123 1L (gaseous form) of hydrogen have weight 1 g 0,1 g 10 g 100 g.
118 Energetic problems in the EU Demands requirements, the ability of supply to demand, enviromental aspects of energy, political aspects of energy Has a relatively small energy yield, is not cheap, is not widely avalible and easy to use, can negatively change the character of the landscape Dramatic rise in energy prices, unlimited reserves of fossil energy sources and their uneven reginoal distribution, demographic growth, climate change. Growing dependence on energy imports, lack of power generation capacity, need to retrofits of existing power plants (extended service life, efficiency improvement, emission reduction), lack of new transport capacity for gas imports (LNG terminals, gas pipelines), great financial need to ensure the necessary investments.
144 Conversion efficiency maximilased by fixed arrays only oriented to south by pv solar system be obtain more as 30% energy from sun irradiation the current generation of pv cells for converting solar energy in electrical energy have a conversion efficiency of around 45% the current generation of pv cells for converting solar energy in electrical energy have a conversion efficiency of around 15%.
111 ccs technologies are canadian cardiovascular sociey technologies classification car captor sakura tecnologies carbon capture tecnologies tecnologies for reduction of the emissions from the oxidation fossil fuels, not yet commercially avalible, energy intensive.
121 for production of the 1k hydrogen (by electrlysis) we need : cca 180 j of energy and 15 L of water cca 5kWh of electricity and 9 L of water cca 50 kWh of electricity cca 15L of water.
147 PV solar cells types thin film are made by depositing the active photvoltaic material, such as amorphous silicon or other semiconductor onto a glass or othe substrate together with necessary current collecting contacts. The cell construction is much less costly than using semiconductor wafers. crystalline, thick film, anorganic, multi layer currently, conversion organic pv solar cells efficiencies are higher as 12% but this expected to improve. multilayer cell conversion cant raise the theoretical efficiency limit, currently about 45% for a single junction device, to about 75%.
114 solar and wind energy sources has a relatively small energy yield, is cheap, widely availabe and easy to use, can negatively the character of the landscape has a relatively high energy yield, is cheap, widely availabe and easy to use, can negatively the character of the landscape are easy to install and can be not used on a small scale generally have the advantage of being independent of fuel supply, relying only on natural processes.
125 hydrogen energy content 39,4 kW/kg 39,4 kW/g 39,4 kWh/g 39,4 kWh/kg.
109 Paris agreement for the transition to a low-carbon economy The paris agreement is a legally binding internaional treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196 Parties at the UN Climate change Conference (COP21) in Paris, France, on 12 december 2015 The paris agreement is a legally binding internaional treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196 Parties at the UN Climate change Conference (COP21) in Paris, France, on 12 december 2016 The paris agreement is a legally binding internaional treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196 Parties at the UN Climate change Conference (COP21) in Paris, France, on 12 december 2015. It entered into force on 12 December 2016. The paris agreement works on a ten-year cicle of increasingly ambitious climate action -- or, ratcheting up -- carried out by countries.
150 Battery cycle life A lead acid battery may be expected to have a cycle life or around 300 cycles, whereas a lithium with the same capacity may be capable of 1,500 cycles before needing replacement. It depends not on the cell chemistry and the operating conditions under which the battery is used this is the life cycle of a battery as product cycle life is not a particularly important consideration when comparing the lifetime costs of expensive batteries such as those used in electric vehicle applications.
146 PV solar cells types Crystalline, amorphous, thin film, organic, multi layer Multilayer cell conversion cant riase the theoretical efficiency limit, currently about 30% for a single junction device, to about 20% for three junction cell thin film cells are made by depositing the active photovoltaic material, such as amorphous silicon or other semiconductor onto a glass or other substrate together with the necesaary current collecting contacts. The cell construction is much more costly than using semiconductor wafers. Currently, conversion organic pv solar cels efficiencies are rather high at around 14% but this expected to improve.
131 natural energy flows providing 1kW of available power : Solar thermal system with surface 10m2 (perpendicular to the sun) Wind turbine swept area 8,5m2 with windspeed 12,5m/s Geothermal source - ocean with 0,20ºC difference with water flow rate 10,8l/min Solar photovoltaic system with surface cca 5m2 (perpendicular to the sun).
