CONSTRUCT: LEARNING 6

Talking about language itself is an example of the ... conative function. metalinguistic function. emotive function. phatic function.

Language transfer occurs when .... grammar is ignored. learners forget rules. one language influences another. pronunciation is perfect.

Linguistic performance refers to .... actual use of language in real situations. grammar rules only. underlying knowledge. vocabulary size.

Morphology studies .... sentence meaning. word formation. discourse. sound systems.

Semantics is concerned with .... spelling. meaning. sentence order. pronunciation.

Dialects exist mainly because of. social and regional differences. grammatical rules. language universals. writing systems.

A speaker may have high competence but weak performance because of .... no exposure. anxiety or distraction. lack of vocabulary. poor grammar knowledge.

Fossilization in second language acquisition means .... perfect mastery of the language. No improvement of the language. early acquisition of the language. rapid improvement of the language.

Simultaneous bilingualism occurs when .... two languages are acquired from early childhood. one language replaces another. languages are learned at school only. two languages are learned in adulthood.

Language used to maintain social relationships performs a .... phatic function. metalinguistic function. referential function. poetic function.

The cognitive benefits of bilingualism depend largely on: School type. Balanced language use and proficiency. Age only. Genetics.

Observation as a data collection method involves: Using only audio recordings. Analyzing statistical reports. Asking participants to answer surveys. Recording behaviors in natural settings.

In qualitative research, a literature review mainly helps to: Analyze interview transcripts. Analyze interview transcripts. Write final conclusions only. Identify gaps and connect new research with existing knowledge.

Which is the correct sequence of steps in conducting a literature review?. Search sources, evaluate relevance, organize information, synthesize findings. Interview participants, summarize results, search literature. Write conclusions, search sources, collect data. Collect data, analyze data, write report, search literature.

Open-response items in questionnaires are useful because they: Produce only numerical data. Allow participants to express ideas freely. Limit answers to fixed choices. Prevent personal opinions.

The design of qualitative research is usually: Based only on laboratory experiments. Flexible and adaptable during the study. Fixed and unchangeable from start to end. Limited to statistical sampling.

Empathy in language learning mainly helps learners to: Understand others’ perspectives. Memorize grammar rules. Avoid making mistakes. Increase test scores.

Language is considered a social phenomenon because it: Is learned in isolation. Is biologically inherited. Exists only in written form. Is used for communication within a community.

Is used for communication within a community. Analyze language. Give information. Give commands. Maintain social relationships.

The social function of language helps individuals to: Build relationships. Isolate themselves. Avoid communication. Memorize rules.

Effective language use requires both competence and: Memorization. Translation. Theory. Performance.

The study of how language is used in context is called: Pragmatics. Syntax. Morphology. Phonology.

When language is used to talk about language itself, it performs a: Poetic function. Expressive function. Directive function. Metalinguistic function.

Language competence develops mainly through: Exams. Translation. Exposure and use. Error correction only.

Writing differs from speaking mainly because writing is: Acquired first. Less important. More permanent and planned. Used only academically.

Competence is best described as: Internalized knowledge. Communication breakdown. Social interaction. Observable behavior.

Performance can be affected by: Emotional state. All of the above. Distractions. Distractions.

Interference is more likely when L1 and L2 are: Similar in structure. Very different. Learned naturally.

One challenge bilingual speakers face in society is: Limited cultural knowledge. Cognitive inflexibility. Poor communication skills. Linguistic prejudice.

Communicative competence includes: Only pronunciation. Only grammatical competence. Vocabulary memorization. Grammatical, sociolinguistic, and pragmatic competence.

Grammar in SLA mainly helps learners to: Memorize vocabulary lists. Understand sentence structure. Improve handwriting. Learn pronunciation only.

Sequential bilinguals typically acquire a second language: Only through formal instruction. After establishing a first language. At the same time as the first language. Before the first language.

Language acquisition involves learning how to: Use language appropriately in context. Memorize words. Translate texts. Study linguistics.

Which domain focuses on understanding spoken language?. Listening. Writing. Speaking. Reading.

According to communicative approaches, grammar should be: Taught in isolation. Ignored completely. Learned only by adults. Integrated with communication.

