Lingu a traduzione inglese 2 Rossi

01. When, according to most scholars, did English start to become a global Language?. Immediately after the Norman Conquest. In 1858, when Britain took over formal rule of India. At the end of the 16th century, with the start of the colonisation of the West Indian and North American Colonies. During the reign of Henry VII.

The change from synthetic to analytic is a major development in the history of English. What is one of its main manifestations?. Grammaticalization has become dominant. The expression of thought is now more analytical. Grammatical functions are expressed by word order and prepositions rather than endings. Many forms are always used to express a single form.

The Norman Invasion happened in this year(AD): 1010. 1066. 874. 1262.

Which of the following Old English works documents the early history of England?. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Boewulf. none of the above. Boethius.

One of the following statements about Early Modern English morphology is false: Agreement on verbs almost disappears. Pronominal forms change. none of the above. Prepositions are inflected.

The Great Vowel Shift only affected vowels of the following kind: Short. Low. High. Long.

During the Middle English period, from which two languages were many words borrowed?. Urdu and Iroquoian. Latin and French. Celtic and Old Norse. none of the above.

Who were the original speakers of English?. The Angles, Saxons and Vikings. The Angles, Celts and Jutes. The Angles, Saxons and Jutes. The Angles, Saxons and Celts.

In Modern English, grammatical relations are signaled by word order and prepositions. This means that this language is. Analytic. Synthetic. Analogical. None of the above.

In Old English, grammatical relations were predominantly signaled by endings on nouns and verbs. This means that this language was: Synthetic. Analytic. none of the above. Analogical.

Which one of the following texts was composed during the Old English period?. Othello. The Canterbury Tales. none of the above. Beowulf.

What is another name for Old English?. Anglo-Saxon. Celtic. none of the above. Middle English.

In which language family do the ultimate origins of the English language lie?. North American. none of the above. Latin. Indo-European.

During the Norman Conquest, which of the following best describes the linguistic situation in England?. The English language became the dominant language of literature. French was used by the upper classes, while English was spoken by the lower classes. Latin completely replaced English as a spoken language. English was used exclusively by both upper and lower classes.

What distinguishes a "dead language" from a living one?. It is not used in written form. It has ceased to evolve or change. It is only spoken in religious rituals. It has no speakers at al.

What is one reason for the growing number of English speakers worldwide?. Its use as a second and foreign language across the globe. The elimination of other global languages. Its status as the native language of most European countries. The decline of Spanish and Portuguese in Latin America.

What is the term for the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages?. Proto-Germanic. Old English. Classical Latin. Proto-Indo-European.

Which subgroup of the Indo-European family does English specifically belong to?. Celtic. North Germanic. Romance. West Germanic.

Around what year is Proto-Indo-European believed to have existed, according to the most widely held theory?. 500 BCE. 3500 BCE. 2000 CE. 1000 BCE.

What is the geographical region most commonly associated with the origin of Proto-Indo-European?. The Indian Peninsula. The Pontic-Caspian steppes. The Himalayan mountains. The British Isles.

Which language family does English belong to?. Uralic. Semitic. Indo-European. Sino-Tibetan.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the verb system in Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and its evolution in Germanic languages?. Germanic languages preserved the full complexity of the PIE verb system without changes. PIE had two voices, four moods, and up to six tenses; Germanic languages reduced this to one active voice, three moods, and two formal tenses. PIE verbs had no tense distinctions, but Germanic languages introduced six tenses. PIE had only one voice and two moods, while Germanic languages expanded to four moods.

When did the Roman Emperor Claudius begin the actual conquest of Britain? . A.D. 43. A.D. 61. A.D. 85. 55 B.C.

What was the outcome of Caesar’s second expedition to Britain?. Limited success, temporary settlement, and unpaid tribute. Long-term occupation of the entire island. Complete withdrawal with heavy losses. Total military conquest of Britain.

What is the main reason Latin did not survive the Germanic invasions in Britain?. It was never used outside of religious contexts. Its use was limited mostly to the upper classes and certain urban populations. It was officially banned by the Germanic tribes. It was replaced early on by Greek as the dominant language.

What major event occurred in A.D. 61 during Roman rule in Britain?. The withdrawal of Roman troops from Britain. Claudius's return to Rome. A Celtic uprising led by Boudicca. The construction of Hadrian's Wall.