124 Lithium-Ion rechargable battery electrical energy content : 0,14 kWh/kg 0,14 kW/g 0,14 kW/kg 0,14 kWh/g.
116 So called "3rd energy revolution" has several key aspects : Has a relatively low energy yield, is not cheap a widely available and esay to use, cant negatively change the character of the landscape. demand requirements, the ability of supply to meet demand. Enviromental aspects of energy, political aspects of energy. dramatic rise in energy prices, limited reserves of fossil energy sources and their uneven regional distribution, demographic growth, climate change. Has a relatively small energy yield, is cheap, widely available and esay to use, can negatively change the character of the landscape.
108 Kyoto protocol The Kyoto protocol is not only base on the principles and provisions of the convetion and follows its annex-based structure. It not binds developed countries, and places a heavier burden on them under the principle of "common but differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities", because it recognizes that they are largely responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere. Binds ont only developed countries, and places a heavier burden on them under the principle of "common but diffrentiated responsibility and respective capacilities", because it recognizes that they are largely responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions int eh atmosphere. The kyoto is not based only on the principles and provisions of the convention and follows its annex-base structure. The kyoto protocol was adopted on 11 december 1997.
107 The deployment of a low-carbon economy requires: Expansion of all combustion, nuclear and carbon capture and storage (CCS) tecnologies, increasing the efficiency of tecnologies and reducing energy consumption Expansion of such technologies including renewable, nuclear and carbon capture and storage (CCS) tecnologies Expansion of only renewable tecnologies, efficiency of tecnologies play not role Expansion of such technologies including renewable, nuclear and carbon capture and storage (CCS) tecnologies, increasing the efficiency of tecnologies and reducing energy consumption.
130 natural energy flows providing 1kW of available power : Solar thermal system with surface 5m2 (perpendicular to the sun) Wind turbine swept area 8,5m2 with windspeed 12,5m/s Geothermal source - ocean with 20ºC difference with water flow rate 10,8l/min Solar photovoltaic system with surface cca 1m2 (perpendicular to the sun).
204 How much of the electric energy produced in Spain comes from renewable sources? 46,7% of Spain's electricity needs. 23,3% from wind sources, 11,4% from hydroelectric sources. 23,3% from wind sources, 11,4% from hydroelectric sources, 9,9% from coal sources, 2,2% from other renewable sources 23,3% from hydroelectric sources, 11,4% from solar sources, 9,9% from coal sources, 2,2% from other renewable sources.
135 The resistance of the cables conducting the current flow between the generating plant and the end user's premises cause further efficiency losses due to the joule heating (I2R losses) of the interconnecting power cables. There are major influencing factors : Location the resistance of the cables increases with distance. The capacity factor is a directly measure indicator of operating efficiency which indicates the ability of a generating plant to deliver its full capacity it is indirectly an indicator of the reliability of supply Voltage since Joule heating losses are proportional to the square of the current, distribution losses can be reduced by transmitting the power with as low a current as possible by using higher transmission voltages Location and voltage.
203 What are the largest hydroelectric energy source in Spain? With a total installed capacity of 23GWh and annual production of 51,439GW With a total installed capacity of 20GW and annual production of 24,1GWh With a total installed capacity of 12,5GW With a total installed capacity of 23GW and annual production of 51,439GW.
137 Sun/Electromagnetic radiation has the following interesting properties : It can be found in natureor be man-made, it does nor require a medium for propagation, it travels with the speed of light It can be broadcast outwards to reach many locations or it can be formed into beams to reach a particular spot. It cant be reflected or refracted. It can be split and recombined to form diffraction patterns. it carries energy as it propagates. The lower the frequency, the higher the energy associated with the wave. It can transfer its energy to matter on which it impinges. Its transferred energy may be sufficient to break chemical bonds, ionising the matter on which it impinges. Its propagation obeys the inverse square law. It cant be used to carry information.
203 What are the largest wind energy source in Spain? With a total installed capacity of 23GWh and annual production of 51,439GW With a total installed capacity of 20GW and annual production of 24,1GWh With a total installed capacity of 12,5GW With a total installed capacity of 23GW and annual production of 51,439GW.