Peer interaction helps learners mainly by: Providing scaffolding. Reducing motivation. Limiting input. Increasing anxiety.

The ability to form correct sentences belongs to: Pragmatics. Performance. Phatic communication. Grammar competence.

Which function of language helps start conversations?. Poetic. Directive. Phatic. Referential.

Giving instructions or commands is an example of: Directive function. Poetic function. Referential function. Expressive function.

The role of theory in the SLA classroom is to: Eliminate errors. Ignore learner differences. Guide instructional decisions. Replace teaching experience.

Errors in speech are usually related to: Vocabulary loss. Performance limitations. Lack of competence. Language death.

Grammar supports communication by: Replacing vocabulary. Providing structure and clarity. Eliminating errors completely. Preventing fluency.

Vocabulary knowledge belongs mainly to which domain?. Orthography. Phonetics. Grammar. Lexis.

Which concept emphasizes the relationship between language and society?. Sociolinguistics. Semantics. Phonology. Morphology.

Error analysis is used to: Understand learning processes. Eliminate mistakes. Punish learners. Reduce interaction.

Language variation occurs mainly due to: Alphabet systems. Social, regional, and cultural factors. Individual intelligence. Universal grammar rules.

From a societal perspective, bilingualism is best viewed as: A cognitive disadvantage. A social and communicative resource. A temporary stage in language learning. A barrier to national unity.

Implicit grammar learning occurs when learners: Study grammar rules directly. Learn through exposure and use. Memorize definitions. Analyze sentence diagrams.

Language learning in social contexts emphasizes: Individual study. Interaction and communication. Memorization. Translation practice.

Cultural identity affects SLA because it influences learners’: Motivation and attitudes. Age. Cognitive capacity. Intelligence.

Explicit grammar instruction means: Rules are clearly explained. Learners discover rules unconsciously. Grammar is translated word by word. Grammar is avoided.

Language acquisition differs from language learning because acquisition is: Grammar-focused. Based on translation. Subconscious and natural. Conscious and formal.

Linguistic performance refers to: Actual use of language in real situations. Ideal language use. Language aptitude. Knowledge of grammar.

Explicit grammar instruction means: Grammar is translated word by word. Learners discover rules unconsciously. Grammar is avoided. Rules are clearly explained.

The primary function of language is to: Entertain. Preserve writing systems. Study linguistics. Communicate meaning.

Which factor most strongly influences societal attitudes toward bilingual speakers?. Language prestige and power relations. Vocabulary size. Accent reduction. Grammar accuracy.

Balanced bilingualism refers to: Speaking multiple dialects. Preference for one language. Equal proficiency in both languages. Learning two languages in school only.

According to socio-cultural theory, language learning is primarily: Individual and internal. Social and collaborative. Mechanical. genetic.

Bilingual language acquisition differs from monolingual acquisition because bilinguals: Have separate and unrelated systems. Learn languages more slowly. Cannot reach native-like proficiency. Develop two languages simultaneously or sequentially.

Effective language use requires both competence and: Performance. Theory. Memorization. Translation.

Linguistic performance refers to: Ideal language use. Language aptitude. Actual use of language in real situations. Knowledge of grammar.

Working memory helps learners to: Learn pronunciation. Avoid interference. Store long-term vocabulary. Process language temporarily.

Which function of language is used to express emotions?. Phatic. Emotive. Referential. Metalinguistic.

Linguistic competence refers to: Pronunciation ability. Communication strategies. Actual language use. Knowledge of language rules.

The primary function of language is to: Preserve writing systems. Communicate meaning. Entertain. Study linguistics.

he four main domains of language learning include: Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics. Accuracy, fluency, complexity, speed. Reading, grammar, vocabulary, translation. Listening, speaking, reading, writing.

Bi-literacy is particularly influenced by: Quality and quantity of literacy exposure. Age alone. Socioeconomic status only. Natural talent.

When acquiring a language, learners acquire: Only grammar rules. Sounds, meanings, and rules of use. Only writing skills. Only vocabulary.

Cognitive processes in SLA include: Culture and identity. Memory and attention. Interaction and scaffolding. Motivation and attitude.

Children acquire language primarily through: Reading textbooks. Grammar exercises. Social interaction. Formal instruction.