When did the English language first arrive on the island of Britain?. Around the middle of the fifth century A.D. In the first century A.D. Around 1000 B.C. Around the time of the Norman Conquest.

What is the primary source of information about England's earliest inhabitants?. Oral legends passed down. Genetic studies. Ancient written texts. Archaeological material remains.

Until approximately what year did the Stone Age last in England?. 2000 B.C. 1000 A.D. 3000 B.C. 500 B.C.

Which language was likely the first Indo-European language spoken in England?. Old English. Celtic. Latin. Norse.

Which Germanic tribes does Bede identify as the conquerors of England?. Celts, Romans, and Gauls. Danes, Norse, and Franks. Jutes, Saxons, and Angles. Goths, Franks, and Vandals.

Which of the following was not one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy?. Cornwall. Northumbria. Mercia. East Anglia.

In the seventh century, which kingdom gained political and cultural leadership among the Anglo-Saxons?. Northumbria. Wessex. Kent. Sussex.

Who was acknowledged as overlord by all England, including Welsh chieftains, around the year 830?. Bede. Egbert. Æthelbert. Alfred the Great.

What term did Pope Gregory use in 601 to refer to Æthelbert, king of Kent?. Leader of Britons. King of Saxons. Rex Anglorum. Rex Saxonia.

What is a defining feature of a synthetic language?. It borrows heavily from other languages. It expresses grammatical relationships mainly through inflections. It has no word order rules. It uses auxiliary verbs instead of inflections.

What type of vocabulary mainly makes up Old English?. Purely Germanic. French and Latin mixed. Greek and Latin. Latin-derived.

How many grammatical cases did Old English nouns have?. 4. 6. 5. 3.

Which of the following statements about verbs in Old English is correct?. They distinguished only two tenses by inflection. They did not have a subjunctive mood. They had fully developed passive forms like Latin. They had no irregular verbs.

In Old English, how were past actions often indicated?. By affixes such as the suffix -on and the prefix ge. By using auxiliary verbs like "do. By adding the word "did" before the verb. By changing word order.

Which of the following is true about auxiliaries in Old English?. The auxiliary "do" was commonly used in questions. There were no auxiliaries at all. The auxiliary "do" was used for negation only. The auxiliaries "be" and "have" were used but infrequently.

What can be said about the use of subject pronouns in Old English?. They did not exist. They were always required. They were more optional than in Modern English. They were only used at the end of sentences.

Which type of language is Old English considered to be?. Polysynthetic. Synthetic. Isolating. Analytic.

Which of the following statements is true about Celtic influence in southeastern England?. There were fewer survivals of the Celtic population compared to other areas. The Celts were completely exterminated. The Celtic language became predominant in the region. The Celtic population was large and not assimilated.

How did the presence of Queen Bertha and King Æthelberht influence the success of the early Christian mission in Kent?. They moved away from Kent to avoid the missionaries. Æthelberht refused to let missionaries preach. Queen Bertha was opposed to Christianity. Queen Bertha was Christian, and Æthelberht allowed a chapel to be built.

What were some of the main challenges Augustine and his companions faced in converting the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity?. Learning the Celtic language. Overcoming the resistance from Roman authorities. Convincing the king to allow churches to be built. Changing the deeply rooted Germanic philosophy and mental habits.

Which of the following grammatical features is attributed to Scandinavian influence on the Northumbrian dialect?. The adoption of Latin loanwords. The use of the definite article "the". The -s ending of the third person singular, present indicative. The replacement of strong verbs with weak verbs.

What territories did the Norwegians colonize during the Viking Age?. Spain and Portugal. The Black Sea and Crimea. The British Isles, the Faroes, and Iceland. North Africa and Sicily.

Which feature of Middle English is noted as being similar to Scandinavian usage?. The use of double consonants. The introduction of the past tense. The distinction between who and whom. The rules for the use of shall and will.

Which syntactic feature in English is believed to reflect Scandinavian influence?. The omission of the relative pronoun in relative clauses. The placement of adjectives after nouns. The use of double negatives. The use of auxiliary verbs in questions.

Which Scandinavian ruler obtained the throne of England in the eleventh century?. Harald Hardrada. Leif Erikson. Cnut, king of Denmark. Olaf Tryggvason.