117 One of the main WEC studies "Decisions on the future : Energy policy scenarios to 2050" defines four key aspects affecting future energy : Demand requirements, the ability of supply to meet demand, enviromental aspects of energy, political aspects of energy. Dramatic rise energy prices, limited reserves of fossil energy sources and their uneven regional distribution demographic growth, climate change. Has a relatively high energy yield, is not cheap, widely available and easy to use, cant negatively change the character of the landscape Has a relatively a small energy yield, is cheap, is not widely available and easy to use, can negatively change the character of the landscape.
153 Battery parallel connections. One cell have voltage 2V and capacity 100Ah. 16 cells in parallel have : 2v, 16000 Ah 2v, internal resistance 0,32 ohms 32v, 16000 Ah 32v, 100 Ah.
142 Sun/Electromagnetic radiation has the following interesting properties : It can be found in nature or be man-made, it require a medium for propagation, it travels with the speed of light It can be broadcast outwards to reach many locations or it can be formed into beams to reach a particular spot. It cant be reflected or refracted. It can be split and recombined to form diffraction patterns. it can be bent around the earth's circunference by reflection from inosphere. It can pass throught walls. It can be captured by placing a metal rod, a loop, parabolic metal dish or horn in its pathpath and it can be launched into the atmpshere with the same tools it can travel great distances. The radiation great distances. The radiation resulting from simple 100 volt, 1 Mhz sine wave fed into a suitable antenna cant be detected as far away as the next planet. It travels in straight lines.
139 Sun/Electromagnetic radiation has the following interesting properties : It can be found in natureor be man-made, it does nor require a medium for propagation, it travels with the speed of light It can be broadcast outwards to reach many locations or it can be formed into beams to reach a particular spot. It cant be reflected or refracted. It can be split and recombined to form diffraction patterns. it carries energy as it propagates. The lower the frequency, the higher the energy associated with the wave. It can transfer its energy to matter on which it impinges. Its transferred energy may be sufficient to break chemical bonds, ionising the matter on which it impinges. Its propagation obeys the inverse square law. It cant be used to carry information.
113 Wind Energy sources Has a relatively small energy yield, is cheap, widely available and easy to use, can negatively change the character of the landscape are easy to install and can be not used on a small scale has a relatively high energy yield, is cheap, widely available and easy to use, cant negatively change the character of the landscape has a relatively high energy yield, is cheap, widely available and easy to use, but can negatively change the character of the landscape.
203 What are the largest solar energy source in Spain? With a total installed capacity of 23GWh and annual production of 51,439GW With a total installed capacity of 20GW and annual production of 24,1GWh With a total installed capacity of 12,5GW With a total installed capacity of 23GW and annual production of 51,439GW.
138 Sun/Electromagnetic radiation has the following interesting properties : It can be found in natureor be man-made, it does nor require a medium for propagation, it travels with the speed of light It can be broadcast outwards to reach many locations or it can be formed into beams to reach a particular spot. It cant be reflected or refracted. It can be split and recombined to form diffraction patterns. it carries energy as it propagates. The lower the frequency, the higher the energy associated with the wave. It can transfer its energy to matter on which it impinges. Its transferred energy may be sufficient to break chemical bonds, ionising the matter on which it impinges. Its propagation obeys the inverse square law. It cant be used to carry information.
110 Green-House gases are Greenhouse gases are gases in earth's atmosphere that conduct heat to space. They let sunlight pass through the atmosphere but they prevent the heat that the sunlight brings from leaving the atmospher. Greenhouse gases are gases in earth's atmosphere that trap heat. They let sunlight pass through the atmosphere, but they prevent the heat that the sunlight brings from leaving the atmosphere. The main greenhouse gases are : carbon dioxide, methane ozone, chlorofuorocarbons. greenhouse gases support the lost of the heat that the sunlight brings from leaving to the atmosphere.
149 Maximum Power point tracking (MPPT) a power source will deliver its maximum power to a load when the load has the same impedance as the internal impedance of the power source. (Moore's Law) a power source will deliver its minimum power to a load when the load has the same impedance as the internal impedance of the power source. (Moore's Law) a power source will deliver its maximum power to a load when the load has the same impedance as the internal impedance of the power source. (Jacobi's Law) a power source will deliver its minimum power to a load when the load has the same impedance as the internal impedance of the power source. (Jacobi's Law).
