5.2 Nervous system disorders

According to the WHO in 2019, approximately what proportion of the global population suffered from some type of mental disorder?. One in eight people (approximately 970,000,000). One in five people (approximately 500,000,000). One in ten people (approximately 1,000,000,000). One in three people (approximately 2,500,000,000).

How are mental disorders defined?. As changes in thinking, emotional regulation, or behavior. Only as temporary physical imbalances in the brain. As a permanent loss of cognitive abilities. As viral infections affecting the nervous system.

According to Pasantes, how is a "natural state" of anxiety characterized?. A state of alertness that is a key element in an individual's survival, manifesting with slight trembling, palpitations, cold hands, and sweating. A state of constant panic that prevents daily functioning. A pathological response triggered without any apparent cause. A severe psychotic disturbance characterized by paranoia.

What defines a pathological anxiety response?. An attitude of exaggerated or unfounded worry in situations that can be considered normal. Sweating before taking an important exam or proposing to someone. A positive state of alertness that improves performance. A sudden decrease in heart rate and body temperature.

Which of the following is a list of the most common anxiety disorders?. Generalized anxiety, phobias, panic attacks, and anxiety from post-traumatic stress. Bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and endogenous depression. Narcolepsy, sleepwalking, and insomnia. Endogenous anxiety, exogenous anxiety, and psychotic anxiety.

If a student is experiencing severe anxiety or depression, which of the following campus resources are recommended?. Using the "línea te queremos" and seeking emotional attention with counselors or mentors. Only speaking to close friends and ignoring adults. Stopping all academic activities indefinitely. Taking over-the-counter sleep medication.

What is a key difference between normal mood alterations and depression?. Normal moods do not affect daily organic functions like sleeping or eating, and if someone does not recover over time from an event, it may be depression. Normal moods always include hallucinations, while depression does not. Depression only lasts for a few days, whereas normal mood alterations last for years. There is no difference; both require immediate psychiatric hospitalization.

What is the primary cause of endogenous depression?. A biochemical imbalance in the areas of the brain that control mood, with no apparent external causes. Exposure to a specific event like the loss of a loved one. Excessive alcohol intake and lack of sleep. Excessive use of electronic devices before bed.

In more advanced stages of endogenous depression, what severe disturbances might a patient experience?. Severe psychotic disturbances, such as hallucinations or feelings of paranoia. Narcolepsy and sleepwalking. Sudden bursts of optimistic and cheerful energy. Excessive memory consolidation and increased immune system repair.

Exogenous depression is primarily triggered by: Exposure to a specific event that affects mood, such as the loss of a loved one or a separation. A genetic lack of dopamine. A hereditary biochemical imbalance. A viral infection in the cerebral cortex.

According to the WHO (2019), suicide was the fourth leading cause of death worldwide in which age group?. 15-29 years old. 5-14 years old. 30-45 years old. 65 years and older.

How is suicide defined according to Paredes-Naranjo?. A deliberate act of violence against oneself. An accidental chemical change in the brain. An incurable genetic condition. A natural biological response to stress.

Which of the following is an effective, multidisciplinary treatment for anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts?. A previous diagnosis made by a certified expert, followed by psychotherapy, psychiatry (medication), and exercise. Avoiding all social contact. Surgery to remove the affected areas of the limbic system. Only self-medicating with over-the-counter painkillers.

Why do newborns require between 16 and 18 hours of sleep per day?. Because they produce substances that stimulate growth, development, and neurological maturation. Because their bodies cannot process dopamine. To avoid developing sleepwalking habits later in life. Because they are inherently exhausted from birth.

During wakefulness, which substance plays a crucial role in memory consolidation, immune system repair, and temperature regulation?. Dopamine. Adrenaline. Cortisol. Melatonin.

How are dyssomnias defined?. Disorders associated with problems in the quality, quantity, and timing of sleep, such as narcolepsy and jet lag. Pathological disorders that occur specifically during sleep, such as sleepwalking. Sleep problems that are exclusively caused by depression. Hallucinations that occur right before falling asleep.

Which factors are commonly associated with the development of dyssomnias?. Excessive caffeine, excessive alcohol intake, stress, and change of schedule. A purely hereditary genetic mutation. Using electronic devices while sleepwalking. A lack of physical exercise.

Which of the following statements best describes parasomnias, such as sleepwalking?. They are pathological disorders that occur during sleep, are more common in children, and are hereditary. They are problems with the timing of sleep. They are characterized by deep sleep occurring during the day. They are caused entirely by drinking too much water before bed.

If a patient has trouble sleeping specifically due to Parkinson's disease or depression, how is this sleep disorder classified?. As a disorder associated with medical or psychiatric processes. As a dyssomnia. As a parasomnia. As endogenous insomnia.