4097. A characteristic of the stratosphere is a relatively even base altitude of approximately 35,000 feet. relatively small changes in temperature with an increase in altitude. an overall decrease of temperature with an increase in altitude.
4154. The average height of the troposphere in the middle latitudes is 25,000 feet 37,000 feet. 20,000 feet.
4227 Which feature is associated with the tropopause? Absolute upper limit of cloud formation. Abrupt change in temperature lapse rate. Absence of wind and turbulent conditions.
4155 A jetstream is defined as wind of 50 knots or greater. 40 knots or greater. 30 knots or greater.
4168. The strength and location of the jetstream is normally stronger and farther north in the winter. stronger and farther north in the summer. weaker and farther north in the summer.
4096 The primary cause of all changes in the Earth's weather is changes in air pressure over the Earth's surface. movement of the air masses. variation of solar energy received by the Earth's regions.
4095
How much colder than standard temperature is the forecast temperature at 9,000 feet, as indicated in the following excerpt from the Winds and Temperature Aloft Forecast?
FT 6000 9000
0737-04 1043-10 7 °C. 10 °C. 3 °C.
4113
If the air temperature is +8 °C at an elevation of 1,350 feet and a standard (average) temperature lapse rate exists, what will be the approximate freezing level? 5,350 feet MSL. 3,350 feet MSL. 9,350 feet MSL.
4094
A common type of ground or surface based temperature inversion is that which is produced by ground radiation on clear, cool nights when the wind is light. warm air being lifted rapidly aloft in the vicinity of mountainous terrain. the movement of colder air over warm air, or the movement of warm air under cold air.
4112
The most frequent type of ground or surface based temperature inversion is that produced by warm air being lifted rapidly aloft in the vicinity of mountainous terrain. the movement of colder air under warm air, or the movement of warm air over cold air. radiation on a clear, relatively still night.
4112
The most frequent type of ground or surface based temperature inversion is that produced by warm air being lifted rapidly aloft in the vicinity of mountainous terrain. the movement of colder air under warm air, or the movement of warm air over cold air. radiation on a clear, relatively still night.
4114
What feature is associated with a temperature inversion? Air mass thunderstorms. An unstable layer of air. A stable layer of air.
4125 A temperature inversion will normally form only when a stratiform layer merges with a cumuliform mass. in stable air. in unstable air.
4200
Which weather conditions should be expected beneath a low level temperature inversion layer when the relative humidity is high? Smooth air and poor visibility due to fog, haze, or low clouds. Turbulent air and poor visibility due to fog, low stratus type clouds, and showery precipitation. Light wind shear and poor visibility due to haze and light rain.
4105
What causes surface winds to flow across the isobars at an angle rather than parallel to the isobars? Surface friction. The greater density of the air at the surface. Coriolis force.
4106
Winds at 5,000 feet AGL on a particular flight are southwesterly while most of the surface winds are southerly. This difference in direction is primarily due to friction between the wind and the surface. stronger Coriolis force at the surface. a stronger pressure gradient at higher altitudes.
What relationship exists between the winds at 2,000 feet above the surface and the surface winds? The winds at 2,000 feet and the surface winds flow in the same direction, but the surface winds are weaker due to friction. The winds at 2,000 feet tend to parallel the isobars while the surface winds cross the isobars at an angle toward lower pressure and are weaker. The surface winds tend to veer to the right of the winds at 2,000 feet and are usually weaker.
4108
Which force, in the Northern Hemisphere, acts at a right angle to the wind and deflects it to the right until parallel to the isobars? Coriolis. Pressure gradient. Centrifugal.
4104
Clouds, fog, or dew will always form when water vapor condenses the temperature and dewpoint are equal. water vapor is present.
4101
To which meteorological condition does the term "dewpoint'' refer? The temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated. The temperature at which condensation and evaporation are equal. The temperature at which dew will always form.
4103
The amount of water vapor which air can hold largely depends on relative humidity. air temperature. stability of air.
4159
What enhances the growth rate of precipitation? Upward currents. Cyclonic movement. Advective action.
4102
What temperature condition is indicated if wet snow is encountered at your flight altitude? The temperature is above freezing at your altitude. You are flying from a warm air mass into a cold air mass. The temperature is below freezing at your altitude.
4099
The presence of ice pellets at the surface is evidence that there is freezing rain at a higher altitude. there are thunderstorms in the area. a cold front has passed.
4161
Which precipitation type normally indicates freezing rain at higher altitudes? Hail. Ice pellets. Snow.
4121
Stability can be determined from which measurement of the atmosphere? Low level winds. Atmospheric pressure. Ambient lapse rate.
