MORFOLOGY

What is a lexeme in linguistic morphology?. A base word and all of its inflectional forms. A specific word used only in one sentence. A collection of synonyms. A word with no inflected forms.

What is one correct characteristic of compound words in English?. They never change spelling when pluralized. They always originate from verbs. They always contain a hyphen. They behave grammatically and semantically as single words.

Which of the following best defines a morpheme?. a.The longest phoneme in a word. b.A syllable that can be repeated. c.A sentence with only one verb. d.The smallest grammatical unit in a language that has meaning.

What does Baudouin’s "single morpheme" hypothesis propose?. a.Only affixes carry meaning. b.Roots and affixes have the same status as morphemes. c.All morphemes are stored separately from affixes. d.Morphemes exist only in spoken form.

Which of the following is an example of conversion in word formation?. a.Google (noun) → to Google (verb). b.Breakfast + lunch = brunch. c.Editor → edit. d.Notebook.

Which of the following is NOT one of the five major word formation processes in English?. a.Translation. b.Suppletion. c.Reduplication. d.Affixation.

Which of the following is an example of a bound morpheme?. a.cat. b.drive. c.book. d.-ness in the word "happiness".

What is one correct characteristic of compound words in English?. a.They never change spelling when pluralized. b.They behave grammatically and semantically as single words. c.They always contain a hyphen. d.They always originate from verbs.

What is the process of shortening a longer word without changing its meaning called?. a.Clipping. b.Blending. c.Backformation. d.Derivation.

In morpheme-based morphology, how are word forms analyzed?. a.Using only their semantic roles. b.By sentence context only. c.As isolated lexemes with no internal structure. d.As arrangements of morphemes.

According to Hockett, what are morphemes?. a.Parts of speech. b.Meaning elements. c.Only phonological forms. d.Sentences without grammatical structure.

What must a grammatically complete sentence always include?. A dependent clause and a preposition. At least three words and a comma. A subject and a verb expressing a complete thought. An object and a modifier.

What role do complementizers like “that” or “whether” play in sentence structure?. They add emphasis to main clauses. They introduce subordinate clauses functioning as complements. They signal passive voice in verbs. They replace subjects in complex tenses.

What makes structural ambiguity distinct from lexical ambiguity?. Lexical ambiguity involves sentence structure, while structural ambiguity involves phonemes. Lexical ambiguity does not lead to misinterpretation. Structural ambiguity arises from the arrangement of otherwise unambiguous words. Structural ambiguity stems from unclear word meanings.

Why are compound sentences useful for writing development?. They eliminate the need for punctuation. They allow writers to express more ideas by linking independent clauses. They use fewer subjects and are shorter. They convey complex relationships using multiple verbs within one clause.

Which of the following best explains why "Daniel met tall boys and girls" is structurally ambiguous?. The phrase lacks a verb. The adjective “tall” may apply only to “boys” or to both “boys and girls”. The word “tall” is an adjective with multiple meanings. The word “met” is a polysemous verb.

Why can a complement clause be considered a noun clause?. Because it always appears after nouns. Because it acts like a noun in filling argument positions. Because it modifies adverbs. Because it contains no verbs.

How does transformational grammar contribute to syntactic analysis?. By providing a list of correct sentence patterns. By outlining how phrases transform into different sentence structures. By focusing solely on phonological changes in speech. By measuring how often speakers break grammar rules.

How do descriptive and prescriptive grammar fundamentally differ in their approach to language?. Descriptive grammar aims to enforce rules for proper usage. Both forms reject the use of standard language rules. Descriptive grammar analyzes how language is used; prescriptive grammar dictates how it *should* be used. Prescriptive grammar seeks to document spontaneous spoken language.

Which sentence best exemplifies a compound-complex structure?. When I left, she cried. I was tired but worked anyway. He worked without stopping. Although I was tired, I worked and she helped me.

What makes generative grammar particularly influential in understanding sentence formation?. It teaches learners which grammar book rules to memorize. It models the unconscious system of rules enabling sentence production. It compares sentence types across multiple languages. It prescribes how grammar should be taught in schools.

In morphology, a "paradigm" refers to: A set of all word forms that share a lexeme and grammatical pattern. A grammatical error in compound construction. A list of synonyms for a given word. A list of morphemes that change meaning.

Reduplication is a morphological process where: a.The spelling of a word changes in the past tense. b.A suffix is added to a word base. c.All or part of a root or stem is repeated to form a new word. d.Two different roots combine into one word.

Which process describes the formation of the word "McDonaldization"?. a.Derivation with both a prefix and suffix. b.Blending unrelated words. c.Compounding of three root words. d.Inflection to form a plural.

Which pair illustrates a derivational change that alters the grammatical category of the word?. a.Cat → Cats. b.Eat → Eating. c.Happy → Happiness. d.Play → Played.

Which of the following sentences includes a complex sentence structure?. a.She danced gracefully. b.The sun rose. c.Although it was raining, they went for a walk. d.He is tall and strong.

Which of the following affixes is an example of an inflectional suffix?. a.un- (as in "unfair"). b.-ed (as in "walked"). c.-ness (as in "kindness"). d.-ize (as in "realize").

What is the role of a determiner in noun phrases?. a.It specifies or limits the reference of the noun. b.It modifies the verb to indicate tense. c.It replaces the noun completely. d.It adds emphasis to adjectives.

What does a "node" in a tree diagram represent?. The minimal unit of sound in a sentence. A punctuation point in syntax. A structural unit where words combine to form a constituent. The point where one phrase ends and another begins.

Why is the concept of Universal Grammar significant in linguistic theory?. It implies all human languages are governed by shared innate principles. It sets the rules all languages must follow. It helps compare grammar rules of neighboring dialects. It explains surface structure through lexical analysis.

What aspect of language does a phrase structure tree (PS tree) reveal about speakers?. Their understanding of word definitions. Their syntactic intuition regarding sentence composition and word categories. Their ability to write grammatically correct sentences. Their knowledge of phonetic transcription.

How does comparative grammar support linguistic theory development?. It creates new syntactic structures for modern use. It trains teachers to correct students’ speech. It documents which dialects are correct and which are not. It identifies universal patterns by analyzing structurally related languages.

How does deep structure differ from surface structure in transformational grammar?. Surface structure reflects abstract meaning and semantic interpretation. Deep structure is the version of the sentence we see or hear. There is no distinction between the two in generative grammar. Deep structure represents the underlying syntactic and semantic relationships.

What is the primary value of a phrase marker (tree diagram) in syntactic analysis?. It labels parts of speech for vocabulary lists. It maps semantic roles in metaphorical language. It replaces the need for grammatical rules. It visually represents the constituent structure of a sentence.

What distinguishes a dependent clause from an independent clause?. An independent clause contains no punctuation. An independent clause lacks a subject or verb. A dependent clause can be used as a full sentence. A dependent clause requires attachment to an independent clause to make sense.

In Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG), what do feature structures represent?. The emotional tone of spoken language. Spelling rules in morphophonemics. The diagram layout in tree structures. Formal representations of linguistic signs and constraints.

Why is it important to vary sentence patterns in academic writing?. It standardizes sentence construction rules. It reduces the risk of syntactic ambiguity. It ensures that the writer uses fewer transition words. It prevents monotony and enhances reader engagement.

Why is phrase structure grammar described as generative?. It produces all possible grammatical sentences from a limited set of rules. It lists all phrases in a language alphabetically. It generates new dictionary entries. It teaches children how to write essays.