes. Gestational Diabetes.
Is gestational diabetes temporal? Yes, and has no risk of developing any type of diabetes in the future. Yes, but women who has suffered it are in higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future. No, it is forever.
What consequences can have gestational diabetes on the fetus? Due to the high glucose level of the mum, the baby will get too much glucose and will grow too much, provoking the necessity of cesarian and problems in delivery. It can not have any consequences on the fetus. It will affect only the mum's health. The offspring will develop diabetes.
What is type 1 Diabetes? Pancreas produces insulin but it does not work well. Pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin, but cells and their insulin receptors work correctly. Liver doesn't produce enough insulin, but cells and their receptors work correctly.
People with T2D are insulin resistant. True, they have insulin but they can't use it. True, they can not produce insulin. False, they are insulin dependent.
Which are the ways of measuring glucose levels in blood? Fasting and 2 h after a 75 g oral load of glucose. Glucose tests only. Fasting, 2h after a 75 g oral load of glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).
If glycated hemoglobin level (HbA1c) is > 6.5%, there are improvements in blood flow and atheroma destruction. True, and more benefits. True. False, it will impair blood flow and result in atheroma formation.
What is the main complication of diabetes? Atherosclerosis. Blurry vision. Always thirsty.
Why does having more glucose in the blood produce the accumulation of fats in the arteries? Glucose does not have anything to do with it. Because if we have so much glucose in our blood, that means that our cells don't get energy by glucose, so they are using lipd energy and to do it, fats have to flow through the blood to the cells, provoking atheromas. Because glucose becomes fat.
What are the symptoms derived from atherosclerosis and hyperglycemia? It doesnt have any visible symptoms. Always thirsty and frequent urination, increase hunger and tiredness, weight loss and blurred vision.
Why is diabetes a non-communicable disease? It is not a non-communicable disease. Because it is enhanced by bad habits.
Which are the risk factors of Type 1 diabetes? Bad habits. Causes are unkown.
Which are the risk factors of Type 2 diabetes? Overweight / obesity (fat expandability), physical inactivity, and fetal and chilhood nutrition. Causes are unkown.
How can exercise help with diabetes? By reducing fat mass (less fat mass, more glucose will get into the cell) and releasing GLUT4 (it transports glucose into the cell just by doing exercise). Exercise can not help with diabetes.
Why strength training is important in diabetes? To be stronger. To increase the muscle mass, and therefore, the amount of glucose needed when doing exercise.
Kids with a very low weight have more risk of developing obesity. False, it is the contrary. True, because their body is modulated to save a lot of energy in order to survive.
Normal birth weight is between 2500-4000 g. True. False.
Can we use exercise as a way of preventing T2D? Yes. No, it only works as a treatment.
Does sitting less have any effect on insulin resistance? Yes, very similar to doing exercise. No, just EXERCISE.
Weight loss (accomplished through lifestyle changes in diet and PA) of >5% seems to be necessary for beneficial effects on A1C, blood lipids, and blood pressure. True, it is the cut point of diabetic people. False.
Is it the same losing weight by doing exercise than by doing a calorie restriction diet? Yes, the important thing is to reach the 5% weight loss cut point. No, with exercise we preserve and/or gain muscle mass and we don't lose muscle mass, but with diet restriction, we may lose it.
What is the difference between PA recommendations for adults and for older people? There is no difference. Older people's PA recommendations include balance training.
Why should we avoid doing exercise after the insulin intake? Exercise is beneficial at any time. Because glucose level may decrease too much.
Does the time of the day when exercising matter? It is better to exercise during the morning. It is better to exercise during the afternoon. There is no evidence. The important thing is to exercise, regardless the moment of the day.
A cardiovascular disease risk factor increases the likelihood of suffering a cardiovascular disease. True. False.
How common is cardiovascular disease? It is the second cause of disease in adults. It is the first cause of disease in adults.
When does atherosclerosis start? It begins in adulthood. It begins in childhood.
Which is the cut point of VO2 max since below the risk of mortality increase a lot? 40 ml/ kg / min. 28 ml / kg / min.
What is the best health marker? Cardiorespiratory fitness. Muscular strength.
1 MET higher level of CRF is associated with 13 and 15% decrements in risk of all-cause mortality and Coronary Heart Disease and CVD, respectively. True. False.
How CRF influences health in the first decade of life? The more CRF, the more BMI and fat mass. Low cardiorespiratory fitness at 6-10 years old increases the ratio of suffering CVD 2 years later.
What are the health factors and behaviors we should meet? Smoking (1d/week), BMI (18.5-24.9 = normal weight), Diet (4-5 fruits, vegetables), PA (60 min/day) and blood pressure (over 90) Smoking (never), BMI (18.5-24.9 = normal weight), Diet (4-5 fruits, vegetables), PA (60 min/day) and blood pressure (under 90).
Can a modifiable risk factor of CVD affect a non-modifiable risk factor? Yes, for instance, PA can affect the genetic risk of suffering a disease. No, they are independents.
How much physical activity is enough for older adults and elderly? 75 min of vigorous physical activity / week. 15-20 min/ week of vigorous PA and 7500 steps/day.
How to ensure a test is providing quality information? It is valid and reliable. It is valid, reliable and objective.
Is correlation the same as agreement? Yes. No, correlation means that there is connection between both methods, and agreement means that they are giving you the exact same results. No, agreement means that there is connection between both methods, and correlation means that they are giving you the exact same results.
Can two methods agree but don’t correlate? Yes. No, they can correlate but don't agree.
How do we know if two methods correlate? With Spearman correlation: the closer to 1, the better they correlate. With Spearman correlation: if the scale magnitude is over 0.3, the results are trivial.
How do we know if two methods agree? With bland-altman plot: the mean should be different from 0 and the upper and lower limit agreement the closer, the better. With bland-altman plot: the mean should be 0 and the upper and lower limit agreement the closer, the better.
What is the difference between test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability? In Test-retest reliability, a researcher takes data more than once; and in inter-rater reliability, more than one person takes data at the same time. In inter-rater reliability, a researcher takes data more than once; and in test-retest reliability, more than one person takes data at the same time.
What is heterocedasticity? Situations in which the variance of the residuals is equal over a range of measured values. Situations in which the variance of the residuals is unequal over a range of measured values.
How can we increase objectivity? By using electronic measuring devices which eliminate human error and clearly defined test finishing criteria. By not defining test finishing criteria.
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