149 Battery cycle life A Lithium acid battery may be expected to have a cycle life or around 300 cycles, whereas a lithium with the same capacity may be capable of 1,500 cycles before needing replacement. It depends not on the cell chemistry and the operating conditions under which the battery is used This is the number of times a rechargable battery can be charged and discharged before it wears out cycle life is not a particularly important consideration when comparing the lifetime costs of expensive batteries such as those used in electric vehicle applications.
115 solar and wind energy sources has a relatively small energy yield, is cheap, widely availabe and easy to use, can negatively the character of the landscape has a relatively small energy yield, is cheap, widely availabe and easy to use, can negatively the character of the landscape are easy to install and can be not used on a small scale are depend on irregular wind currents and sunlight, so they don not always produce the same amount of electricity and cannot be adapted to demand.
122 1kg of hydrogen have volume (gaseous form) : 100 L (water volume, normal pressure) 1000 L (water volume, normal pressure) 1 L (water volume, normal pressure) 10000 L (water volume, normal pressure).
152 Battery cycle life A Lithium acid battery may be expected to have a cycle life or around 300 cycles, whereas a lithium with the same capacity may be capable of 1,500 cycles before needing replacement. It depends on the cell chemistry and the operating conditions under which the battery is used This is the number of times a rechargable battery can be charged and discharged before residual capacity degrees on 50% cycle life is not a particularly important consideration when comparing the lifetime costs of expensive batteries such as those used in electric vehicle applications.
119 WEC priorities : Growing dependence on energy imports, growth of power generation capacity, need for retrofits of existing power plant (extended service life, efficiency imporvement, emission reduction), growth of new transport capacity for gas imports (LNG terminals, gas pipelines). C.Demand requirements, the growth of supply to meet demand, stable environmental aspects of energy, deepen politicial aspects of energy. Dramatic rise energy prices, limitation reserves of fossil energy sources and their even regional distribution demographic growth, stop demographic growth, prevent climate change. Reducing green house gases + ensuring stable prices for "carbon" substances, rules of trade and investment in energy + realistic return, wider goverment involvement / public-private partnerships.
143 The solar array configuration only south by tracking cant be improved more as 20% energy fixed and tracking arrays only north.
143 The solar array configuration only south by tracking cant be improved more as 30% energy fixed arrays only only north.
205 Disadvantages of geothermal energy high cost of installations, danger to pollute aquifer, only in determined regions, it cannot be transported Low cost of installations, danger to pollute aquifer, only in determined regions, it cannot be transported high cost of installations, danger to pollute aquifer, only in determined regions, it cannot be transported (repetida) no disadvantages.
134 Power Plant capacity factor : It is indirectly and indicator of the reliability of supply Electric power plant capacity factor is defined as the ration between the useful electricity input from generating unit, in a specific time, and the energy value of the energy source supplied to the unit in the same period Electric power plant capacity factor is defined as the difference between the useful electricity output from the generating unit, in a specific timem and the energy value of the energy source supplied to the unit in the same time period The capacity factor is a directly measure indicator of operating efficiency which indicates the ability of generating plant to deliver its full capacity.
127 natural energy flows providing 1kW of available power : Solar thermal system with surface 1m2 (perpendicular to the sun) Wind turbine swept area 0,85m2 with windspeed 12,5m/s Geothermal source - ocean with 20ºC difference with water flow rate 10,8l/min Solar photovoltaic system with surface cca 5m2 (perpendicular to the sun).
141 Sun/Electromagnetic radiation has the following interesting properties : It can be found in nature or be man-made, it require a medium for propagation, it travels with the speed of light It can be broadcast outwards to reach many locations or it can be formed into beams to reach a particular spot. It cant be reflected or refracted. It cant be split and recombined to form diffraction patterns. It carries energy as it propagates. The lower frequency, the higher the energy associated with the wave. It can transfer its energy to the matter on which it impinges. it can travel great distances.The radiation resulting from simple 100 volt, 1 Mhz sine wave fed into a suitable antenna can be detected as far away as the next planet. It travels in straight lines.