What feature of the Anglian dialect favored interaction with Norse?. It resembled the language of the Northmen in several particulars. It had no similarities with Scandinavian languages. It was entirely based on Latin vocabulary. It was identical to West Saxon.

Until when was the Scandinavian language continually renewed in England?. Until the arrival of the Romans. Until the Norman Conquest. Until the twelfth century. Until the Viking Age ended in 878.

What evidence suggests that many Scandinavians accepted Christianity early on?. The number of Scandinavian names among churchmen and benefactors. The prohibition of Danish customs. The destruction of pagan temples. The absence of Scandinavian traditions in England.

Why was the amalgamation of the English and Danes relatively easy?. Because the English kings forced them to assimilate. Because the Danes were fewer in number. Because the Danes abandoned their language completely. Because they shared a close kinship.

What is the period of Viking activity commonly called?. The Age of Discovery. The Viking Age. The Iron Age. The Age of Exploration.

According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, when did the first Viking raids on England begin?. 867. 834. 850. 787.

What happened to King Edmund of East Anglia in 869?. He was defeated but allowed to rule as a vassal. He was crowned king of all England. He escaped to the continent. He was killed while resisting the invaders.

What valuable items did the Vikings often seize during their early raids?. Weapons and armor. Sacred vessels, jeweled shrines, costly robes, and valuables. Agricultural tools and livestock. Maps and books.

What was the main outcome of the Treaty of Wedmore?. England was permanently divided into four kingdoms. The Danes withdrew from Alfred’s territory and accepted Christianity. The Danes were expelled from all of England. Alfred became king of the whole of Scandinavia.

In what year did Alfred achieve an overwhelming victory over the Danes?. 878. 850. 869. 834.

What was the most important factor in the continued use of French by the English upper class until the early 13th century?. The isolation of England from the continent. The decline of English literacy. The influence of the peasants. The close connection between England and the continent.

For how long did French remain the language of everyday communication among the upper classes in England after the Norman Conquest?. 100 years. 200 years. 50 years. 350 years.

By 1072, how many of the twelve earls in England were Englishmen?. None. 6. 1. 12.

Which part of England initially acknowledged William as king after his coronation?. Only the north. Only the southeast. The entire kingdom. Only London.

When was William crowned king of England?. January 1066. July 1066. Easter 1066. Christmas Day 1066.

Which cultural change did the Normans adopt most completely?. They abandoned Christianity for paganism. They gave up their own language and learned French. They kept their original language. They rejected French architecture.

How did the Normans strengthen their military capabilities after settling in France?. By hiring mercenaries from Italy. By copying Spanish military formations. By avoiding warfare altogether. By combining French tactics with their own courage.

Which feature of Frankish law did the Normans adopt?. Roman codification. Habeas corpus. The idea of the jury. Trial by ordeal.

Which feature of Frankish law did the Normans adopt?. Roman codification. Habeas corpus. The idea of the jury. Trial by ordeal.

Who was recognized as the first duke of the Normans in 912?. Guthrum. Alfred the Great. Rollo. Charles the Simple.

Which English king reunited England and Normandy after the Conqueror’s death?. Edward the Confessor. Henry II. William II. Henry I.

What evidence shows the early fusion of French and English in England?. Isolation of English towns. The abandonment of Christianity. The decline of English armies. Marriage of Normans to English wome.

What was French primarily used for in England after the Norman Conquest?. The language of the masses. The language of commerce only. The language of the court and upper classes. The language of rural villages.

What evidence from the thirteenth century helps us understand language use in England?. The complete disappearance of English. Personal diaries of peasants. Church sermons exclusively in Latin. Court proceedings noting the language in which a man testifies.

How did Harold die during the Battle of Hastings?. He drowned while retreating. He fell from his horse. He was captured and executed the next day. He was pierced in the eye by a Norman arrow.

What was a major consequence of Henry III’s marriage to Eleanor of Provence?. France regained control over Normandy. The use of English among the upper classes increased immediately. The English nobility expelled all foreigners. A second stream of foreigners, including the queen’s relatives, came to England.

How did French influence the English language during the 13th century?. English completely replaced French in all literatur. French words were increasingly adopted into English. French words were being avoided in English. French had no impact on English literature.

