2ºParcial Tema 5

1. What are the main etiological agents responsible for necrobacillosis in ruminants?. a) Trueperella pyogenes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. b) Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus. c) Dichelobacter nodosus and Pasteurella multocida. d) Pasteurella multocida and Fusobacterium necrophorum.

2. Fusobacterium necrophorum induces tissue necrosis, neutrophil lysis, and…. a) Evasion of the immune response. b) Activation of mitochondrial metabolism. c) Increase in acidosis. d) Enhancement of tissue regeneration.

3. Interdigital necrobacillosis is characterized by: a) Lameness. b) Erythema. c) Hemorrhages. d) A and B are correct.

4. A differential diagnosis of interdigital necrobacillosis should be made with: a) Laminitis. b) White line disease. c) Interdigital dermatitis. d) Deep digital sepsis.

5. To improve the immune response in vaccination against Dichelobacter nodosus, which of the following is used?. a) Progesterone. b) Estrogens. c) Melatonin. d) Dopamine.

1. The etiology of the interdigital dermatitis is: a) Only Fusobacterium necroforum. b) Only Dichelobacter nodosus. c) Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus. d) Multifactorial (environment, management and bacteria).

2. Regarding epidemiology of the Interdigital dermatitis: a) Seems to be endemic of countries where the cattle is concentrated. b) The incidence in extensive is low. c) The prevalence increase in autumn. d) All the responses are right.

3. Pathogenic factors of Dichelobacter nodosus are: a) Endotoxin. b) Fimbriae. c) Antimicrobial Resistance. d) Neovascular formation.

4. The chronic phase of interdigital dermatitis: a) Can affect permanently the hoof structure. b) Doesn’t induce any pain. c) Is characterized by hyperemia. d) All the responses are wrong.

5. In the interdigital dermatitis: a) The economic losses make it important. b) The Infrared thermography may be useful to the early detection. c) Antibiotherapy is important to the treatment. d) All responses are right.

1. Which of the following is a predisposing factor for digital dermatitis in cattle?. a) Dairy cows. b) Poor hygienic and sanitary conditions. c) Animals that graze freely. d) A and B are correct.

2. Regarding the clinical findings characteristic of lesions, which of the following descriptions corresponds to the typical presentation of the disease in its active or advanced stage?. a) Dry, hypopigmented, and mildly painful lesion located on the dorsal aspect of the fetlock, with well-defined margins and no exudate. b) Circular or oval, alopecic, erythematous, and ulcerated lesions, mainly located on the plantar region proximal to the heel of the hind claws, with foul-smelling exudate and tenderness on palpation. c) Slow-growing, painless subcutaneous nodule with a tendency to fibrosis and encapsulated abscess formation. d) Vesicular lesion with rapid resolution, superficial desquamation, and no alteration in locomotion.

3. Considering the control and prevention measures, indicate the incorrect statement. a) Use footbaths when entering and exiting the pasture. b) Clean materials between cuts on each leg. c) Implement quarantine for newly admitted animals. d) Maintain good hygienic and sanitary conditions.

4. Which of the following statements correctly describe the clinical progression stages (M-stages) of the disease?. a) M1 corresponds to a small, active lesion less than 2 cm in size. b) M3 represents the scab (crust) stage. c) M4 is characterized by a classic ulcerative lesion larger than 2 cm. d) A and B are correct.

5. Which of the following methods is not suitable for directly diagnosing digital dermatitis in cattle?. a) Direct observation of lesions in the plantar and interdigital region. b) X-ray of the bones of the foot. c) PCR to detect Treponema spp. DNA. d) ELISA to detect antibodies against Treponema spp.

1. Which of the following measures helps prevent foot injuries related to floor surfaces?. a) Increasing the slope of internal walkways to more than 5%. b) Keeping floors completely smooth to facilitate cleaning. c) Texturizing concrete with transverse grooves spaced 2 to 3 cm apart. d) Avoiding the use of rubber in high-traffic areas.

2. Indicate which of the following is a non-infectious lameness originating in the hoof. a) White line disease. b) Fusobacterium necrophorum infection. c) Interdigital dermatitis. d) Arthritis.

3. What body condition at birth is considered a predisposing factor for the development of lameness?. a) A body condition score of 3/5 may favor the appearance of lameness. b) A body condition score below 3/5 may favor the appearance of lameness. c) A body condition score above 3/5 may favor the appearance of lameness. d) Body condition is not related to the appearance of lameness.

4. Which of the following measures most directly contributes to preventing lameness in cattle?. a) Keeping cows standing as much as possible to promote blood circulation. b) Using comfortable resting surfaces, such as sand, sawdust, or non-slip mats. c) Maintaining barn humidity above 80% to prevent the proliferation of infectious agents. d) Reducing daily rumination time to less than 8 hours to avoid physical stress.