136 Carbon footprint - a definition : The total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide. The total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide. The total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of nitrogen oxide. The total amount of greenhouse gases produced to indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide.
150 Battery cycle life A Lithium battery may be expected to have a cycle life or around 300 cycles, whereas a lithium with the same capacity may be capable of 1,500 cycles before needing replacement. It depends on the cell chemistry and the operating conditions under which the battery is used This is the numer of times a rechargable battery can be charged and discharged to 50% capacity cycle life is a particularly important consideration when comparing the lifetime costs of expensive batteries such as those used in electric vehicle applications.
148 PV solar cells types thin film are made by depositing the active photvoltaic material, such as amorphous silicon or other semiconductor onto a glass or othe substrate together with necessary current collecting contacts. The cell construction is much more costly than using semiconductor wafers. crystalline, thick film, anorganic, multi layer currently, conversion organic pv solar cells efficiencies are low as 12% but this expected to improve. multilayer cell conversion cant raise the theoretical efficiency limit, currently about 45% for a single junction device, to about 75%.
112 Solar energy sources Has a relatively high energy yield, is cheap, widely available and easy to use, cant negatively change the character of the landscape are easy to install and can be used on a small scale has a relatively high energy yield, is cheap, widely available and easy to use, but can negatively change the character of the landscape has a relatively samll energy yield, is cheap, widely available and easy to use, can negatively change the character of the landscape.
133 Power Plant capacity factor : It is directly and indicator of the reliability of supply Electric power plant capacity factor is defined as the ration between the useful electricity input from generating unit, in a specific time, and the energy value of the energy source supplied to the unit in the same period Electric power plant capacity factor is defined as the difference between the useful electricity output from the generating unit, in a specific timem and the energy value of the energy source supplied to the unit in the same time period The capacity factor is a measure of operating efficiency which indicates the ability of a generating plant to deliver its full capacity.
145 How solar cells work The current generation of PV cells for converting solar energy into electrical energy have a conversion efficiency of around 45% When a photon with sufficient energy impinges upon a semiconductor it can transfer enough energy to a electron to free it from the bonds of the semiconductor's valence band so that it is free to move and thus carry an electric current By PV solar system be obtain more as 30% energy from sun irradiation Maximalised efficiency by fixed arrays only oriented to south and cooled by liquid water.
132 Electric power plant efficiency definition Electric power plant efficiency is defined as the ratio between the useful electricity input from the generating unit, in a specific time, and the energy value of the energy source supplied to the unit in the same time period. Electric power plant efficiency is defined as the ratio between the useful electricity output from the generating unit, in a specific time, and the energy value of the energy source supplied to the unit in the same time period. Electric power plant efficiency is defined as the difference between the useful electricity output from the generating unit, in a specific time, and the energy value of the energy source supplied to the unit in the same time period.
140 Sun/Electromagnetic radiation has the following interesting properties : It can be found in nature or be man-made, it require a medium for propagation, it travels with the speed of light It can be broadcast outwards to reach many locations or it can be formed into beams to reach a particular spot. It cant be reflected or refracted. It cant be split and recombined to form diffraction patterns. It carries energy as it propagates. The lower frequency, the higher the energy associated with the wave. It can transfer its energy to the matter on which it impinges. its transferred energy may be sufficient to break chemical bonds, ionising the matter on which it impignes. Its propagatino obeys the inverse square law. It can be not used to carry information.
128 natural energy flows providing 1kW of available power : Solar thermal system with surface 1m2 (perpendicular to the sun) Wind turbine swept area 0,85m2 with windspeed 12,5m/s Geothermal source - ocean with 20ºC difference with water flow rate 1,08l/min Solar photovoltaic system with surface cca 1m2 (perpendicular to the sun).
206 Advantages of geothermal energy Renewable source, stable energy (does not depend on the sun or wind), low visual impact and don't generate emissions, native resource that avoids dependence on exterior energies. No advantages Low cost of installations but danger to pollute aquifer, can be transported Low cost of installations, no danger to pollute aquifer, in all regions, can be transported.
120 1kWh is equal to 3,6 Mj 3,6 Kj 1 Kj 1 Mj.
126 Hydrogen energy content : 0,394 KWh/g 0,000394 KW/g 3,94 KW/kg 39,4 KWh/kg.
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