Mixed Methods & Processes in Applied Linguistics Research

Which process helps refine categories?. a. Theoretical coding. b. Data ignoring. c. Hypothesis testing. d. Data omission.

What is action research primarily used for?. a. Proving universal theories. b. Conducting lab-based experiments. c. Solving specific problems in practice. d. Exploring animal behavior.

A frequency distribution table is used to: a. Conduct hypothesis testing. b. Show the spread of data over intervals. c. Display the research problem. d. Analyze qualitative data.

Which of the following is a valid rationale for using mixed methods?. a. Avoiding complex statistical analysis. b. Publishing in qualitative journals only. c. Reducing the sample size. d. Validating results through triangulation.

Which table element should include descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation?. a. Title. b. Footnote. c. Table heading. d. Data cells.

What type of data is the variable “temperature in Celsius”?. a. Nominal. b. Ordinal. c. Ratio. d. Interval.

Reflexivity in qualitative or mixed methods research refers to: a. Researcher's awareness of their influence on the study. b. Repeating procedures. c. Reflection in mirrors. d. Using reflexive pronouns.

Choose the correct option to complete the following statement. Based on expert researchers, the mainuse of __________ in applied linguistics refers to __________ both methods to __________ theresults. a. quantitative or qualitative research / combine / analyze or interpret. b. qualitative research / combine / analyze. c. research questions/ mixed / diagnose. d. quantitative research / combine / interpret.

Which statistical method would you use to assess the relationship between two continuousvariables?. a. Descriptive statistics. b. Chi-square test. c. Regression analysis. d. ANOVA.

Which of the following designs is most appropriate for exploring relationships between variables?. a. Case study. b. Ethnography. c. Focus group. d. Survey research.

Which of the following is a key feature of mixed methods research?. a. Exclusively qualitative data. b. Focus on hypothesis testing. c. Exclusively quantitative data. d. Integration of different data types.

What is triangulation?. a. A statistical test for validity. b. Using multiple methods to collect data. c. Analyzing data from one perspective. d. A method for random sampling.

Which of the following is a continuous variable?. a. Gender. b. Number of children. c. Eye color. d. Weight.

A correlation coefficient of -0.85 indicates: a. A moderate positive correlation. b. A weak positive correlation. c. A strong negative correlation. d. No correlation.

What is an important consideration when presenting qualitative findings?. a. Use bar graphs. b. Maintain participant voice and context. c. Ensure statistical significance. d. Present numeric scores.

Which of the following is a qualitative data collection method?. a. Online surveys. b. Longitudinal studies. c. Randomized control trials. d. Case studies.

In mixed methods research, what is the purpose of using qualitative data alongside quantitativedata?. a. To confirm hypotheses. b. To eliminate bias. c. To simplify analysis. d. To provide context and depth to numerical findings.

In APA format, how should tables be labeled?. a. With Roman numerals and titles in bold. b. As Table 1, Table 2, etc., with italicized titles. c. As Figure 1, Figure 2, etc. d. Using only titles without numbers.

Which is the method to seek convergences, correspondence, and corroboration of results fromdifferent methods. a. Questionary. b. Side by side. c. At random. d. Triangulation.

What is the correct order of sections in a typical quantitative research report?. a. Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion. b. Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, Conclusion. c. Title, Literature Review, Results, Method, Conclusion. d. Abstract, Literature Review, Method, Results, Discussion.

In a quantitative report, what should be included in the methods section?. a. A summary of findings. b. A detailed literature review. c. Descriptions of participants, materials, and procedures. d. Personal reflections on the study.

Which section typically discusses limitations and future research?. a. Discussion. b. Abstract. c. Results. d. Method.

Categories should be: a. Based on researcher bias. b. Numeric only. c. Mutually exclusive and exhaustive. d. Broad and undefined.

When reporting quantitative findings, which statistical measure is commonly included?. a. Thematic coding. b. Interview summaries. c. Mean, median, and mode. d. Case studies.

