CONSTRUCT: LEARNING 5to C3

What is a phoneme?. a.A group of syllables. b.A written symbol in IPA. c.The minimal unit of sound that distinguishes meaning. d.A letter of the alphabet.

Which articulator is responsible for sounds like /p/ and /b/?. a.Velum. b.Hard palate. c.Alveolar ridge. d.Lips.

Which of the following is not an articulator?. a.Uvula. b.Tongue. c.Heart. d.Hard palate.

Which diphthong is present in the word boy?. a./aɪ/. b./ɔɪ/. c./aʊ/. d./eɪ/.

What is the process where sounds are omitted in rapid speech?. a.Elision. b.Stress. c.Assimilation. d.Linking.

Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial plosive?. a./f/. b./b/. c./m/. d./p/.

What is an example of assimilation in connected speech?. a.Stressing the last syllable. b.Saying want to as [wɒnə]. c.Pronouncing cat as [kæt]. d.Using rising intonation for a question.

What is the difference between suprasegmental and segmental features?. a.Segmentals are accents; suprasegmentals are dialects. b.Segmentals are individual sounds; suprasegmentals are features like stress and intonation. c.Segmentals are abstract; suprasegmentals are physical. d.Segmentals are writing rules; suprasegmentals are phonemes.

What distinguishes /f/ from /v/?. a.Manner of articulation. b.Stress. c.Place of articulation. d.Voicing.

Which feature distinguishes stress-timed languages like English?. a.Rhythm based on stressed syllables at regular intervals. b.Equal time for every syllable. c.No rhythm patterns exist. d.Every syllable pronounced equally.

Which feature distinguishes tense vowels from lax vowels?. a.They are always nasalized. b.They are shorter and require less energy. c.They are only used in stressed syllables. d.They are longer and produced with greater muscular tension.

Which vowel is long in English?. a./ɪ/ in 'ship'. b./iː/ in 'sheep'. c./æ/ in 'cat'. d./ɒ/ in 'dog'.

What is the role of the alveolar ridge?. a.It separates oral and nasal cavities. b.It helps generate sounds when the tongue approaches or touches it. c.It produces nasals. d.It vibrates to make voiced sounds.

Which English consonant is produced at the glottis?. a./h/. b./k/. c./g/. d./ʒ/.

What type of consonant is /ʧ/ as in 'church'?. a.Voiceless plosive. b.Voiced nasal. c.Voiced fricative. d.Voiceless affricate.

Which of the following is a voiceless consonant?. a./g/. b./z/. c./s/. d./d/.

What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?. a.Both are the same discipline. b.Phonetics studies sound production; phonology studies their function and patterns. c.Phonetics studies abstract sound rules, phonology studies physical sounds. d.Both deal only with spelling.

What is connected speech?. a.Translating sounds into IPA. b.The way words influence each other’s pronunciation in continuous speech. c.Pronouncing words in isolation. d.Reading aloud slowly.

Which speech organ vibrates to produce voiced sounds?. a.Uvula. b.Teeth. c.Vocal cords. d.Lips.

Which of the following is a back vowel?. a./uː/. b./æ/. c./e/. d./iː/.

What are the three branches of phonetics?. a.Syntax, semantics, pragmatics. b.Stress, rhythm, intonation. c.Articulatory, acoustic, auditory. d.Morphology, phonology, grammar.

Which of the following is a nasal consonant?. a./m/. b./f/. c./s/. d./t/.

Which unit is more appropriate as the basis for articulation?. a.Sentence. b.Syllable. c.Individual phoneme. d.Word.

Which articulator produces velar sounds like /k/ and /g/?. a.Velum (soft palate). b.Alveolar ridge. c.Teeth. d.Lips.

Which term refers to the most common unstressed vowel in English?. a./ə/. b./ɒ/. c./iː/. d./e/.

Which feature distinguishes /s/ and /z/?. a.Voicing. b.Place of articulation. c.Stress. d.Manner of articulation.

Why is the IPA necessary in language learning?. a. To simplify grammar. b. To replace dictionaries. c. To translate between languages. d. Because spelling is always unreliable for pronunciation.

When Spanish learners of English pronounce the word animal almost correctly because it exists in both languages, this is positive transfer. However, when they pronounce espeak instead of speak due to adding a Spanish vowel before /s/, that’s negative transfer. What is the difference between positive and negative transfer?. a. Negative transfer refers to cultural differences. b. Positive transfer is limited to pronunciation. c. Both terms describe identical processes. d. Positive transfer helps L2 learning, while negative transfer causes errors.