What was the effect of the French king’s decree of 1204–1205 on barons with estates on both sides of the Channel?. They were allowed to keep all their lands. They were compelled to give up either their English or Norman estates. They lost all their English estates. They were forced into exile.

Which English king is credited with promoting the use of English in writing and letters?. Henry V. Henry VII. Edward III. Henry III.

By what year did French completely disappear from official statutes in England?. 1500. 1493. 1450. 1489.

What was the main effect of the Statute of Pleading enacted in 1362?. Only royal courts could use English. All lawsuits were to be conducted in French. All lawsuits were to be conducted in English. All lawsuits were to be conducted in Latin.

By the end of the 14th century, what was the principal tongue of all England?. French. Norse. Latin. English.

Until what year was French still the language of lawyers and the law courts?. 1362. 1400. 1388. 1349.

After the plague of 1349, why did English spread more rapidly in monasteries?. New monks often knew only English. Latin was banned. French was no longer taught. The monasteries were closed.

What social change helped English recover its former prestige during the later Middle English period?. The improvement in the condition of the masses and the rise of a substantial middle class. The conquest of France. The imposition of French as the official language. The decline of the nobility.

Which English victory during the Hundred Years’ War helped fan patriotism to a white heat?. The Battle of Crécy. The Battle of Hastings. The Battle of Poitiers. The Battle of Normandy.

What event marked the beginning of the open hostilities between England and France after the Norman Conquest?. Edward III’s claim to the French throne and invasion of France. The Battle of Hastings. The loss of Normandy. The marriage of Henry III.

What does Walter of Bibbesworth’s treatise indicate about the mother tongue of noble children around 1300?. It was French. It was Scandinavian. It was Latin. It was English.

By the middle of the 13th century, what was happening to the use of English among the upper classes?. It was declining rapidly. It was completely replaced by French. It was used only in rural areas. It was becoming a matter of general use.

What significant event broke the first link between England and the continent in 1204?. The beginning of the Hundred Years’ War. King John’s loss of Normandy. The marriage of John to Isabel of Angouleme. King John’s attack on the Lusignans.

What factors made French initially necessary for the English upper class after the Norman Conquest?. The imposition of French by the Churc. Ties of property and kindred with the continent. The decline of English literacy. The influence of the peasants.

By the fifteenth century, what was the status of French in England?. It had all but disappeared. It was widely spoken by the masses. It became the official language of government. It remained the language of the upper classes.

What major change affected adjectives during the Middle English period?. They became highly inflected. They retained distinctions of gender, case, and number. Nominative singular and plural forms were extended to all cases. They lost all endings and became identical to nouns.

When did the greatest influx of French words into English occur?. 1400–1500. 1150–1200. 1250–1400. 1066–1150.

As inflections decayed, how did English compensate to show relationships between words in a sentence?. By relying on juxtaposition, word order, and prepositions. By using more prefixes and suffixes. By increasing the use of Latin phrases. By inventing new case endings.

What was the main change in English grammar during the Middle English period (1150–1500)?. General reduction of inflections. Expansion of inflections. Introduction of new cases. Complete loss of verbs.

By what time had the -s plural conquered the rest of the Midlands?. 1300. 1250. 1350. 1200.

When did the Middle English period take place?. 1300–1600. 1200–1350. 1066–1200. 1150–1500.

Which Middle English dialect preserved the verb ending -eth?. West Midland. Southern. East Midland. Northern.

How many principal dialects of Middle English are commonly distinguished?. 4. 6. 3. 5.

What was one major consequence of the decay of inflections in Middle English?. The preservation of all Old English gender distinctions. The elimination of grammatical gender. The creation of new noun cases. The expansion of masculine endings.

Which dialect became the basis of Standard English toward the end of the Middle English period?. Southern. East Midland. Northern. Kentish.

Which factor most directly limited the influence of Chaucer’s dialect on Standard English?. Its greater number of Southern characteristics. Its similarity to the Cambridge dialect. Its closeness to Northern speech. Its strict conformity with London’s spoken language.

What was the most influential factor in the rise of Standard English during the Middle English period?. The role of Oxford University. The spread of the Northern dialect. The influence of Chaucer’s poetry. The importance of London as political, commercial, and cultural center.

What was the main force that drove the widespread adoption of English during the Renaissance?. Popular demand from people in practical life who wanted access to Renaissance knowledge. The rejection of classical learning. The rise of printing technology alone. Royal decrees supporting English.

