Human Physiology

Total body water is distributed between two body fluid compartments: intracellular fluid (1/3) and extracellular fluid (2/3). intracellular fluid (2/3) and extracellular fluid (1/3). intracellular fluid (1/2) and extracellular fluid (1/2).

Na+ - K+ pump is typical example of: active membrane transport. passive membrane transport. active process that is producing ATP.

The major cation of intracellular fluid is: K+. Na+. Ca2+.

Chemotaxis, diapedesis, phagocytosis, and production of antibodies are function of: red blood cells. platelets. white blood cells.

Metabolic acidity means: an increase of pH, e.g. due to the production of lactic acid in a short-term exercise. a decrease of pH, e.g. due to the production of pyruvic acid in a long-term exercise. a decrease of pH, e.g. due to the production of lactic acid in a short-term exercise.

Reticulocytes are: last premature stage of white blood cells. last premature stage of red blood cells. mature stage of platelets.

In breathing, inspiration: is always active, and expiration is active at rest only but passive during exercise. is always passive and expiration is active both at rest and during exercise. is always active and expiration is passive at rest, but active during exercise.

Sedimentation rate is a blood test used for: evaluation of agglutination and hemolysis of erythrocytes in blood groups testing. screening thrombocytes aggregation in process of hemostasis. non-specific screening of inflammatory processes and/or rheumatic and tumorous diseases.

Water content in the organism during ageing: remains stable: in newborn baby is 50 % of body weight and in older individual is also 50 % of body weight. is increasing with age: in newborn baby is 40 % of body weight and in older individual is 70 % of body weight. is decreasing with age: in newborn baby is 77 % of body weight and in older individual is only 40 % of body weight.

Bile is a product of: Duodenal cells. Intestinal cells. Hepatic cells.

Mark the correct statement: Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are granular leucocytes. Lymphocytes and monocytes are granular leucocytes. Eosinophils and basophils are agranular leucocytes.

Mark the correct statement: Humoral immunity is related to production of antibodies whereas cellular immunity is related to function of various types of lymphocytes. Cellular immunity is related to production of antibodies whereas humoral immunity is related to function of various types of lymphocytes. Humoral and cellular immunity take part in external component of immunity.

Cardioexcitatory center is stimulated by: parasympathetic stimuli, insulin and increased level of pO2. sympathetic stimuli, epinephrine and lowered level of pO2. sympathetic stimuli, lowered level of CO2 and increased level of O2.

Circulatory routes include: conduction (= arterial) system, distribution (= capillary) system and diffusion (= venous) system. distribution (= arterial) system, diffusion (= capillary) system, and conduction (= venous) system. diffusion (= arterial) system, conduction (= capillary) system, and distribution (= venous) system.

Receptors of lipid soluble steroid hormones are situated : on the cellular membrane, using cAMP as a first messenger. In cytoplasm and in a form of activated hormone-receptor complex may alter gene expression in nucleus and proteosynthesis of a cell. In mitochondria and in a form of activated hormone-receptor complex may alter proteosynthesis of a cell using cyclic AMP as a second messenger.

Growth hormone (hGH) is a hormone of: adenohypophysis, it inhibits body growth and decreases proteosynthesis. adenohypophysis, it stimulates body growth and increases proteosynthesis. neurohypophysis, it stimulates body growth and increases proteosynthesis.

Human saliva has: pH= 7 and amount of saliva production is about 1 to 1,5 liters per day. pH= 5.6 and amount of saliva production is about 0,2 to 0,3 liters per day. pH= 8.2 and amount of saliva production is about 2 to 3 liters per day.

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are hormones of: Neurohypophysis. Adenohypophysis. Pineal gland.

Maintenance of calcemia (level of Ca2+ in blood) as a result of action of calcitonin and parathormone is an example of: Synergistic effect;. Antagonistic effect;. Positive feedback control.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases: absorption of water in glomerulus of kidney. absorption of water in distal and collective tubules of kidney. water release in tubular system of kidney.

Gastric juice has: pH= 1.5-3.3, and amount of gastric juice production is about 2 to 3 liters per day. pH= 6.5 and amount of gastric juice is about 0.5 to 0.6 liters per day. pH= 8.4 and amount of gastric juice production is about 2 to 3 liters per day.