What is the main difference between consonants and vowels?. a. Consonants are produced with an obstruction in the airflow; vowels are produced with free airflow. b. Vowels occur only in stressed syllables. c. Consonants are always voiced; vowels are always voiceless. d. Consonants occur only at the beginning of words.

Read the following description and answer the question: In English, the plural morpheme can be pronounced as /s/, /z/, or /ɪz/ depending on the final sound of the noun: cats /s/, dogs /z/, horses /ɪz/. What does this demonstrate about English phonology?. a. Morphemes may have different phonemic realizations (allomorphs). b. English has no phonological variation. c. Spelling determines pronunciation. d. The plural morpheme always sounds the same.

Read the following description and answer the question: In English, the sound /p/ is aspirated in pen but not in spin. This means the puff of air appears only when /p/ is at the beginning of a stressed syllable. What does this phenomenon illustrate?. a. Voicing assimilation. b. Context-conditioned allophonic variation. c. Minimal pair difference. d. Complementary distribution of phonemes.

Although contrastive analysis provides valuable predictions, it cannot explain all learner errors. Some mistakes result from developmental stages common to all L2 learners, regardless of their L1. What limitation of contrastive analysis is described here?. a. It focuses only on phonology. b. t replaces interlanguage analysis. c. It cannot explain errors unrelated to L1 influence. d. It predicts all learner mistakes.

What is phonology mainly concerned with?. a. The translation of sounds into spelling. b. The organization of sounds in a particular language. c. The study of written symbols. d. The anatomy of the vocal tract.

Which sound is the voiceless dental fricative?. a. /θ/ as in 'think'. b. /s/ as in 'sun'. c. /f/ as in 'fun'. d. /ð/ as in 'this'.

What is the main function of the glottis?. a. To produce voicing by opening and closing the vocal folds. b. To separate nasal and oral cavities. c. To resonate sound in the mouth. d. To control tongue movement.

Read the following description and answer the question: The sound /k/ in *cat* and *key* is produced in slightly different positions in the mouth. However, English speakers do not consider them different sounds; both represent the same phoneme /k/. What are these sound differences called?. a. Allophones. b. Graphemes. c. Phonemes. d. Morphemes.

Why is it important for learners to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonants?. a. Because it changes meaning between words. b. Because it eliminates stress differences. c. Because it only affects intonation. d. Because it determines spelling accuracy.

Which vowel is a central vowel?. a. /iː/. b. /æ/. c. /ɜː/. d. /uː/.

A rising tone at the end of a sentence can signal a question, while a falling tone may show certainty or completion. What does this variation in pitch represent?. a. Allophonic assimilation. b. The communicative function of intonation. c. A minimal pair. d. Free variation.

Read the following description and answer the question: Although English spelling can be confusing, phonemes represent sounds, not letters. For example, the word phone has five letters but only three phonemes: /f/, /əʊ/, and /n/. What does this example show about English spelling?. a. Phonemes always match their written form. b. Each letter represents one phoneme. c. There is not a one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds. d. English is a fully phonetic language.

Teachers who understand transfer can design lessons that use students’ previous linguistic knowledge to learn new content. For example, comparing sentence structures between English and Spanish helps students consciously notice differences and avoid interference. How can contrastive analysis support teaching?. a. By building awareness of similarities and differences to improve accuracy. b. Focusing solely on translation. c. By discouraging metalinguistic reflection. d. By limiting the use of L1 in class.

Read the following description and answer the question: When we compare the words *bat* and *pat*, the only sound that changes is the initial consonant. This difference changes the meaning, which means /b/ and /p/ are separate phonemes in English. What linguistic concept is illustrated in this example?. a. Allophonic variation. b. Assimilation. c. Minimal pair. d. Free variation.

The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) proposes that comparing languages can predict learners’ errors. The strong version claims that all errors can be predicted through contrastive analysis, while the weak version suggests that contrastive analysis only explains some of them after they occur. Which statement reflects the weak version of CAH?. a. Contrastive analysis helps explain errors after they appear in L2 production. b. Contrastive analysis prevents negative transfer completely. c. Contrastive analysis ignores structural comparison. d. Contrastive analysis predicts all possible errors before learning begins.

Many Spanish learners pronounce ship as /ʃip/ instead of /ʃɪp/, transferring the Spanish vowel /i/. Such transfer shows how phonological systems interfere when L1 sounds are substituted for unfamiliar L2 sounds. What type of transfer does this represent?. a. Positive lexical transfer. b. Pragmatic transfer. c. Morphological transfer. d. Negative phonological transfer.