4122
What determines the structure or type of clouds which form as a result of air being forced to ascend? The amount of condensation nuclei present after lifting occurs. The stability of the air before lifting occurs. The method by which the air is lifted.
4124
Unsaturated air flowing upslope will cool at the rate of approximately (dry adiabatic lapse rate) 2.5 °C per 1,000 feet. 2 °C per 1,000 feet. 3 °C per 1,000 feet.
4115
What type of clouds will be formed if very stable moist air is forced upslope? Stratified clouds with little vertical development. First stratified clouds and then vertical clouds. Vertical clouds with increasing height.
4118
What type clouds can be expected when an unstable air mass is forced to ascend a mountain slope? Stratified clouds with considerable associated turbulence. Clouds with extensive vertical development. Layered clouds with little vertical development.
4123
Which of the following combinations of weather producing variables would likely result in cumuliform type clouds, good visibility, rain showers, and possible clear type icing in clouds? Stable, dry air, and orographic lifting. Unstable, moist air, and orographic lifting. Unstable, moist air, and no lifting mechanism.
.
4131
The suffix "nimbus", used in naming clouds, means a dark massive, towering cloud. cloud with extensive vertical development. raincloud.
4134
What are the four families of clouds? Stratus, cumulus, nimbus, and cirrus. Clouds formed by updrafts, fronts, cooling layers of air, and precipitation into warm air. High, middle, low, and those with extensive vertical development.
4157
A high cloud is composed mostly of condensation nuclei. ozone. ice crystals.
4133
Which family of clouds is least likely to contribute to structural icing on an aircraft? Low clouds. Clouds with extensive vertical development. High clouds.
4129
Which clouds have the greatest turbulence? Cumulonimbus. Towering cumulus. Altocumulus castellanus.
4130
Standing lenticular clouds, in mountainous areas, indicate turbulence. an inversion. unstable air.
4132
The presence of standing lenticular altocumulus clouds is a good indication of heavy icing conditions. a jetstream. very strong turbulence.
4149
Fair weather cumulus clouds often indicate turbulence at and below the cloud level. smooth flying conditions. poor visibility.
4163
Fog is usually prevalent in industrial areas because of atmospheric stabilization around cities. increased temperatures due to industrial heating. an abundance of condensation nuclei from combustion products.
4156
Under which condition does advection fog usually form? Moist air moving over colder ground or water. Warm, moist air settling over a cool surface under no wind conditions. A land breeze blowing a cold air mass over a warm water current.
4164
In which situation is advection fog most likely to form? An air mass moving inland from the coast in winter. A light breeze blowing colder air out to sea. Warm, moist air settling over a warmer surface under no wind conditions.
4165
In what localities is advection fog most likely to occur? Level inland areas. Mountain slopes. Coastal areas.
4166
What types of fog depend upon a wind in order to exist? Precipitation induced fog and ground fog. Steam fog and downslope fog. Advection fog and upslope fog.
4167
What situation is most conducive to the formation of radiation fog? Moist, tropical air moving over cold, offshore water. The movement of cold air over much warmer water. Warm, moist air over low, flatland areas on clear, calm nights.
4169
Which conditions are favorable for the formation of radiation fog? Clear sky, little or no wind, small temperature/dewpoint spread, and over a land surface. Cloudy sky and a light wind moving saturated warm air over a cool surface. Moist air moving over colder ground or water.
4162
Which weather condition can be expected when moist air flows from a relatively warm surface to a colder surface? Fog. Convective turbulence due to surface heating. Increased visibility.
4158
An air mass is a body of air that creates a wind shift as it moves across the Earth's surface. covers an extensive area and has fairly uniform properties of temperature and moisture. has similar cloud formations associated with it.
4116
The general characteristics of unstable air are good visibility, steady precipitation, and stratiform type clouds. poor visibility, intermittent precipitation, and cumuliform type clouds. good visibility, showery precipitation, and cumuliform type clouds.
4120
What are some characteristics of unstable air? Turbulence and poor surface visibility. Turbulence and good surface visibility. Nimbostratus clouds and good surface visibility.
4128
Which are characteristics of an unstable cold air mass moving over a warm surface? Cumuliform clouds, turbulence, and good visibility. Stratiform clouds, smooth air, and poor visibility. Cumuliform clouds, turbulence, and poor visibility.
4117
Which is a characteristic of stable air? Stratiform clouds. Unlimited visibility. Fair weather cumulus clouds.
4119
What are the characteristics of stable air? Good visibility, steady precipitation, and stratus type clouds. Poor visibility, intermittent precipitation, and cumulus-type clouds. Poor visibility, steady precipitation, and stratus type clouds.