What is commonly included in the findings of a qualitative report?. a. Quotations from participants. b. Inferential statistics. c. ANOVA results. d. Histograms.

What does the standard deviation measure?. a. The spread of data from the mean. b. The central value. c. The average score. d. The frequency of a value.

Which part of the report includes operational definitions of variables?. a. Introduction. b. Results. c. Abstract. d. Method.

In reporting qualitative or mixed methods research, credibility can be enhanced by: a. Member checking. b. Ignoring participant feedback. c. Altering quotes. d. Using only one data source.

Fill the blank space with the correct option. ____________ is a qualitative inductive research design,which aims at discovering new theories that lead to novel discoveries. a. Grounded theory. b. Ethnography. c. Case study. d. Phenomenology.

What type of sampling is commonly used in qualitative research?. a. Random sampling. b. Strafied sampling. c. Purposive sampling. d. Systematic sampling.

In quantitative research, what does a confidence interval provide?. a. A description of the sample characteristics. b. An estimate of data reliability. c. A range of values within which a population parameter is likely to fall. d. A method for qualitative analysis.

What kind of graph is best used to show frequency distribution?. a. Pie chart. b. Scatter plot. c. Histogram. d. Line graph.

Read the following extract and identify the best method to collect data: “Analysis of AssessmentTechniques for Reading Comprehension in EFL”. a. Experimental research method. b. Quantitative method. c. Mixed method research. d. Qualitative method.

What style is typically used for writing quantitative reports?. a. Poetic and expressive. b. Descriptive and narrative. c. Technical and precise. d. Conversational and informal.

Which of the following is a characteristic of quantitative research?. a. Numerical data analysis. b. Small sample size. c. Subjective interpretation. d. Open-ended questions.

Which approach is often used to analyze textual data in qualitative research?. a. Meta-analysis. b. Thematic analysis. c. Regression analysis. d. Statistical analysis.

Which of the following is a common method of collecting quantitative data?. a. Experiments. b. Open-ended surveys. c. Structured interviews. d. Focus groups.

What is a research hypothesis?. a. A final conclusion. b. A statistical error. c. A literature summary. d. A proposed explanation.

Which of the following is a feature of quantitative research?. a. Open-ended interviews. b. Subjective interpretation. c. Statistical analysis. d. Observational journaling.

In the "Results" section, what is typically excluded?. a. Interpretation of findings. b. Significance levels. c. Tables and charts. d. Statistical findings.

What is the primary purpose of the introduction section in a research report?. a. To summarize findings. b. To provide background and rationale for the study. c. To present the data analysis. d. To discuss limitations.

What is the primary goal of longitudinal research?. a. To establish causality. b. To analyze cross-sectional data. c. To explore changes over time. d. To collect data at a single point in time.

Category development in qualitative research involves: a. Choosing statistical formulas. b. Selecting survey tools. c. Grouping similar codes. d. Ignoring non-relevant data.

What is the main advantage of mixed methods research?. a. It focuses solely on numerical data. b. It simplifies data collection. c. It requires less time than single-method research. d. It combines strengths of both qualitative and quantitative approaches.

Grounded theory emphasizes: a. Emergent concepts. b. Numerical accuracy. c. Structured interviews. d. Predefined variables.

Which citation style is often preferred in quantitative reports involving education research?. a. IEEE. b. Chicago. c. APA. d. Turabian.

Which qualitative analysis technique involves coding data into categories?. a. ANOVA. b. Content analysis. c. Cluster analysis. d. Multivariate analysis.

What edition of the APA manual introduced updated guidelines for bias-free language?. a. 4th. b. 7th. c. 5th. d. 6th.

What is the most appropriate format for presenting numerical results in a quantitative report?. a. Bullet points. b. Appendices only. c. Tables and graphs. d. Narrative paragraphs.

In a convergent mixed methods design, data are: a. Not collected at all. b. Collected at the same time and merged. c. Collected and analyzed separately. d. Collected sequentially.

