morphology.gn

Which of the following is NOT one of the five major word formation processes in English?. a.Suppletion. b.Affixation. c.Reduplication. d.Translation.

Which of the following best defines a morpheme?. a.The smallest grammatical unit in a language that has meaning. b.The longest phoneme in a word. c.A syllable that can be repeated. d.A sentence with only one verb.

What is a lexeme in linguistic morphology?. a.A collection of synonyms. b.A word with no inflected forms. c.A specific word used only in one sentence. d.A base word and all of its inflectional forms.

What is the process of shortening a longer word without changing its meaning called?. a.Clipping. b.Blending. c.Backformation. d.Derivation.

According to Hockett, what are morphemes?. a.Sentences without grammatical structure. b.Parts of speech. c.Only phonological forms. d.Meaning elements.

Which of the following is an example of a bound morpheme?. a.drive. b.-ness in the word "happiness". c.book. d.cat.

What is one correct characteristic of compound words in English?. a.They never change spelling when pluralized. b.They always originate from verbs. c.They behave grammatically and semantically as single words. d.They always contain a hyphen.

Which of the following is an example of conversion in word formation?. a.Google (noun) → to Google (verb). b.Breakfast + lunch = brunch. c.Editor → edit. d.Notebook.

In morpheme-based morphology, how are word forms analyzed?. a.Using only their semantic roles. b.As isolated lexemes with no internal structure. c.As arrangements of morphemes. d.By sentence context only.

What does Baudouin’s "single morpheme" hypothesis propose?. a.All morphemes are stored separately from affixes. b.Morphemes exist only in spoken form. c.Only affixes carry meaning. d.Roots and affixes have the same status as morphemes.

What makes generative grammar particularly influential in understanding sentence formation?. a.B) It models the unconscious system of rules enabling sentence production. b.D) It compares sentence types across multiple languages. c.C) It prescribes how grammar should be taught in schools. d.A) It teaches learners which grammar book rules to memorize.

How do descriptive and prescriptive grammar fundamentally differ in their approach to language?. a.B) Prescriptive grammar seeks to document spontaneous spoken language. b.D) Both forms reject the use of standard language rules. c.C) Descriptive grammar analyzes how language is used; prescriptive grammar dictates how it *should* be used. d.A) Descriptive grammar aims to enforce rules for proper usage.

What makes structural ambiguity distinct from lexical ambiguity?. a.D) Lexical ambiguity does not lead to misinterpretation. b.B) Lexical ambiguity involves sentence structure, while structural ambiguity involves phonemes. c.C) Structural ambiguity arises from the arrangement of otherwise unambiguous words. d.A) Structural ambiguity stems from unclear word meanings.

Which of the following best explains why "Daniel met tall boys and girls" is structurally ambiguous?. a.C) The adjective “tall” may apply only to “boys” or to both “boys and girls”. b.A) The word “tall” is an adjective with multiple meanings. c.D) The phrase lacks a verb. d.B) The word “met” is a polysemous verb.

best exemplifies a compound-complex structure?. a.C) Although I was tired, I worked and she helped me. b.A) I was tired but worked anyway. c.D) He worked without stopping. d.B) When I left, she cried.

What must a grammatically complete sentence always include?. a.B) A subject and a verb expressing a complete thought. b.D) An object and a modifier. c.C) A dependent clause and a preposition. d.A) At least three words and a comma.

How does transformational grammar contribute to syntactic analysis?. a.D) By focusing solely on phonological changes in speech. b.B) By outlining how phrases transform into different sentence structures. c.A) By measuring how often speakers break grammar rules. d.C) By providing a list of correct sentence patterns.

Why are compound sentences useful for writing development?. a.C) They allow writers to express more ideas by linking independent clauses. b.D) They eliminate the need for punctuation. c.D) Because it modifies adverbs. d.A) Because it always appears after nouns.

Why can a complement clause be considered a noun clause?. a.C) Because it contains no verbs. b.B) Because it acts like a noun in filling argument positions. c.D) Because it modifies adverbs. d.A) Because it always appears after nouns.

What role do complementizers like “that” or “whether” play in sentence structure?. a.D) They replace subjects in complex tenses. b.C) They introduce subordinate clauses functioning as complements. c.B) They add emphasis to main clauses. d.A) They signal passive voice in verbs.

Which sentence best illustrates phonetic structure ambiguity?. a. D) They are cooking apples. b. B) The chicken is ready to eat. c. A) I can’t *bear* children. d. C) "The sun’s rays meet" vs. "The sons raise meat".

Why is the concept of Universal Grammar significant in linguistic theory?. a. A) It helps compare grammar rules of neighboring dialects. b. C) It sets the rules all languages must follow. c. D) It explains surface structure through lexical analysis. d. B) It implies all human languages are governed by shared innate principles.

What does a "node" in a tree diagram represent?. a. A) The point where one phrase ends and another begins. b. C) A structural unit where words combine to form a constituent. c. B) The minimal unit of sound in a sentence. d. D) A punctuation point in syntax.

Which of the following best contrasts pedagogical grammar with mental grammar?. a. A) Pedagogical grammar is innate; mental grammar is taught. b. D) Both describe the same structure using different notation. c. C) Pedagogical grammar is used for native speakers; mental grammar is for second language learners. d. B) Mental grammar is idealized; pedagogical grammar is focused on teaching language systems.

Why are tree diagrams preferred over older systems like Reed-Kellogg diagrams?. a. C) They represent syntactic structure hierarchically and clearly. b. A) They show more vocabulary words. c. D) They display historical grammar usage. d. B) They use more symbols to make interpretation easier.

What is the function of rewrite rules (e.g., S → NP VP) in phrase structure grammar?. a. A) They modify semantics through synonym replacement. b. B) They determine acceptable word spelling patterns. c. D) They create ambiguous sentence forms for testing. d. C) They expand abstract categories into more specific structural elements.

Which is an example of a compound subject in a sentence?. a. C) The professor and the assistant arrived early. b. B) The student wrote and presented. c. A) They quickly left. d. D) The professor gave the assistant notes.

Why is punctuation especially important in compound and complex sentences?. a. A) It emphasizes sentence length and tone. b. B) It helps separate subject and verb more clearly. c. D) It is only relevant for rhetorical effect. d. C) It clarifies clause boundaries and relationships.

How does the use of connectors (e.g., “although,” “because,” “but”) affect sentence meaning?. a. C) They are optional and have no grammatical function. b. B) They establish logical and temporal relationships between ideas. c. A) They determine which tense should be used. d. D) They remove ambiguity in passive constructions.

Why is it important to vary sentence patterns in academic writing?. a. D) It standardizes sentence construction rules. b. B) It reduces the risk of syntactic ambiguity. c. C) It prevents monotony and enhances reader engagement. d. A) It ensures that the writer uses fewer transition words.