4098
Steady precipitation, in contrast to showers, preceding a front is an indication of stratiform clouds with moderate turbulence. stratiform clouds with little or no turbulence. cummuliform clouds with little or no turbulence.
4127
Frontal waves normally form on stationary or occluded fronts. slow-moving warm fronts or occluded fronts. slow-moving cold fronts or stationary fronts.
4136
Which weather phenomenon is always associated with the passage of a frontal system? A wind change. Clouds, either ahead or behind the front. An abrupt decrease in pressure.
4160
If you fly into severe turbulence, which flight condition should you attempt to maintain? Level flight attitude. Constant altitude and constant airspeed. Constant airspeed (VA).
4916
If severe turbulence is encountered during your IFR flight, the airplane should be slowed to the design maneuvering speed because the maneuverability of the airplane will be increased. amount of excess load that can be imposed on the wing will be decreased. airplane will stall at a lower angle of attack, giving an increased margin of safety.
4210
A pilot reporting turbulence that momentarily causes slight, erratic changes in altitude and/or attitude should report it as moderate turbulence. light turbulence. light chop.
4148
What are the requirements for the formation of a thunderstorm? A cumulus cloud with sufficient moisture and an inverted lapse rate. Sufficient moisture, an unstable lapse rate, and a lifting action. A cumulus cloud with sufficient moisture.
4126
Which weather phenomenon signals the beginning of the mature stage of a thunderstorm? Strong turbulence in the cloud. The start of rain at the surface. Growth rate of cloud is maximum.
4143
During the life cycle of a thunderstorm, which stage is characterized predominately by downdrafts? Cumulus. Dissipating. Mature.
4147
What is an indication that downdrafts have developed and the thunderstorm cell has entered the mature stage? Precipitation begins to fall from the cloud base. A gust front forms. The anvil top has completed its development.
4137
Where do squall lines most often develop? Ahead of a cold front. In a cold air mass. In an occluded front.
4142
If squalls are reported at your destination, what wind conditions should you anticipate? Rapid variation in wind direction of at least 20° and changes in speed of at least 10 knots between peaks and lulls. Peak gusts of at least 35 knots for a sustained period of 1 minute or longer. Sudden increases in windspeed of at least 15 knots to a peak of 20 knots or more, lasting for at least 1 minute.
4145
Which thunderstorms generally produce the most severe conditions, such as heavy hail and destructive winds? Warm front. Squall line. Air mass.
4141
What is indicated by the term "embedded thunderstorms''? Thunderstorms are obscured by massive cloud layers and cannot be seen. Severe thunderstorms are embedded within a squall line. Thunderstorms are predicted to develop in a stable air mass.
4146
Which procedure is recommended if a pilot should unintentionally penetrate embedded thunderstorm activity? Reverse aircraft heading or proceed toward an area of known VFR conditions. Set power for recommended turbulence penetration airspeed and attempt to maintain a level flight attitude. Reduce airspeed to maneuvering speed and maintain a constant altitude.
4251
What is the expected duration of an individual microburst? One microburst may continue for as long as 2 to 4 hours. Seldom longer than 15 minutes from the time the burst strikes the ground until dissipation. Two minutes with maximum winds lasting approximately 1 minute.
4252
Maximum downdrafts in a microburst encounter may be as strong as 8,000 feet per minute. 7,000 feet per minute. 6,000 feet per minute.
4253
An aircraft that encounters a headwind of 45 knots, within a microburst, may expect a total shear across the microburst of 80 knots. 90 knots. 40 knots.
4254
(Refer to figure 13.) If involved in a microburst encounter, in which aircraft positions will the most severe downdraft occur? 2 and 3. 3 and 4. 4 and 5.
4255
(Refer to figure 13.) When penetrating a microburst, which aircraft will experience an increase in performance without a change in pitch or power? 3 2 1.
4256
(Refer to figure 13.) The aircraft in position 3 will experience which effect in a microburst encounter? Strong downdraft. Increasing tailwind. Decreasing headwind.
4257
(Refer to figure 13.) What effect will a microburst encounter have upon the aircraft in position 4? Strong updraft. Significant performance increase. Strong tailwind.
4258
(Refer to figure 13.) How will the aircraft in position 4 be affected by a microburst encounter? Performance decreasing with a tailwind and downdraft. Performance increasing with a tailwind and updraft. Performance decreasing with a headwind and downdraft.
4100
Which conditions result in the formation of frost? Temperature of the collecting surface is below the dewpoint of surrounding air and the dewpoint is colder than freezing. When dew forms and the temperature is below freezing. The temperature of the collecting surface is at or below freezing and small droplets of moisture are falling.