Where should the research hypotheses be introduced?. a. In the Introduction or Literature Review. b.In the Methods section. c. In the References. d. In the Results section.

In qualitative research, developing categories helps to: a. Simplify findings. b. Avoid interpretation. c. Create numerical models. d. Structure complex data.

Parametric tests assume: a. No distribution. b. Unequal variances. c. Data is nominal. d. A normal distribution.

The “discussion” section in a mixed methods report should: a. Ignore contradictions in data. b. Repeat results section. c. Focus only on statistical findings. d. Address how findings complement or diverge.

Which style manual is most commonly used for writing quantitative research reports in the socialsciences?. a. Chicago. b. APA. c. Harvard. d. MLA.

What is a key feature of non-parametric tests?. a. They only work for large samples. b. They require interval data. c. They are distribution-free. d. They use parametric assumptions.

Interdisciplinary research involves: a. Using one research method. b. Focusing on one subject. c. Combining multiple fields. d. Ignoring other disciplines.

What is a coding scheme in qualitative analysis?. a. A system to organize data into categories. b. A method to apply statistical tests. c. A process for data collection. d. A way to anonymize data.

A key characteristic of qualitative and mixed methods writing is: a. Emphasis on meaning and context. b. Objective detachment. c. Focus on generalizability only. d. Avoiding subjectivity.

Which type of research aims to build knowledge?. a. Experimental research. b. Basic research. c. Applied research. d. Action research.

What is the primary focus of qualitative research?. a. Hypothesis testing. b. Understanding social phenomena. c. Statistical analysis. d. Measurament of variables.

what is a "theme" in qualitative research?. a. A statistical measure. b. A hypothesis. c. A recurring pattern in data. d. A sample population.

Which of the following is a step in content analysis?. a. Transcribing videos. b. Categorizing codes. c. Using random sampling. d. Conducting experiments.

If two variables are correlated, it means: a. They change together in a predictable way. b. One causes the other. c. They are statistically identical. d. They are equal in value.

In a mixed methods study, what does “integration” mean?. a. Combining fonts in the report. b. Merging results from both approaches. c. Avoiding discussion of methods. d. Writing the report faster.

Which section of a qualitative report focuses on interpreting the findings?. a. Literature review. b. Results. c. Method. d. Discussion.

Which test would be best for comparing two independent groups with non-normal data?. a. Chi-square test. b. Mann-Whitney U test. c. Pearson correlation. d. Paired t-test.

Which of the following is NOT typically emphasized in APA formatting?. a. Footnotes for all references. b. In-text citations. c. Double-spacing. d. A reference page.

Choose the correct option to answer the following question. Which method refers about the use andcombination of ideas and methods from both quantitave and qualitative research?. a. Quantitative research. b. Mixed method research. c. Qualitative research. d. Experimental research.

What is a key advantage of longitudinal studies?. a. Simplicity of design. b. Cost-effectiveness. c. Quick data collection. d. Ability to observe changes over time.

Choose the correct option to answer the following questions. What are the characteristics of surveys inquantitative research?. a. They must be signed by the participants in order to know who answers them. b. They must be anonymous to give veracity to the results. c. They must be interpreted by thoughts from the participants. d. They must use open questions to let participants explain their reasons.

What type of qualitative research design focuses on understanding a phenomenon from theparticipants' perspective?. a. Case control study. b. Experimental design. c. Ethnography. d. Survey design.

What is the primary characteristic of quantitative data?. a. Detailed descriptions. b. Objective insights. c. Subjective insights. d. Contextual understanding.

Grounded theory is used to: a. Test a hypothesis. b. Quantitatively analyze text. c. Develop theory from data. d. Validate existing theories.

The Chi-square test is used for: a. Normally distributed data. b. Interval data. c. Categorical data. d. Ratio data.