Read the following situation and answer the question: In the question *Are you coming NOW?*, the emphasis falls on *now*, showing that the speaker is surprised about the time, not the action. What does this emphasis illustrate?. a. The difference between vowels and consonants. b. The effect of articulation. c. The role of nuclear stress in changing sentence meaning. d. The use of rhythm in questions.

A translator compares sympathetic in English and simpático in Spanish. Although they look similar, they differ in meaning — this is a false cognate. Awareness of such contrasts helps translators avoid semantic errors. How does contrastive analysis assist translation?. a. It focuses only on grammatical similarity. b. It ignores vocabulary meaning. c. It helps identify false cognates and semantic differences. d. It avoids comparing languages.

Contrastive studies are not limited to linguistics. Researchers in education, psychology, and anthropology use them to explore how people transfer skills and concepts from one domain to another. For example, a student who learns logic in math can apply similar reasoning when writing essays. What is an example of cross-curricular application of contrastive analysis?. a.Focus on pronunciation patterns. b.Transferring reasoning skills from math to writing. c.Translating texts from one language to another. d.Memorizing vocabulary lists.

Research shows that bilinguals switch between languages unconsciously, activating both linguistic systems. This interaction affects pronunciation, grammar, and even thought patterns. What does this bilingual activation demonstrate?. a. Lack of transfer between languages. b. Complete separation of L1 and L2. c. Continuous interaction between both linguistic systems. d. Errors caused only by vocabulary confusion.

How are vowels produced in contrast to consonants?. a. With complete obstruction of the airflow. b. With a relatively free passage of air through the oral cavity. c. By closing the vocal cords completely. d. With partial obstruction of the airflow.

Language transfer refers to the influence of one language on another. When learners apply rules, sounds, or structures from their first language (L1) while using their second language (L2), they experience language transfer. This process can be either helpful or problematic, depending on the similarities and differences between the two languages. What does language transfer describe?. a. The replacement of L1 by L2. b. The acquisition of new vocabulary in L2. c. The use of bilingual dictionaries. d. The influence of the learner’s L1 on L2.

Teachers can use contrastive analysis to anticipate pronunciation difficulties, such as /b/ vs /v/ or /ɪ/ vs /iː/, and to design activities that contrast those sounds. By highlighting similarities, students become aware of areas where transfer is positive, and by contrasting differences, they learn to avoid errors. What is the pedagogical benefit of contrastive analysis?. a. It eliminates the need for L1 in language learning. b. It replaces communicative approaches. b. It replaces communicative approaches. d. It helps predict and correct learners’ L2 pronunciation and grammar problems.

When students learn a new language, they often connect it to cognitive patterns from their first language. For instance, English learners might organize information differently than Chinese learners because of contrastive ways of structuring ideas. What does this reflect about contrastive studies?. a. They discourage comparison between cultures. b. They study translation exclusively. c. They reveal how cognitive patterns differ across languages. d. They focus only on sound systems.

Listen mentally to the difference between *You’re coming.* and *You’re coming?* — the change in pitch completely alters the meaning of the utterance. What linguistic feature is responsible for this difference?. a. Stress. b. Rhythm. c. Tone of voice only. d. Intonation.

A common structure among Spanish speakers learning English is She has 20 years instead of She is 20 years old. The learner transfers the L1 syntactic rule from Ella tiene 20 años into English, creating an error. What kind of transfer is this?. a. Negative syntactic transfer. b. Phonemic substitution. c. Morphological borrowing. d. Positive lexical transfer.

What are the three main criteria used to classify vowels?. a.Place, manner, voicing. b.Tongue height, tongue position, lip shape. c.Length, pitch, loudness. d.Stress, rhythm, intonation.

Read the following description and answer the question: The /t/ in top is aspirated, but the /t/ in stop is not. These variants never occur in the same environment, so they are considered complementary allophones. Which statement is correct about these sounds?. a. They occur freely in any context. b. They form a minimal pair. c. They are allophones of the same phoneme. d. They are separate phonemes.

Read the following description and answer the question: In English, tip and dip form a minimal pair, but in Korean, similar sound changes may not alter the word’s meaning because they are allophones of one phoneme. What does this example illustrate?. a. Phonemes are purely physical sounds. b. Phonemes are language-specific. c. Phonemes never change meaning. d. Phonemes are universal.

When learners deliberately apply a grammar rule from their first language to help remember an English structure, they are showing conscious transfer. However, when influence occurs automatically without awareness, it’s unconscious transfer. Which statement is true about unconscious transfer?. a. It is always negative. b. It happens automatically without the learner’s awareness. c. It requires deliberate strategy. d. It occurs only in advanced learners.