CONSTRUCT LEARNING

Which classroom design reflects an understanding of language’s role in identity construction?. Posting only standardized English materials without cultural representation. Removing all L1 references from the classroom. Using only language lab software. Displaying multilingual student projects that celebrate diverse linguistic identities.

Which strategy exemplifies Primary Language Support (PLS) in the classroom?. Restricting all discussion to English. Delivering lectures solely in L1. Using monolingual English dictionaries only. Labeling classroom objects in both English and students’ L1.

Which of the following best supports the link between bilingualism and executive function?. Bilinguals show enhanced attention control and conflict resolution. Bilinguals avoid multitasking due to overload. Bilinguals are more likely to have higher IQs than monolinguals. Bilinguals memorize vocabulary faster than others.

Which tool can help a student assess their primary-language literacy level even if the teacher doesn’t know the L1?. Strict English-only classroom policies. Talking with parents and observing reading. English-only spelling tests. Monolingual word lists.

What is a key challenge older adults face when learning a second language?. Inability to understand vocabulary in context. Reduced attention span leads to complete failure. Motivation prevents any cognitive issues. Gradual reduction in memory and cognitive flexibility.

What is the primary focus of Error Analysis in SLA research?. Counting learner errors without interpretation. Classifying errors to infer learning processes. Comparing learner output to native norms only. Eliminating all learner mistakes immediately.

How can a teacher assess students’ communicative competence?. By requiring them to translate isolated sentences. By giving a multiple-choice test on grammatical rules. By asking them to list phonemes alphabetically. By observing and rating their performance in a simulated conversation.

How might you differentiate instruction for mixed-ability learners when teaching syntax?. Only teach at the highest level. Provide tiered sentence-reordering tasks with varying complexity levels. Skip syntax and focus on vocabulary. Deliver the exact same worksheet to everyone.

Which factor most contributes to L1 attrition in bilinguals?. Parental reinforcement of both languages. Lack of formal schooling in the first language. Consistent use of both languages at home. High motivation to maintain bilingualism.

Which classroom activity exemplifies learners creating meaningful language units rather than just memorizing vocabulary?. Designing a mini-dialogue using newly learned structures to solve a problem. Matching words to definitions in isolation. Copying vocabulary from the board into notebooks. Repeating word lists aloud without context.

What is a key challenge in teaching semantics to bilingual learners?. Avoiding reading comprehension tasks. Providing accurate pronunciation of every word. Prioritizing literal translation. Explaining meaning shifts depending on context and culture.

How can a teacher foster learner autonomy when exploring second language grammar?. Prohibit any learner-led exploration. Only provide teacher-prepared worksheets. Assign independent inquiry projects where learners research grammar usage in authentic texts. Restrict discussions to grammar lectures.

Which situation best illustrates compound bilingualism?. An adult uses one language for business and another for family. A person grows up using two languages interchangeably in the same context. A learner memorizes English words without associating them with meaning. A child learns Spanish at home and English only at school.

In a lesson on child language development, how could a teacher demonstrate the concept of statistical learning?. Having students recite a list of artificial syllable pairs without reflection. Showing a grammar rule on the board and reading it verbatim. Emphasizing rote memorization of phoneme charts. Playing an audio stream of novel syllable sequences then asking learners to identify recurring “word-like” units.

Why is acculturation considered essential in second language acquisition?. It provides a structured environment for grammar drilling. It fosters social integration and communicative opportunities. It isolates learners from their native linguistic background. It allows learners to forget their first language.

In what way can language be considered a product of joint societal effort?. It is inherited genetically and fixed. It is determined only by phonetic efficiency. It emerges solely from individual memory. It is shaped by communal interaction and collaboration.

According to Cummins’ Interdependence Hypothesis, how does L1 proficiency affect L2 development?. L2 replaces L1 once proficiency is high. Strong L1 skills support stronger L2 acquisition.10. L1 use should be minimized to avoid confusion. L1 and L2 are processed in isolation and don’t influence each other.

Which attitude factor reflects a learner’s willingness to take risks and engage actively in communication?. Avoidance. Risk-taking. Stereotyping. Anxiety.

Which description accurately defines pragmatics in language use?. The study of word structure and morphemes. The inventory of sounds in a language. The arrangement of words into sentences. The use of language in social contexts and understanding implied meanings.

How might high learner anxiety most directly undermine language performance?. It has no effect if the teacher uses only written exercises.v. It leads learners to memorize more vocabulary than necessary. It improves students’ accuracy by making them overthink grammar. It causes learners to avoid speaking tasks, limiting practice opportunities.

How can peer-created reading materials overcome a lack of authentic texts in a resource-poor setting?. It shifts responsibility entirely to the teacher. It empowers students to generate relevant content and promotes ownership. It guarantees professional-grade materials. It guarantees professional-grade materials.

How does language reflect its interdependence with society?. It functions independently as a universal cognitive system. It adapts only to technological changes, not social norms. It exists in constant relation with the society that creates and shapes it. It develops separately from cultural and societal values.

Test-related anxiety typically manifests as: Physical symptoms and worry about test performance. Avoidance of group work. Increased motivation only. Enjoyment during exams.

Which activity most effectively develops learners’ grammatical competence through discovery?. Lecturing on morphology without examples. Assigning multiple-choice quizzes on isolated rules. Providing examples and guiding learners to infer the underlying rule themselves. Presenting a rule and requiring students to repeat it.

What defines a successful immersion program for bilingual learners?. Students are instructed entirely in their L1 to ensure understanding. L2 is the medium of instruction while L1 is gradually integrated. Teachers avoid using visual support. L2 is taught only through grammar drills.

