oncología 2026

⁠Patients with recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck who have poorer performance status receive: ⁠radiotherapy only. the type of treatment is decided by a multidisciplinary tumour board. ⁠monochemotherapy or immunotherapy. ⁠supportive therapy only.

⁠A61 year-old patient has a PSA of 73 ng/mL and a hard, irregular prostate on digital rectal examination. What is the next step?. Repeat PSA in 6 months. Hormonal therapy only. Prostate MRI and biopsy. Antibiotic therapy.

Why is chemotherapy usually given in cycles?. ⁠ ⁠to avoid daily parenteral administration. so normal cells can recover. to prevent resistance. so cancer cells can recover.

Radiotherapy with ionising radiation: ⁠is effective in cases of bone marrow failure due to lymphoma infiltration. cures all patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. may be adjuvant treatment after completion of systemic treatment for lymphomas. ⁠is always the initial treatment for indolent lymphomas. is indicated as the only form of treatment in localised aggressive lymphomas.

Which statement is NOT true for acute side effects of central nervous system irradiation?. they also present as alopecia. they also present as radiation necrosis. ⁠they are managed with corticosteroids. clinically, they most commonly present with headache. they occur due to damage to the blood-brain barrier.

Supportive and palliative care: ⁠are completely separate activities in oncology. are provided at the tertiary level. overlap and complement each other in the management of patients with incurable cancer. are activities characteristic only of oncology.

During follow-up, ten percent of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer develop distant metastases in: bones and liver. Lymph nodes and lungs. lungs and bones. lungs and liver.

Which are physical carcinogenic factors?. UV light and tar. ⁠tar and acrylamide. ionising radiation and acrylamide. UV light and ionising radiation.

⁠Additional cytopathological methods to distinguish lymphoma from lymphadenitis: immunocytochemistry and PCR clonality analysis. ⁠DNA analysis and flow cytometry. ⁠flow cytometry and PCR clonality analysis. PCR clonality analysis and FISH.

entinel lymph node biopsy in solid tumours is: a diagnostic procedure contributing to prognosis. a therapeutic procedure completing treatment. ⁠a therapeutic procedure preventing spread. ⁠a diagnostic procedure showing if surgery alone is curative.

⁠Which of the skin cancers has the lowest incidence?. Merkel cell carcinoma. ⁠squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. basal cell carcinoma of the skin. cutaneous melanoma.

⁠Ovarian tumours: ⁠are most often stromal. ⁠are most often mixed epithelial. ⁠are mostly non-epithelial. are most often benign.

⁠Treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer: induction chemotherapy then surgery. surgery + postoperative radiotherapy. adiotherapy followed by surgery. external radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy and brachytherapy.

A patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus attends the outpatient clinic because of impaired concentration and drowsiness. You find that the patient has hypercalcaemia. Which condition is most likely?. B symptom. paraneoplastic syndrome. ⁠osteoporosis. syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion.

Which statement is NOT true for non-invasive breast cancers?. DCIS can progress to invasive ductal carcinoma. Most are not palpable. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is usually not treated. Most are detected by mammography.

Imaging method of choice for primary malignant bone tumour extent?. ultrasound. MRI. PET/CT. CT.

⁠A 62-year-old woman notices a palpable lump in her neck. On examination, the nodule is mobile and lymph nodes are not palpable.What is the next diagnostic step?. Thyroid ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Neck MRI. ⁠Follow-up in 6 months. PET/CT.

⁠A 60-year-old man presents with an enlarged cervical lymph node, and biopsy shows squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Which factor is an important prognostic marker?. HER2. HPV/p16 status. EBV status. PSA.

What is NOT characteristic of the period of early palliative care?. ⁠Patients no longer receive specific treatment for the underlying disease. In oncology, it is most effective in patients with short survival and complex symptoms. It is reasonable to introduce it as early as possible when advanced malignant disease is detected. ⁠ ⁠Specific treatment is an integral part of early palliative care.

What does the risk of side effects in hormonal therapy depend on?. mainly on the duration. on the type and duration of hormonal treatment. on the type, duration and concomitant medication. ⁠mainly on the type of hormonal treatment.