Which were the three main problems faced by the modern European languages in the sixteenth century?. Development of new literary genres, expansion of spoken dialects, and replacement of Latin by French. Preservation of Old English, adoption of French words, and spread of education. Simplification of grammar, loss of inflections, and standardization of dialects. Recognition in fields dominated by Latin, establishment of a more uniform orthography, and enrichment of vocabulary.

Who was considered the most enthusiastic champion of the English language during the Renaissance?. George Puttenham. Richard Mulcaster. Thomas Elyot. Roger Ascham.

Which of the following factors mainly contributed to the expansion of English vocabulary in modern times?. The simplification of grammar and the reduction of inflections. The printing press, the spread of reading, advances in science, and new means of communication. The loss of Norman influence. The final separation from French influence in the 15th century.

What was the main problem with English spelling in the sixteenth century?. There was no generally accepted system, and spelling did not consistently reflect pronunciation. It was entirely phonetic and consistent. It strictly followed Latin conventions. It perfectly matched French orthography.

When did John Hart publish A Method or Comfortable Beginning for All Unlearned, Whereby They May Bee Taught to Read English?. 1578. 1570. 1569. 1572.

In which year did William Bullokar publish Booke at Large, for the Amendment of Orthographie for English Speech?. 1578. 1580. 1570. 1568.

By what approximate year was English spelling practically established in its modern form?. 1650. 1600. 1550. 1500.

Which Elizabethan author drew on Mulcaster’s work without acknowledging him?. Christopher Marlowe. Edmund Spenser. William Shakespear. Ben Jonson.

In which year did Thomas Smith publish A Dialogue concerning the Correct and Emended Writing of the English Language?. 1570. 1586. 1558. 1568.

Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a major source of sixteenth-century English vocabulary besides Latin and Greek?. Spanish. German. French. Italian.

Why were Italian words sometimes criticized in Elizabethan literature?. They were impossible to pronounce. They were derived from Greek. They were seen as morally corrupting and pretentious. They were banned by law.

From how many languages were words adopted into English in the sixteenth century?. 10. more than 50. 20. 30.

From which language were most of the new English words in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries borrowed?. Greek. French. Latin. Italian.

In what year did Sir Thomas Elyot publish The Governour?. 1520. 1513. 1531. 1550.

Who were considered “makers of English” in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century?. Chaucer and Gower. Shakespeare and Milton. More and Elyot. Jonson and Phillips.

Who published the first English dictionary of hard words in 1604?. Robert Cawdrey. Nathaniel Bailey. John Bullokar. Henry Cockeram.

Which dictionary attempted to list all words in English for the first time?. Robert Cawdrey’s A Table Alphabeticall. Edward Philipps’ New World of Words. Nathaniel Bailey’s Universal Etymological English Dictionary. Henry Cockeram’s English Dictionarie.

Which of the following dictionaries focused mainly on “hard words” rather than the entire language?. Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary. None of the above. Bailey’s Universal Etymological English Dictionary. Blount’s Glossographia.

Which major phonological process affected long vowels in English during the fifteenth century?. The adoption of French loanwords. The Great Vowel Shift. The leveling of inflections. The loss of grammatical gender.

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Which major change caused English spelling to no longer correspond to vowel sounds?. Adoption of Italian words. Introduction of French loanwords. The Great Vowel Shift. Loss of inflections.

By what century had most long vowels acquired approximately their modern pronunciation?. Eighteenth century. Fourteenth century. Sixteenth century. Twelfth century.

Which two methods were commonly used in the sixteenth century to form the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives?. -ed and most. -ing and -est. -er/-est and -ing. -er/-est and more/most.

In the sixteenth century, double comparatives or superlatives like “more larger” or “most boldest” were: Used only in poetry. Fairly frequent. Unheard of. Incorrect in every context.

What did the term ascertainment mean in the eighteenth century with reference to the English language?. To create new words freely. To imitate Latin and Greek. To settle a rule and establish a standard. To learn by inquiry.

Which political event represented the most evident crisis in seventeenth-century England?. The Restoration of George I. The Glorious Revolution. The Magna Carta. The English Civil War.

