GLOSSARY

Study of meaning in language, focusing on the relation between signifiers and their detonata. Semantics. Extension. Lexical Semantics.

Study of language in context, observing how context affects meaning. Focuses on the relation between a certain language user, symbols and their meaning. Meaning. Pragmatics. Referent.

Content carried by the words or signs exchanged by the users of a language. Sense. Reference. Meaning.

The study of systematic meaning-related connections among words. Internal meaning. Lexical semantics. External semantics.

Related structure of each word. Lexical semantics. Word meaning. Internal meaning.

Is what such sentence or word mean, or to look for the equivalent of the said sentence or word in the language concerned. Word/Sentence meaning. Lexical semantics. Internal meaning.

Speaker meaning is what a speaker intends to convey when using the language. The gap between both can be enormous. Linguistic determinism. External Semantics/Speaker meaning. Referring expressions.

While many sentences do carry information, many others are not used to carry information at all. They are not the same. Meaningfulness vs Informativeness. External Semantics/Speaker meaning. Sense versus reference.

theory that considers that language and its structures affects its users view of the world or cognition. Linguistic relativism. Linguistic determinism. Denotation.

idea that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge and thought. Linguistic relativism. Linguistic determinism. Non-referring expressions.

relationship between the language and the real world, expressing which elements are being talked about. Referent. Reference. Referring expressions.

relationships inside the language. It refers to the place of a certain expression in a system of semantic relationships, such as "sameness of meaning". Referent. Constant reference. Sense.

identification of an element in the world with a word. Denotation. Taxonomy. Sentence.

the relationship between an expression and its extension. Proposition. Utterance. Referent.

set of elements which could be the referent of an expression. Folk taxonomies. Constant reference. Extension.

triangle that represents the relationship between symbols, concepts and elements in the real world. Semiotic triangle. Prototypes. Frames.

any noun phrase whose function is to identify a certain element. Constant reference. Referring expressions. Referent.

linguistic expressions which, although contributing to meaning, do not refer to a particular entity in the world. Non-referring expressions. Extension. Proposition.

it can refer to different elements, depending on the context. Variable reference. Constant reference. Referent.

always refers to the same element in the world. Constant reference. Variable reference. Utterance.

ideal string of words composed by utterances and inscriptions, put together by the grammatical rules of a language, hence being defined as a grammatically complete string of words that expresses a complete thought. Always consist of the same words and order. Sentence. Utterance. Proposition.

use of a piece of language in a particular occasion by a particular speaker, preceded and followed by silence. Sentence. Utterance. Proposition.

Part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence, describing some state of affairs, which is asserted as true or false. Basically, the meaning of the utterance. Proposition. Sentence. Exemplars.

classification into groups or categories. Taxonomy. Prototypes. Exemplars.

taxonomies embedded in local, cultural and social systems, serving various functions. Intersecting taxonomies. Folk taxonomies. Natural or scientific taxonomies.

taxonomies which are not embedded in social relations, hence being considered objective and universal. Folk taxonomies. Intersecting taxonomies. Natural or scientific taxonomies.

items in natural taxonomies which are taxonyms of two elements. Natural or scientific taxonomies. Folk taxonomies. Intersecting taxonomies.

elements which serve as an example of their category, for they are able to better represent the main characteristics of the said category. Prototypes. Taxonomy. Exemplars.

notion in child language which refer to concepts that appear to be more limited, such as a child only calling a dog to their own pet, but not the neighbour's. Overextending concepts. Underextending concepts. Frames.

another notion in child language that has the opposite effect, using a concept to an extension which does not correspond to them, such as calling dad to every adult male. Overextending concepts. Underextending concepts. Necessary and sufficient conditions.

necessary information that is required in order to define a concept or identity it in the real world. Sufficient conditions are a selection of rules that, if followed, a certain element is perceived as a member of such group. Necessary and sufficient conditions. Overextending concepts. Ostensive definition.

memories of actual entities like birds to which we compare other elements in the real world. Exemplars. Taxonomy. Prototypes.

a relationship between nodes where a subordinate node inherits characteristics from a superordinate one. Exemplars. Inclusion. Linguistic solipsism.

theory proposed by Fillmore that approaches the typicality effects in linguistics, shedding light on the relationship between linguistic and encyclopedic knowledge. Through this theory, a division of our knowledge of the world is proposed: one part is composed by dictionary-type definitions, and the other part is composed by encyclopedic-type definitions influenced by culture. Frames. ICMs. Inclusion.

same notion as the previous one; but proposed by Lakoff (Idealized cognitive Models). ICMs. Frames. Idealism.

it is called linguistic or semantic knowledge. Knowledge as part of a Dictionary-type definition. Ostensive definition. Knowledge as part of an Encyclopaedia-type definition.

it is called real world or general knowledge. Knowledge as part of an Encyclopaedia-type definition. Knowledge as part of a Dictionary-type definition. Objectivism.

humans acquire concepts through exposure to examples in the real world. Ostensive definition. Linguistic solipsism. Objectivism.

branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of being and the structure of reality. Epistemology. Ontology. Idealism.

branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of knowledge. Epistemology. Objectivism. Ontology.

concept that states that reality exists independently of the human mind. Linguistic solipsism. Idealism. Epistemology.

concept that states that knowledge of the world is attainable, being obtained through its conceptualization and categorization. Objectivism. Ontology. Inclusion.

linguistic position which rejects philosophical discussion inside linguistics and instead decides to concentrate on meaning and meaning relations inside a language and/or between languages. Idealism. Ostensive definition. Linguistic solipsism.