construct 6

What does the term language transfer refer to?. The use of translation between two native languages. The influence of cultural background only. The process of learning two languages simultaneously. The effect of the learner’s first language on second language use.

Which of the following is a nasal consonant?. /t/. /m/. /f/. /s/.

Which feature distinguishes stress-timed languages like English?. Every syllable is pronounced with equal prominence. Rhythm based on stressed syllables at regular intervals. Every syllable is pronounced with equal prominence. Equal time for every syllable.

Read the following description and answer the question: In English, the plural morpheme can be pronounced as /s/, /z/, or /ɪz/ depending on the final sound of the noun: cats /s/, dogs /z/, horses /ɪz/. What does this demonstrate about English phonology?. Spelling determines pronunciation. Spelling determines pronunciation. Morphemes may have different phonemic realizations (allomorphs). English has no phonological variation.

Which feature distinguishes tense vowels from lax vowels?. They are always nasalized. They are longer and produced with greater muscular tension. They are only used in stressed syllables. They are shorter and require less energy.

What is the function of intonation in spoken language?. To determine grammatical structure. To mark rhythm and convey meaning or emotion through pitch changes. To define how vowels are written. To separate words into syllables.

According to Odlin (1989), transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language previously acquired. This means transfer can come not only from L1 but also from other languages known by the learner. What does Odlin’s view emphasize?. Cultural context is the sole determinant of transfer. Transfer has no role in multilingual learners. Transfer can originate from any language previously learned. Transfer occurs only from L1 to L2.

Which vowel is a central vowel?. /uː/. /ɜː/. /æ/. /iː/.

Read the following description and answer the question: Languages vary in the number of phonemes they use. For instance, Rotokas (spoken in Papua New Guinea) has 11 phonemes, while English has around 44. What conclusion can be drawn from this information?. Phoneme inventories are universal. All languages have the same number of phonemes. Phonemes are identical across all languages. Each language has its own unique phoneme inventory.

What is an example of assimilation in connected speech?. Pronouncing cat as [kæt]. Saying want to as [wɒnə]. Stressing the last syllable in a word. Using rising intonation for a question.

Read the following description and answer the question: In English, the sound /p/ is aspirated in pen but not in spin. This means the puff of air appears only when /p/ is at the beginning of a stressed syllable. What does this phenomenon illustrate?. Voicing assimilation. Minimal pair difference. Complementary distribution of phonemes. Context-conditioned allophonic variation.

Although contrastive analysis provides valuable predictions, it cannot explain all learner errors. Some mistakes result from developmental stages common to all L2 learners, regardless of their L1. What limitation of contrastive analysis is described here?. It cannot explain errors unrelated to L1 influence. It focuses only on phonology. It predicts all learner mistakes. t replaces interlanguage analysis.

Which vowel is long in English?. /ɒ/ in 'dog'. /ɪ/ in 'ship'. /iː/ in 'sheep'. /æ/ in 'cat'.

Read the following description and answer the question: The sound /k/ in *cat* and *key* is produced in slightly different positions in the mouth. However, English speakers do not consider them different sounds; both represent the same phoneme /k/. What are these sound differences called?. Allophones. Morphemes. Graphemes. Phonemes.

Read the following description and answer the question: When we compare the words *bat* and *pat*, the only sound that changes is the initial consonant. This difference changes the meaning, which means /b/ and /p/ are separate phonemes in English. What linguistic concept is illustrated in this example?. Allophonic variation. Minimal pair. Free variation. Assimilation.

Which sound represents the central and most neutral vowel in English?. /ə/. /ɪ/. /eɪ/. /ʊ/.

Which type of sound is produced when air is completely blocked and then released suddenly?. Nasal. Lateral. Plosive. Fricative.

Read the following description and answer the question: The voice of a child and an adult differ in pitch because their vocal organs have different sizes. However, the meaning of the words they pronounce remains the same. What does this example demonstrate?. Organic voice quality does not affect linguistic meaning. Only adults use intonation patterns. Intonation depends on age. Children use fewer phonemes.

Read the following description and answer the question: In phonetic transcription, phonemes are enclosed between slashes / /, while phones are written between square brackets [ ]. For example, /p/ represents the phoneme, and [pʰ] represents its aspirated allophone. Which transcription shows a phonetic (not phonemic) representation?. “p”. /p/. [pʰ]. p.

According to Odlin (1989), transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language previously acquired. This means transfer can come not only from L1 but also from other languages known by the learner. What does Odlin’s view emphasize?. Transfer has no role in multilingual learners. Transfer occurs only from L1 to L2. Cultural context is the sole determinant of transfer. Transfer can originate from any language previously learned.

Which of the following is a voiceless consonant?. /s/. /g/. /d/. /z/.

Read the following description and answer the question: The /t/ in top is aspirated, but the /t/ in stop is not. These variants never occur in the same environment, so they are considered complementary allophones. Which statement is correct about these sounds?. They occur freely in any context. They form a minimal pair. They are separate phonemes. They are allophones of the same phoneme.

Which diphthong is present in the word boy?. /aɪ/. /eɪ/. /aʊ/. /ɔɪ/.

The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) proposes that comparing languages can predict learners’ errors. The strong version claims that all errors can be predicted through contrastive analysis, while the weak version suggests that contrastive analysis only explains some of them after they occur. Which statement reflects the weak version of CAH?. Contrastive analysis prevents negative transfer completely. Contrastive analysis helps explain errors after they appear in L2 production. Contrastive analysis predicts all possible errors before learning begins. Contrastive analysis ignores structural comparison.

Which speech organ vibrates to produce voiced sounds?. Lips. Uvula. Vocal cords. Teeth.

What is the place of articulation for the sound /f/?. Alveolar. Glottal. Labiodental. Velar.

What does phonology primarily study?. The organization and patterns of sounds in a language. The origin of speech organs. The spelling rules of a language. The physical movement of the articulators.

Which branch of phonetics studies how speech sounds are physically produced?. Articulatory phonetics. Phonology. Auditory phonetics. Acoustic phonetics.

Read the following description and answer the question: When we compare the words bat and pat, the only sound that changes is the initial consonant. This difference changes the meaning, which means /b/ and /p/ are separate phonemes in English. What linguistic concept is illustrated in this example?. Minimal pair. Allophonic variation. Free variation. Assimilation.

What is paralanguage in spoken communication?. The visual representation of speech sounds. The nonverbal vocal elements that add meaning, such as tone and volume. The grammatical relationship between words in a sentence. The repetition of vowel patterns within words.