Which preventive surgery is NOT indicated?. ⁠total thyroidectomy in MEN2b. bilateral adnexectomy in BRCA1 mutation. ⁠total colectomy in a man with Lynch syndrome. bilateral mastectomy in BRCA2 mutation.

⁠A 58-year-old patient presents with newly developed epileptic seizures. MRI reveals a brain tumor. What is the first therapeutic step in a resectable tumor?. Surgical resection. Radiotherapy. Corticosteroids as the only treatment. Chemotherapy.

⁠A biopsy of the breast reveals ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).Which statement about DCIS is correct?. It always disseminate. It does not breach the basal membrane. ⁠It is a benign lesion. ⁠It does not require treatment.

Odynophagia means: difficult swallowing. ⁠inability to swallow liquid. ⁠painful swallowing. inability to swallow food.

A patient notices a pigmented skin lesion that has enlarged and changed colour over the last few months. What is the correct diagnostic approach?. Topical antibiotics. Fine-needle biopsy. ⁠Observation for 6 months. Excision biopsy.

⁠Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) of the lung is NOT associated with: ⁠a smaller postoperative wound. less postoperative pain. ⁠faster recovery and shorter hospital stay. unreliable radicality of the surgical procedure.

Stage IV cutaneous melanoma means: the presence of metastases in regional lymph nodes. the presence of subcutaneous metastases. ⁠the presence of only the primary melanoma. the presence of a metastasis in the sentinel lymph node.

In patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas, the decision on treatment choice is influenced by: ⁠the Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI). the International Prognostic Index (IPI). ⁠the Child-Pugh index. ⁠the CHADS2 index.

What does NOT belong among acute side effects of radiotherapy?. lymphoedera. diarrhoea. dermatitis. oesophagitis.

What does NOT belong to specific oncological treatment?. ⁠surgery. analgesia. systemic treatment. ⁠radiotherapy.

Most common leukaemia in children: ALL. CML. CLL. AML.

⁠What is the purpose of adjuvant systemic cancer treatment?. In inoperable cancer, to reduce the primary tumour to the extent that it becomes operable. After surgery of the primary tumour, to destroy all metastases in distant organ. After radical surgery of the primary tumour, to destroy micrometastases and improve survival. ⁠After radical surgery of the primary tumour, to destroy macrometastases and improve local disease control.

What applies to the term "last period of life"?. The last six weeks of life. The period of care of the dying patient. Its use is discouraged because of ambiguity. The last six months of life.

Bone biopsies are usually performed under: ⁠ ⁠MRI guidance. ⁠CT guidance. ultrasound guidance. X-ray guidance.

A 67-year-old smoker (45 pack-years) presents with cough, hemopthysis, and weight loss. CT shows a peripheral lung lesion.Which examination is crucial for staging of localised disease?. PET/CT. Chest X-ray. ⁠Bone scintigraphy. Spirometry.

⁠Targeted treatment of lung cancer is suitable for: ⁠patients with a known molecular target, regardless of disease stage. patients with lung cancer receiving immunotherapy. ⁠all patients with early, operable-stage lung cancer. ⁠all patients with lung cancer.

Risk factors for endometrial cancer: smoking is a risk factor. ostrogen preparations increase ris. diabetes is not a risk factor. ⁠multiparity increases risk.

⁠In familial cancer, the relative risk of developing cancer in still healthy first-degree family members is: five times as high as the population risk for this type of cancer. ⁠ ⁠ten times as high as the population risk for this type of cancer. ⁠more than ten times as high as the population risk for this type of cancer. ⁠twice as high as the population risk for this type of cancer.

Which statement about faecal occult blood testing is NOT true?. ⁠suitable for disease-related bleeding. suitable for treatment-related bleeding. suitable only for screening programmes. suitable for detecting Cl bleeding.

Which statement is true for nephroblastoma (Wilms tumour). ⁠most common at age 10-15. ⁠treatment usually starts with surgery. ⁠most common abdominal tumour in children. arises from adrenal medulla.