What was one of the main ideals of the Augustan Age in England?. Uncontrolled individualism. Correctness and conformity to rules. Romantic imagination. Revolutionary experimentation.

According to the members of the Royal Society, how should English scientific prose be written?. Full of Latinisms. Plain, precise, and clear. Persuasive and rhetorical. Ornamental and emotive.

Which leading figure explicitly spoke of “fixing” the English language in the eighteenth century?. Dr. Johnson. The Earl of Chesterfield. Jonathan Swift. Thomas Sheridan.

Who proposed around the year of Shakespeare’s death the creation of a learned society that could have influenced the English language?. Ben Jonson. Sir Robert Cotton. Edmund Bolton. Archbishop Parker.

In what year did Samuel Johnson publish his Dictionary of the English Language?. 1750. 1755. 1729. 1745.

Noah Webster’s A Grammatical Institute of the English Language (second part, 1784) was especially influential in: France. Italy. Spain. America.

Which grammar, published in 1763, was intended as a more elementary manual for learning English?. Short Introduction to English Grammar. The Rudiments of English Grammar. Grammatical Institutes by John Ash. British Grammar.

Which eighteenth-century grammarian was known for a conservative, prescriptive approach and became Bishop of London?. Robert Lowth. Noah Webster. Joseph Priestley. James Buchanan.

Who published The Rudiments of English Grammar in 1761?. Noah Webster. Joseph Priestley. Robert Lowth. John Ash.

Which principle did Dryden assert as “the foundation of the rules”? Etymology Analogy Reason Latin example. Etymology. Analogy. Reason. Latin example.

What was the main limitation of most eighteenth-century grammarians and reformers?. They focused solely on vocabulary. They overemphasized historical usage. They ignored Latin and Greek. They failed to recognize the importance of actual language usage.

What was one major achievement of eighteenth-century grammarians?. They codified the language and gave order to previously uncodified practices. They abolished all faulty rules. They ignored conformity and authority. They eliminated all disputes about English usage.

According to eighteenth-century grammarians, which of the following was least commonly used as a basis for deciding grammatical questions? Analogy Etymology Reason Classical languages (especially Latin). Analogy. Etymology. Reason. Classical languages (especially Latin).

Which grammarian first formulated the full set of prescriptions for the use of shall and will that underlies modern English grammar rules?. Samuel Johnson. John Wallis. Lindley Murray. William Ward.

The expansion of English into new territories primarily affected which aspect of the language?. Grammar. Spelling. Vocabulary. Pronunciation.

In what year was the East India Company founded to promote English trade with India?. 1700. 1676. 1642. 1600.

Which English settlements marked the beginning of colonization in North America?. Madras and Calcutta. Jamestown and Plymouth. Cape Town. Montreal and Quebec.

Which area of modern civilization has contributed most to the creation of thousands of new terms in the last two centuries?. Literature. Politics. Art. Science.

Which factor has been most influential in enriching the English vocabulary over the last 200 years?. Scientific and intellectual developments. Colonization of new territories. The spread of newspapers. Literary reforms.

The introduction of cheap newspapers, postage, and improved travel in the 19th century primarily had the effect of: Uniting different parts of Britain and spreading the standard speech. Increasing the number of dialects. Standardizing spelling in schools. Reducing the influence of London English.

What does the vocabulary of a language reflect?. The grammatical rules of the language. The popularity of literary works. The number of speakers of the language. The range of a culture’s knowledge.

What does the vocabulary of a language reflect?. The grammatical rules of the language. The popularity of literary works. The number of speakers of the language. The range of a culture’s knowledge.

How do newspapers and magazines contribute to the introduction of new words?. By avoiding colloquial language. By strictly following dictionary rules. By producing and spreading new expressions. By copying only literary works.

Which countries are mentioned as having standard forms of English equally valid as London or Oxford?. France and Italy. Australia and New Zealand. India and Pakistan. United States and Canada.

In Britain, Received Pronunciation (RP) is best exemplified by the speech of: Immigrants. Those educated in the great public schools. Children. Rural inhabitants.

What distinguishes the spoken standard from substandard regional speech?. It avoids all regional influences. It conforms to grammar and general taste. It strictly imitates written texts. It uses only formal vocabulary.

Which type of speech is especially receptive to neologisms and slang?. Literary standard. Popular or illiterate speech. Spoken standard. Written standard.