Fundamentals of Genetics and Biotechnology

Which of the following factors limit the size of a cell?. The amount of nutrients in the environment. The surface area to volume ratio. The amount of DNA it contains. The concentration of water in the external environment.

Which of the following is the longest phase of the cell cycle?. Mitosis. G1. Interphase. Cytokinesis.

During mitosis, in which phase do the sister chromatids separate?. Prophase. Metaphase. Anaphase. Telophase.

Which of the following is a characteristic of meiosis?. It results in identical cells. Occurs only somatic cells. Results in haploid cells. It allows tissue regeneration.

What is the main purpose of mitosis?. To create sexual cells. To allow genetic variability. To repair tissues and replace damaged cells. To reduce the number of chromosomes by half.

What happens during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?. The cell divides. The cell grows and performs normal functions. DNA is duplicated. Visible chromosomes are formed.

In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replicate?. G1. S. G2. Mitosis.

What is the number of cells resulting at the end of meiosis?. Two diploid cells. Two haploid cells. Four haploid cells. Four diploid cells.

What is the type of cell division that generates gametes in organisms?. Mitosis. Binary fission. Meiosis. Interphase.

What is the phase of mitosis in which the nuclear membrane disappears?. Metaphase. Anaphase. Prophase. Telophase.

In which phase of meiosis does the separation of homologous chromosomes occur?. Prophase I. Anaphase I. Anaphase II. Metaphase II.

What is the goal of meiosis in genetic terms?. To reduce genetic variability. To maintain the same number of chromosomes in daughter cells. To generate genetic diversity. To produce diploid cells.

What happens in the G2 phase of the cell cycle?. The cell prepares for mitosis. DNA replicates. The chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell. The cell completes cytokinesis.

What type of cells are produced in mitosis?. Haploid cells. Sexual cells. Somatic cells. Stem cells.

Which of the following is a type of stem cell that can develop into any type of cell?. Totipotent. Pluripotent. Multipotent. Unipotent.

How many cell divisions occur in meiosis?. One. Two. Three. Four.

Which of the following phases occurs only in meiosis and not in mitosis?. Prophase I. Anaphase. Metaphase. Telophase.

Which type of cells can divide without limit and specialise into various cell types?. Somatic cells. Stem cells. Muscle cells. Epithelial cells.

In which part of the human body are haematopoietic stem cells found?. Liver. Bone marrow. Skin. Intestines.

Which of the following is common to all stem cells?. Ability to divide indefinitely. Ability to produce diploid cells only. Ability to photosynthesise. Ability to form somatic cells only.

At which stage of meiosis does "crossing over" or genetic recombination occur?. Prophase I. Anaphase I. Metaphase II. Telophase II.

What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?. Mitosis occurs only in single-celled organisms and meiosis occurs in somatic. Mitosis produces identical cells and meiosis produces cells that are identical to each other. Mitosis produces identical cells and meiosis produces different cells. Mitosis occurs only in single-celled organisms and meiosis produces different cells.

What happens during cytokinesis?. DNA is aligned in the centre of the cell. Separation from the cytoplasm is completed. DNA is duplicated. Genetic recombination takes place.

Which phase of mitosis is the last to be completed?. Prophase. Metaphase. Telophase. Anaphase.

Which of the following refers to cell specialisation?. Differentiation. Replication. Transcription. Translation.

Who first used the term “cell” after observing cork?. Anton van Leeuwenhoek. Robert Hooke. Rudolf Virchow. Theodor Schwann.

Which scientist observed microorganisms such as bacteria using improved lenses?. Robert Hooke. Matthias Schleiden. Anton van Leeuwenhoek. Rudolf Virchow.

According to cell theory, all living organisms are: Made of tissues. Made of cells. Made of molecules. Made of organs.

Why must cells remain relatively small?. Because large cells cannot divide. Because their surface area must efficiently exchange materials. Because DNA cannot fit in large cells. Because cells cannot grow.