5. Which of these metabolic disorders is associated with a greater predisposition to lameness?. a) Respiratory alkalosis. b) Respiratory acidosis. c) Ruminal alkalosis. d) Ruminal acidosis.

1. What is the main initial mechanism that causes the formation of a sole ulcer?. a) Bacterial infection of the horn tissue. b) Alteration of the solar corium due to overload and sustained pressure. c) Keratin deficiency in the hoof epidermis. d) Loss of the digital cushion due to aging of the animal.

2. Which of the following is NOT an intrinsic risk factor for sole ulcers?. a) Unbalanced diet. b) Inability to lie down. c) Age. d) Genetics.

3. Where are sole ulcers most frequently seen?. a) At the tip of the hoof. b) Near the heel. c) Especially on the medial claw. d) Between the claws.

4. What is the most important step to promote healing of a sole ulcer in cattle after removing the loose horn layer?. a) Apply any type of caustic agent to the lesion. b) Reduce pressure on the lesion by further removing horn tissue and applying a block to the healthy claw. c) Allow the cow to bear full weight on the affected hoof. d) Administer a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) as the only treatment without relieving pressure on the lesion.

5. Which of the following measures does NOT help prevent sole ulcers in ruminants?. a) Keeping the environment clean and dry. b) Reducing fiber in the diet and increasing starch. c) Performing regular hoof trimming. d) Periodically checking animals to detect lameness.

1. What are the main theories contributing to the onset of this disease?. a) Nutritional. b) Environmental. 9. c) Loose stones and uneven surfaces that physically penetrate the white line. d) All are correct.

2. Mark the correct answer. a) The prevalence rate of lesions in the front limbs is usually higher than in the hind limbs. b) Animals may develop severe lameness. c) In advanced stages, petechiae may be observed in the white line. d) All of the above are correct.

3. Select the correct answer: a) The white line is a two-part structure: external and internal zones. b) The parts of the white line are formed by keratinocytes in the distal wall and in the laminar regions. c) A weakened horn is less prone to separation and colonisation by bacteria and fungi. d) Physical stress on the white line can occur due to the confinement of animals on soft surfaces.

4. With regard to the pathogenesis of WLD, select the correct statement: a) Structural weakness of the white line due to the homogeneity of the horn. b) Mechanical stress caused by soft surfaces. c) Embedding of foreign material leading to infection and abscess formation. d) There is no vascular compromise, but prolonged standing aggravates the damage.

5. Treatment of white line disease does not include: a) Good drainage of pus. b) Removal of loose horn. c) Oxytetracycline every 8 hours (1 week). d) Careful identification of the lesion.

1. Preventive trimming: a) Is used to treat lameness. b) Can be done by people with no training or experience. c) Is used to maintain the functional form of the hoof and prevent lameness. d) Isn't relevant in small ruminants.

2. What is the most studied and internationally used method for preventive trimming in cattle?. a) Linear method. b) Dutch method. c) White Line method. d) None of the above.

3. Preventive trimming is more important in: a) Beef cattle. b) Dairy cattle. c) Sheep. d) Goats.

4. In both methods (Dutch and White Line), the average toe length for an adult Holstein cow ranges from: a) 9-12cm. b) 4.5- 5.5 cm. c) 7.5-8.25 cm. d) None of the above.

5. What hoof problem in goats and sheep is associated with a higher incidence of lameness and lower productive performance?. a) Deformities. b) Overgrowth. c) Foreign body. d) A and b are correct.

1. Which of the following methods is not used in the treatment of interdigital hyperplasia?. a) Block resection. b) Cryosurgery. c) Cauterization. d) Prolonged oral antibiotic therapy.

2. What is the usual prognosis for interdigital hyperplasia?. a) Guarded in all cases. b) Poor, with constant recurrence. c) Good or excellent if there is no infection of the sensitive laminae. d) Unfavorable due to systemic progression.

3. Which of the following factors is associated with a higher prevalence of interdigital hyperplasia in cattle?. a) Low body weight and sandy soils. b) High milk production and dry soils. c) Hard or uneven surfaces and excessive moisture. d) High-fiber diets and mineral deficiency.

4. What is the most characteristic clinical sign of interdigital hyperplasia?. a) Purulent interdigital discharge. b) Lameness of variable intensity. c) Muscle atrophy in the hind limbs. d) High fever and general depression.

5. In which species is interdigital hyperplasia most frequently diagnosed?. a) Sheep. b) Goats. c) Cattle. d) Pigs.