4152
In which meteorological environment is aircraft structural icing most likely to have the highest rate of accumulation? Cumulonimbus clouds. High humidity and freezing temperature. Freezing rain.
4153
What is an operational consideration if you fly into rain which freezes on impact? You have flown into an area of thunderstorms. You have flown through a cold front. Temperatures are above freezing at some higher altitude.
4171
Test data indicate that ice, snow, or frost having a thickness and roughness similar to medium or coarse sandpaper on the leading edge and upper surface of a wing can reduce lift by as much as 50 percent and increase drag by as much as 50 percent. reduce lift by as much as 30 percent and increase drag by 40 percent. increase drag and reduce lift by as much as 25 percent.
4950
During an IFR cross-country flight you picked up rime icing which you estimate is 1/2" thick on the leading edge of the wings. You are now below the clouds at 2000 feet AGL and are approaching your destination airport under VFR. Visibility under the clouds is more than 10 miles, winds at the destination airport are 8 knots right down the runway, and the surface temperature is 3 degrees Celsius. You decide to use a faster than normal approach and landing speed approach and land at your normal speed since the ice is not thick enough to have any noticeable efftect fly your approach slower than normal to lessen the "wind chill" effect and break up the ice.
4151
Why is frost considered hazardous to flight operation? Frost changes the basic aerodynamic shape of the airfoil. Frost decreases control effectiveness. Frost causes early airflow separation resulting in a loss of lift.
4958.
When icing is detected, particularly while operating an aircraft without deicing equipment, the pilot
should fly to an area with liquid precipitation. fly to a lower altitude. leave the area of precipitation or go to an altitude where the temperature is above freezing.
4959
tailplane icing can be detected by a slow and steady decrease in altitude flaps failing to operate a sudden change in elevator force or uncommanded nose-down pitch.
4960
if tailplane icing or tailplane stall is detected the pilot should lower the flaps to decrease airspeed decrease power to Vfe retract flaps and increase power.
4971
which is true with regards to icing heavy icing in the leading edge is not as bad as light icing on the upper surface smooth ice on the upper surface will cause minimal is any problems light icing is worse than heavy icing.
4972
what is the most likely reason for buffeting or vibrations after extending the flaps during or exiting icing conditions incipient tailplane stall aerodynamic stall due to increased angle of attack aerodynamic instability due to ice accumulatgion forward of the ailerons.
4973
the best technique for using deicing boots is to allow ice to build up first to reduce likelihood of "ice bridging" use them immediately upon visual detection of any ice cycle several times after exiting to obtain a clean wing.
4974 how should deicing boots be used after exiting flight in icing conditions boots do not need to be operated after leaving icing conditions continue to cycle the boots several times to remove residual ice left behind after normal boot operation only continue to cycle the boots if you are concerned ice may contine to accumulate.
4969
The most hazardous aspect of structural icing is it can cause breakage of antennas it can cause blockage of the pitot tube and/or static ports affecting aircraft instruments it can result in aerodynamic degradation including loss of lift.
4970
preventing ice from causing a hazard for aircraft certificated for flight into known icing conditions is accomplished by
1. spraying alcohol or glycol solution on the aircraft before takeoff
2. a deicing system on the aircraft
3. an anti-icing system on the aircraft all three statements are true only statemes 2 and 3 are true only statement 1 is true .
4970-1
what is the purpose of a weeping wing the weeping wing can be used in place io spoilers to slow the aircraft the weeping wing provides leading edge protection against icing the weeping wing provides additional camber for aerodynamic lifting.
4960-1
what should pilots do if icing is detected while also experiencing a rolling condition lower the flaps to decrease airspeed set power and angle of attack for a controlled descent retract flaps and increase power.
4960-2
what autopilot function should you turn off if icing is suspected HDG (heading) mode AUTO Approach (APP) mode turn autopilot off.
4960-3
a generally recommended practice for autopilot usage during cruise flight in icing conditions is having the autopilot continiuosly engaged while monitoring the system for abnormal trim, trim rate, or attitude periodically disengaging the autopilot and hand flying the airplane periodically disengaging and immediately reengaging the altitude hold function.
4960-4
on initial climb-out after takeoff and with the autopilot engaged, you encounter icing conditions. In this condition you can expect ice to accumulate on the underside of the wings due to high AOA the autopilot to hold the vertical speed, if the anti-icing boots are working to increase airflow under the wings to prevent the accumulation of ice.
4961
if icing is suspected on an airplane equipped with deicing equipment, the pilot should first confirm ice with the ice lights prior to deploying the pneumatic boots operate the pneumatic deicing system several times to clear the ice operate the penumatic deicing system once to allow time for the ice removal .