What strategy best applies discourse competence in a writing task?. Writing disconnected sentences on random topics. Asking learners to list synonyms without using them.v. Having learners reorder scrambled sentences into a coherent paragraph and justify their choices. Copying textbook examples verbatim.

Why is morphological awareness important for vocabulary development?. It directs social interactions using language. It focuses solely on pronunciation accuracy. It teaches formal writing styles only. It helps learners understand and construct new words from morphemes.

In SLA research, avoidance refers to learners’ tendency to: Translate freely without errors. Overuse complex structures. Create original language rules. Not use forms they find difficult.

What type of motivation involves a learner’s desire to connect with and participate in the culture of the target-language community?. Extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation. Instrumental motivation. Integrative motivation.

Which socio-cultural factor can hinder SLA when learners hold negative beliefs about the target language community?. Empathy. Stereotyping. Integrative motivation. Self-esteem.

What classroom practice aligns best with sociocultural theory?. Encouraging peer collaboration and cultural discussions. Assigning silent reading homework. Limiting communication to formal, teacher-led tasks. Isolated grammar quizzes with no collaboration.

How might a teacher integrate students’ sociocultural backgrounds into a lesson to enhance motivation?. Provide only standardized textbook exercises without adaptation. Invite students to share cultural anecdotes and connect them to target language topics. Ask learners to translate a text literally into their L1. Use only auditory drills focused on pronunciation.

Which approach best supports metalinguistic awareness in young learners?. Forcing rote repetition of morphological endings. Ignoring word-analysis tasks altogether. Translating every new word into L1 immediately. Having children guess the meaning of root words and discuss their reasoning.

Why is fostering self-esteem critical for L2 learners?. It enhances willingness10 to communicate and persist through challenges. It replaces the need for explicit grammar instruction. It guarantees error-free performance. It only affects social skills, not language gains.

Which form of anxiety specifically relates to fear of negative evaluation by others when speaking in the classroom?. Communication apprehension. Test anxiety. State anxiety. Trait anxiety.

How is Interlanguage best described?. Fossilized errors that never change. The learner’s evolving linguistic system, distinct from both L1 and L2. Complete mastery of the target language. A simplified form of L2 used only in early stages.

Contrastive Analysis predicts that language features shared between L1 and L2 will be: More difficult to learn. Neutral in learning difficulty. Completely ignored. Easier to acquire.

Why does language distinguish humans from other animals according to the text?. Because language allows for articulated and symbolic communication. Because humans rely on emotional expressions. Because humans use gestures more effectively. Because humans only imitate learned sounds.

Transfer analysis in SLA examines how: L1 structures influence L2 production. Learners avoid speaking altogether. Technology replaces teacher instruction. Pedagogical materials are designed.

Pedagogical materials are designed. It standardizes writing systems for effective communication. It replaces oral traditions with literacy. It eliminates dialectical differences. It discourages minority language use.

How does CALP differ from BICS in bilingual development?. CALP focuses on informal conversations at home. CALP has no role in academic learning. CALP develops before BICS in young learners. CALP involves context-reduced, cognitively demanding language.

Assess how discrimination in a learning environment affects L2 acquisition. It enhances attention to form by making learners overly cautious. It fosters a supportive community of diverse learners. It increases anxiety and reduces engagement, slowing acquisition. It motivates learners to prove themselves by perfect speech.

Which of the following best describes interlanguage in bilingual development?. The mixture of dialects in a formal speech. The direct translation of idiomatic expressions. The unconscious imitation of a second language. A learner’s evolving linguistic system influenced by both L1 and L2.

What is the Preview-Review strategy in PLS?. Reviewing content only at home. Teaching only in English, then reviewing in L1. Students preview content in L1, learn in English, then review in L1. Previewing content in English and reviewing in English.

Which task most directly builds students’ pragmatic competence?. Memorizing proverbs list. Role-playing a request scenario and analyzing politeness strategies. Listening to isolated phoneme drills. Translating sentences word-for-word.

Which scenario reflects circumstantial bilingualism?. An executive studies Chinese to expand a business. A student voluntarily learns Italian while studying abroad. A child attends bilingual school by family choice. A refugee learns the language of their host country to survive.

Which task best illustrates focusing on form within a communicative activity?. Holding an open discussion with no language focus. Embedding a brief grammar spotlight within a role-play that rehearses target structures. Delivering a pure lecture on verb conjugation rules. Assigning a translation worksheet without peer interaction.

Which question prompts analysis of language as a social phenomenon?. What year was Halliday’s theory published?. How does a community’s power dynamics influence classroom discourse practices?. How many functions of language exist?. Can students recite the seven functions?.

How could you evaluate the effectiveness of a task-based lesson in promoting implicit grammar acquisition?. Give a multiple-choice test on definitions. Ask learners to memorize rules the next day. Count the number of times students mention grammar terms. Observe whether learners use target structures accurately in a follow-up communicative task.

At which stage of acculturation does a learner begin to accept and adapt to cultural differences?. Progressive recovery. Honeymoon. Assimilation. Culture shock.

Which personality trait is associated with higher success in spontaneous spoken interactions?. Shyness. Passive listening. Extroversion. Extroversion.

How can bilingualism affect learners' identity formation?. It forces learners to choose a dominant culture. It allows learners to navigate and participate in multiple cultural worlds. It causes confusion and prevents cultural integration. It makes learners abandon their L1 culture entirely.

What distinguishes CEFR B1 writing from A2?. B1 learners can connect ideas into short paragraphs with basic cohesion. B1 learners write isolated words and simple phrases. B1 writing is limited to lists and notes. B1 learners only describe themselves and their routines.

Which reflection question encourages learners to evaluate their own communicative competence?. Did I follow the teacher’s instructions?. Can I spell every word correctly?. How effectively did I adjust my language to different social contexts during the activity?. How many words did I write?.