lezione 23

Which of the following psychiatric symptoms is fundamental for the diagnosis of early-stage Alzheimer’s disease? (23). a) Apathy. b) Depression. c) None. d) Aggressiveness.

Which of the following statements is false? (23). a) Dementia is an inevitable consequence of aging. b) Over age 95, the prevalence of dementia exceeds 30%. c) The prevalence of senile dementia doubles every five years (e.g., between ages 71–75 it is double that of ages 66–70). d) The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in Italy is about 1% of the general population.

Figure 23.4 shows (23). a) Progressive degeneration of the serotonergic system in Alzheimer’s disease. b) Progressive degeneration of the cholinergic system in Alzheimer’s disease. c) Amyloid spreading in Alzheimer’s disease. d) Tau-protein spreading in Alzheimer’s disease.

Which of the following criteria is crucial for diagnosing dementia? (23). a) The co-presence of psychiatric disorders. b) An impact of cognitive deficits on daily life. c) The presence of language disorders. d) The presence of non-cognitive neurological signs.

Which Brodmann area (Fig. 23.1 or 23.2) is the starting region of typical Alzheimer’s disease degeneration? (23). a) 40. b) 39. c) 28. d) 24.

Figure 23.3 depicts a neurotransmitter system affected in Alzheimer’s disease. Which one? (23). a) Acetylcholine. b) Noradrenaline. c) Adrenaline. d) Serotonin.

Which aspect differentiates Alzheimer-type dementia from multi-infarct dementia (MID)? (23). a) The stepwise progression of multi-infarct dementia. b) The progressive course of Alzheimer-type dementia. c) Neuroimaging evidence of predominant vascular lesions in MID. d) All answers are correct.

In your opinion, what is the most relevant cognitive deficit for diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease? (23). a) Attention deficits. b) Impairments in non-word repetition. c) Phonological deficits. d) Episodic memory deficits.

Neurofibrillary tangles are typical of… (23). a) Alzheimer’s disease; they contain alpha-synuclein. b) Parkinson’s disease; they contain Tau protein. c) None of the answers is correct. d) Alzheimer’s disease; they contain Tau protein.

What is meant by Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)? (23). a) A neuropsychological syndrome characterized by focal cognitive signs without impact on daily life. b) A neuropsychological syndrome that may convert to dementia in 60% of cases within 10 years. c) A focal neuropsychological syndrome that may regress or remain stable. d) All answers are correct.

Dementia is defined as… (23). a) A cognitive–behavioral syndrome with multiple possible causes. b) A syndrome caused always and only by degenerative diseases. c) A syndrome that always begins with predominant memory deficits. d) A psychiatric syndrome representing the final stage of all neurological diseases.

According to the classic 1980s NINCDS–ADRDA diagnostic criteria, what is the role of amyloid or tau imaging? (23). a) None. b) Tau yes, amyloid no. c) Both forms fully accepted. d) Amyloid yes, tau no.

Which of the following can be a non-amnesic variant of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease? (23). a) Logopenic primary progressive aphasia. b) Dementia with dysexecutive/behavioral onset. c) All of the listed forms. d) Posterior cortical atrophy with visuospatial deficits.

Which of the following factors does not protect against dementia risk? (23). a) All are protective. b) High cognitive reserve. c) Certain APO-E genetic variants. d) Physical exercise.

Which of the following cognitive functions remains little affected by normal aging? (23). a) Episodic memory. b) Cognitive speed. c) Language abilities. d) Reasoning abilities.