Function of bile is: Enzyme mediated breakdown of carbohydrates. Lipid emulsification (i.e. decreases superficial tension of lipids, split larger drops into smaller drops). Lipid emulsification (i.e. increases superficial tension of lipids, changing smaller drops into larger drops).

Main function of small intestine is: Secretion of GIT juice (at about 90 % secretion in GIT). Absorption (about 90% of all absorption). Excretory function of organic and inorganic substances.

pH of plasma is: 7.4. 5.3. 8.4.

Vital capacity of lungs is a sum of: tidal volume, inspiration reserve volume and residual volume,. tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume and inspiration reserve volume. total lung capacity and inspiratory reserve volume.

In a cell mitochondria are sites: of protein production. of digestion of foreign substances and microorganisms. of cell respiration, oxidative processes (Krebs cycle), and sites of ATP production.

Center of thermoregulation is: in medulla oblongata with heat-loss and heat-promoting center. in hypothalamus (area preoptica) with heat-loss and heat-promoting center. in cerebellum with heat-loss and heat-promoting center.

In a pulmonary circulatory route, blood pressure is: the same as in systemic route,. 5 times higher than in systemic route,. 5 times lower than in systemic route.

Resting membrane potential is: negative, e.g. nervous membrane potential = -70 mV or skeletal muscle potential = – 90 mV. positive, e.g. skeletal muscle potential = + 90 mV or nervous membrane potential = +70 mV,. equal zero, i.e. hyperpolarized.

Autonomous nervous system includes: pyramidal and extrapyramidal system. sympathetic and parasympathetic division. ascending and descending tracts.

In a spinal segment, dorsal roots have: efferent function, whereas frontal roots have afferent function. both afferent and efferent function, similarly to frontal roots. afferent function, whereas frontal roots have efferent function.

In kidneys, primary urine and secondary urine differs in water because of nearly: 70 % of water of primary urine is absorbed in the tubular system. 99 % of water of primary urine is absorbed in the tubular system. 25 % of water of primary urine is absorbed in the tubular system.

Motor unit is: innervation ratio of nerves fibers per one muscle fiber. ratio of muscle fibers in agonist and antagonist muscles. innervation ratio of muscle fibers per one nerve fiber.

Specific effect of food, i.e. energy needed for breakdown of nutrients in the body: is highest in carbohydrates and lowest proteins. is highest in lipids and lowest in carbohydrates. is highest in proteins and lowest in lipids.

BMI (Body Mass Index) is: used in estimation of obesity and overweight; optimum value in adults is approx. 20-25 kg.m-2. used in evaluation in biological age; optimum value in adults is approx. 150-180 kg.m-2. used in estimation of basal metabolic rate; normal value in adults is approx. 22-27 kJ.kg-2.

Qualitative requirements for nutrition generally recommend (in energy): 20-25 % proteins, 30-40 % carbohydrates and 35-50 % of lipids. 10-15 % proteins, 15-20 % carbohydrates and 65-67 % of lipids. 12-15 % proteins, 20-25 % lipids and 55-60 % carbohydrates.

In hot environment, the mechanisms of heat loss include: vasodilatation, decrease of thyroidal and catecholamine hormonal secretion and appropriate physical thermoregulation, e.g. radiation at rest and sweating during exercise. vasoconstriction, increase of thyroidal and catecholamine hormonal secretion and appropriate physical thermoregulation. e.g. conduction at rest and radiation during exercise. vasoconstriction, decrease of thyroidal and catecholamine hormonal secretion and appropriate physical thermoregulation. e.g. sweating at rest and conduction during exercise.

Risk of vegetarian diets: Risk does not exist, they are absolute healthy for all age population groups. Is related to possible deficit of iron, vitamin B12, and deficit of essential aminoacids. Is related to possible deficit of unsaturated fatty acids and vitamins B and C.

Hemoglobinuria is caused by: Alteration of tubular system in kidneys. Mechanical damage of glomerular tissue in kidneys. Mechanical damage of erythrocytes (often in runners).

Descending (motor) system includes: Pyramidal (voluntary) system and extrapyramidal (automated) system. Sympathetic (voluntary) and parasympathetic (automated) division. Pyramidal (automated) system and extrapyramidal (voluntary) system.