4962
the first place ice is likely to form on an aircraft is the wings tailplane windshield.
4964
if a pilot encounters freezing drizzle, he can assume that there is warmer air above the freezing drizzle will accumulate as rime ice since freezing drizzle is supercooled it is not a concern for structural icing.
4965
when flying through supercooled water droplets, the first sign of structural ice accumulation would be the leading edge of the wings on probles and antennas the windshield.
4966
what actions should the pilot take in the event of suspected tailplane icing during approach leave the autopilot on to assist flying the approach use partial or no flaps and no autopilot hand fly the approach until the IAF and then use the autopilot.
4967
expect clear ice to form on the leading edge of the airfloils when liquid water and snow combine with ice termperatures are close to freezing, there is a large volume of liquid water precipitation, and the aircraft is ar high airspeeds the precipitation is small droplets and the aircraft is at low airspeed.
4968
when flying through stratiform clouds, the best way to alleviate icing is by changing altitudes to one with above-freezing temperatures or where temperatures are colder than -10°C slowly climbing out of the icing layer always descending to find warm air below.
4138
Where does wind shear occur? Wherever there is an abrupt decrease in pressure and/or temperature. With either a wind shift or a windspeed gradient at any level in the atmosphere. Exclusively in thunderstorms.
4139
What is an important characteristic of wind shear? It usually exists only in the vicinity of thunderstorms, but may be found near a strong temperature inversion. It may be associated with either a wind shift or a windspeed gradient at any level in the atmosphere. It is primarily associated with the lateral vortices generated by thunderstorms.
4150
What is an important characteristic of wind shear? It is an atmospheric condition that may be associated with a low level temperature inversion, a jet stream, or a frontal zone. The Coriolis phenomenon in both high and low level air masses is the principal generating force. It is an atmospheric condition that is associated exclusively with zones of convergence.
4140
Which is a characteristic of low level wind shear as it relates to frontal activity? With a warm front, the most critical period is before the front passes the airport. Turbulence will always exist in wind shear conditions. With a cold front, the most critical period is just before the front passes the airport.
4238
Hazardous wind shear is commonly encountered near the ground during periods when the wind velocity is stronger than 35 knots. during periods when the wind velocity is stronger than 35 knots and near mountain valleys. during periods of strong temperature inversion and near thunderstorms.
4135
Where can wind shear associated with a thunderstorm be found? Choose the most complete answer. On all sides of the thunderstorm cell and directly under the cell. In front of the thunderstorm cell and directly under the cell. In front of the thunderstorm cell (anvil side) and on the right side of the cell.
4720
When passing through an abrupt wind shear which involves a shift from a tailwind to a headwind, what power management would normally be required to maintain a constant indicated airspeed and ILS glide slope? Lower than normal power initially, followed by a further decrease as the wind shear is encountered, then an increase. Higher than normal power initially, followed by a decrease as the shear is encountered, then an increase. Higher than normal power initially, followed by a further increase as the wind shear is encountered, then a decrease.
4727
While flying a 3° glide slope, a constant tailwind shears to a calm wind. Which conditions should the pilot expect? Airspeed and pitch attitude increase and there is a tendency to go below glide slope. Airspeed and pitch attitude decrease and there is a tendency to go below glide slope. Airspeed and pitch attitude increase and there is a tendency to go above glide slope.
4739
Thrust is managed to maintain IAS, and glide slope is being flown. What characteristics should be observed when a headwind shears to be a constant tailwind? PITCH ATTITUDE: Decreases; REQUIRED THRUST: Increased, then reduced; VERTICAL SPEED: Increases; IAS: Decreases, then increases to approach speed. PITCH ATTITUDE: Increases; REQUIRED THRUST: Increased, then reduced; VERTICAL SPEED: Increases; IAS: Increases, then decreases to approach speed. PITCH ATTITUDE: Increases; REQUIRED THRUST: Reduced, then increased; VERTICAL SPEED: Decreases; IAS: Decreases, then increases to approach speed.
4755
While flying a 3° glide slope, a headwind shears to a tailwind. Which conditions should the pilot expect on the glide slope? Airspeed and pitch attitude decrease and there is a tendency to go below glide slope. Airspeed and pitch attitude increase and there is a tendency to go above glide slope. Airspeed and pitch attitude decrease and there is a tendency to remain on the glide slope.
4917
When a climb or descent through an inversion or wind shear zone is being performed, the pilot should be alert for which of the following change in airplane performance? A sudden surge of thrust. A fast rate of climb and a slow rate of descent. A sudden change in airspeed.
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