What is the main purpose of cell division?. Produce energy. Exchange gases. Growth, repair, and reproduction. Transport nutrients.

Which of the following is a type of asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms?. Meiosis. Binary fission. Fertilization. Gametogenesis.

What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?. Slow reproduction. Requires two parents. Lack of genetic variation. Cells cannot divide.

What type of cell division produces two genetically identical daughter cells?. Meiosis. Mitosis. Binary fusion. Fragmentation.

What is the correct order of mitosis phases?. Metaphase → Prophase → Telophase → Anaphase. Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase. Telophase → Anaphase → Metaphase → Prophase. Prophase → Anaphase → Metaphase → Telophase.

What process produces gametes (sperm and eggs)?. Mitosis. Binary fission. Meiosis. Cytokinesis.

What is the result of meiosis?. Two identical cells. Four haploid cells. Two diploid cells. One daughter cell.

What stage of the cell cycle involves cell growth and DNA replication?. Cytokinesis. Interphase. Metaphase. Telophase.

Which proteins help regulate the cell cycle?. Enzymes. Cyclins. Lipids. Hormones.

What is cancer?. Controlled cell division. Slow cell growth. Uncontrolled cell division. Cell death.

What is metastasis?. When cancer cells die. When cancer cells spread to other parts of the body. When cells stop dividing. When tumors disappear.

Stem cells are important because they can: Only produce blood cells. Only divide once. Differentiate into specialized cells. Produce energy.

Which type of stem cells can become any type of cell?. Adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells. Muscle cells. Nerve cells.

Which scientist proposed that all cells come from preexisting cells?. Robert Hooke. Rudolf Virchow. Anton van Leeuwenhoek. Matthias Schleiden.

The main reason cells cannot grow indefinitely is because: DNA becomes unstable. The nucleus stops functioning. The surface area cannot support the increasing volume. Cells cannot absorb oxygen.

Which structure controls the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment?. Nucleus. Cell membrane. Cytoplasm. Ribosome.

Which of the following is NOT a function of cell division?. Growth of organisms. Repair of damaged tissue. Production of energy. Replacement of dead cells.

In binary fission, the daughter cells are: Genetically identical. Genetically different. Haploid only. Unable to reproduce.

Which type of reproduction increases genetic variation?. Asexual reproduction. Fragmentation. Sexual reproduction. Budding.

During mitosis, the chromosome number in daughter cells is: Half of the parent cell. Double the parent cell. The same as the parent cell. Random.

Which stage of mitosis involves chromosomes aligning in the center of the cell?. Prophase. Metaphase. Anaphase. Telophase.

During anaphase, what happens?. Chromosomes condense. Chromosomes line up at the equator. Sister chromatids separate. The nuclear membrane forms.

What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?. Mitosis produces gametes. Meiosis produces genetically identical cells. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half. Mitosis produces haploid cells.

The process that divides the cytoplasm after mitosis is called: Interphase. Cytokinesis. Replication. Gametogenesis.

Which checkpoint determines whether the cell will continue dividing or stop?. G1 checkpoint. G2 checkpoint. M checkpoint. Telophase checkpoint.

What is the function of cyclins and CDKs?. Produce ATP. Control the timing of the cell cycle. Transport nutrients. Destroy damaged DNA.

Cancer develops mainly because: Cells stop dividing. Cells lose control of the cell cycle. Cells lose oxygen supply. Cells stop producing proteins.

What is angiogenesis in cancer?. Death of cancer cells. Formation of new blood vessels to supply tumors. Spread of cancer through the blood. Repair of damaged tissue.

Which characteristic makes stem cells unique?. They cannot divide. They can only form one cell type. They can differentiate into specialized cells. They cannot reproduce.

Adult stem cells are: Pluripotent and can become any cell type. Multipotent and produce limited cell types. Unable to divide. Found only in embryos.

Why is meiosis important for evolution?. It creates identical cells. It eliminates DNA mutations. It increases genetic variation. It prevents reproduction.