Teachers can support L1 by: Using bilingual materials. Avoiding comparisons. Correcting all errors. Ignoring it.

Language learning domains are interconnected because: One skill replaces another. They develop independently. Improvement in one supports others. Only grammar matters.

Which learner characteristic refers to awareness of one’s own learning process?. Empathy. Metacognition. Anxiety. Intelligence.

Language learning is most effective when: Based only on rules. Contextualized and meaningful. Isolated from society. Focused on exams.

Listening and reading are classified as: Passive skills. Productive skills. Receptive skills. Cognitive skills.

Using language appropriately in different situations reflects: Sociolinguistic competence. Linguistic competence. Lexical competence. Phonological competence.

Information processing theory views language learning as: Social practice. Skill development. Habit formation. Cultural transmission.

Heritage language speakers are typically: Bilinguals with stronger home-language ties. Language teachers. Monolingual speakers. Fluent academic bilinguals.

A speech community is best defined as: A group sharing rules for language use. Speakers of a written language only. A classroom of language learners. People who speak different languages.

Younger learners tend to have an advantage in: Explicit grammar learning. Metalinguistic awareness. Academic vocabulary. Pronunciation acquisition.

Grammar competence contributes most directly to: Fluency only. Cultural awareness. Motivation. Accuracy in language use.

Language interference occurs when learners: Forget vocabulary. Apply L1 patterns to L2. Use only L2 rules. Avoid communication.

Which factor most influences language change?. Grammar books. Pronunciation drills. Social interaction. Dictionaries.

Maintaining the primary language helps prevent: Language loss. Cognitive overload. Code-switching. Accent development.

A common misconception about bilingual children with special needs is that: Bilingualism causes the disability. They can learn two languages. They benefit from support. Assessment should be careful.

Overall, contemporary research views bilingualism as: A normal and valuable human experience. A transitional state. A problem to be solved. A rare exception.

Speaking and writing are known as: Receptive skills. Mechanical skills. Passive skills. Productive skills.

A speaker may have high competence but low performance due to: Lack of vocabulary. Poor grammar knowledge. Anxiety or fatigue. Absence of rules.

Language reflects culture because it: Changes randomly. Encodes social values and beliefs. Is biologically fixed. Is universal.

For bilingual children with special needs, maintaining the home language is important because it: Replaces school language. Causes confusion. Slows therapy. Supports identity and family communication.

Which of the following is NOT typically acquired in first language acquisition?. Phonological system. Pragmatic competence. Metalanguage. Syntactic patterns.

Grammar without communication often leads to: Limited communicative ability. Native-like pronunciation. Cultural competence. High fluency.

Which individual learner factor most directly affects motivation and persistence in learning?. Curriculum design. Classroom size. Learning style. age.

Research on bilingualism and cognition suggests that bilinguals often show advantages in: Executive control and attention. Mathematical ability. Visual perception. Long-term memory only.

Which approach values bilingualism as a resource?. Additive bilingualism. Subtractive bilingualism. Grammar-translation. Audiolingual method.

Language acquisition differs from language learning because acquisition is: Conscious and formal. Based on translation. Subconscious and natural. Grammar-focused.

The distinction between competence and performance was introduced by: Chomsky. Saussure. Halliday. Bloomfield.

According to Krashen’s Input Hypothesis, learners acquire language when: Grammar is explained. Input is comprehensible. Errors are corrected. Input is below their level.

Bilingual education programs aim primarily to: Develop academic skills in two languages. Delay literacy. Replace minority languages. Promote monolingualism.

Acquiring a language means developing: Test-taking ability. Communicative competence. Mechanical repetition skills. Translation accuracy.

Which domain is most related to pronunciation practice?. Speaking. Reading. Writing. grammar.

A comprehensive evaluation of bilingual learners should include: Only standardized tests. Grammar accuracy only. Only second language performance. Both languages and multiple measures.

A learner who understands but cannot speak well has difficulty in: Social competence. Productive skills. Receptive skills. Grammar competence.

Family involvement supports primary language development by: Limiting exposure. Reinforcing home language use. Discouraging literacy. Replacing school instruction.

Societal support for bilingualism can positively affect: Language loss. Educational equity. Social division. Monolingual dominance.