Choose the correct option. Which method of research design is determined by the following datacollection: Interviews and questionnaires / Performance tests and observation / Questionnaires andfollow-up focus groups / Document analysis, performance tests, questionnaire, and interviews. a. Experimental research. b. Quantitative research. c. Mixed method research. d. Qualitative research.

What is axial coding used for?. a. Linking categories and subcategories. b. Labeling quantitative data. c. Randomizing data. d. Testing categories.

A p-value of 0.03 suggests that: a. The sample is too small. b. The result is statistically significant. c. The result is not statistically significant. d. The hypothesis is proven.

What type of research design is most appropriate for testing a specific hypothesis?. a. Ethnographic design. b. Correlational design. c. Experimental design. d. Qualitative design.

What defines a mixed methods research report?. a. Use of only surveys. b. Use of both quantitative and qualitative data. c. Use of only qualitative data. d. Use of experimental design only.

Which of the following is a non-parametric test?. a. Pearson correlation. b. ANOVA. c. T-test. d. Mann-Whitney U test.

Which of the following is considered best practice when presenting statistical data?. a. Skip explanation to reduce redundancy. b. Present raw data. c. Use only visuals without explanation. d. Provide visual and textual interpretations.

What type of validity is concerned with the accuracy of the measures used in a study?. a. Internal validity. b. Content validity. c. Construct validity. d. External validity.

What is the main purpose of a t-test?. a. To identify frequencies. b. To compare means. c. To calculate probability. d. To find relationships.

Which test compares the means of more than two groups?. a. ANOVA. b. Chi-square. c. T-test. d. Correlation.

In APA, how should figures be labeled?. a. Figure 1: Title above the figure. b. Figure 1. Title placed at the end. c. Figure 1. Title below the figure. d. Figure 1: Title in the caption box.

Which software is commonly used for qualitative data analysis?. a. MATLAB. b. SPSS. c. NVivo. d. Excel.

The "Method" section of a quantitative report typically includes: a. Hypotheses and theoretical framework. b. Summary and recommendations. c. Participants, procedures, and instruments. d. Ethical considerations only.

What kind of statistics does the following statement refer about? It identifies the relationship betweentwo variables, in which the value of one variable increases and the other one decreases. a. Qualitative code. b. Grounded analysis. c. Negative correlation. d. Categorizing data.

What should be clearly described in a mixed methods report?. a. Integration procedures. b. Random assignment. c. Only the qualitative framework. d. One research question.

What is a limitation of cross-sectional research?. a. Inability to establish causality. b. High costs of data collection. c. Limited sample sizes. d. Difficulty in data analysis.

Which research design is typically more time-consuming?. a. Survey research. b. Longitudinal study. c. Case study. d. Cross-sectional study.

The APA 7th edition recommends which font for readability and accessibility?. a. Times New Roman 10 pt. b. Courier 12 pt. c. Comic Sans 11 pt. d. Calibri 11 pt.

In which type of study would you most likely encounter a cohort?. a. Longitudinal study. b. Cross-sectional study. c. Descriptive study. d. Experimental study.

What is an example of qualitative research?. a. Survey of 1000 people. b. Interview-based case study. c. Randomized control trial. d. Longitudinal study.

Data analysis helps researchers to: a. Define the research topic. b. Write the literature review. c. Avoid collecting data. d. Make decisions based on evidence.

Which of the following is essential when writing the limitations section of a research report?. a. Discussing potential biases. b. Ignoring any weaknesses. c. Including detailed statistical analysis. d. Providing a list of references.

What is the purpose of a literature review in a research report?. a. To summarize findings. b. To discuss future research directions. c. To provide personal opinions. d. To establish the theoretical framework and context for the study.

Theoretical framework in qualitative research is used to: a. Analyze variance. b. Test causality. c. Design surveys. d. Guide data interpretation.

Which research method is best suited for examining complex social processes?. a. Experimental research. b. Cross-sectional. c. Descriptive statistics. d. Qualitative research.