Pathophysiology erasmus 2 exam

1. Grave´s disease (Basedow´s disease) is characterised by the following: tachycardia. antibodies to the TSH receptor. puffy skin of the face (myxedema). increased plasma TSH levels. heat intolerance. bulging of the eyes, i.e. exophtalmos (proptosis).

2. Characteristics of cardiogenic shock are: pulmonary wedge pressure (pressure in the left atrium) is increased. cardiac output is decreased. the volume of circulating blood is reduced. the renin-angiotensin system is activated. total peripheral resistance is compensatorily decreased. it can be a consequence of acute mitral insufficiency. it can be a consequence of contractile dysfunction of the myocardium.

3. Neuropathic pain: is psychogenic in origin. is due to pain stimuli exciting nociceptive nerve endings. results from an injury to the central or peripheral nervous system.

3.1. Examples of neuropathic pain are: phantom limb pain. postherpetic neuralgia. acute toothache due to bacterial tooth decay. post-spinal cord injury pain.

4. Iron deficiency anemia is often associated with: a reduced mean corpuscular volume (MCV). acute bleeding after trauma. repeated heavy menstrual bleeding. chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. low serum ferritin.

5. Adynamic (paralytic) ileus can be caused by: intestinal ischemia. surgery in the abdominal region. impacted faeces. post-surgical connective tissue adhesions. lumen-occluding tumours of the intestine. inflammation of the peritoneum.

6. Peptic ulcer is defined as: deep lesion of the stomach or duodenal mucosa. a disease usually involving infection by Helicobacter pylori. a lesion caused by an imbalance between the aggressive and mucosa-protective factors. a disorder that can be successfully treated with corticosteroid and high doses of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. a purely phycosomatic disorder. any lesion in the digestive tract. a sporadic disease.

7. Hypokalemia is caused by: loss of potassium through kidneys. redistribution of potassium in the body compartments. cell death and release of intracellular fluid into the extracellular fluid compartment. loss of sodium through sweat and saliva. excess intake of potassium in the food.

8. Hypernatremia can be the consequence of: severe, untreated diarrhoea. net loss of body water due to cushings syndrome. increased intake of water relative to Na+ intake. net loss of body Na+ due to diabetes mellitus. nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. net retention of Na+ in the body due to contricosteroid treatment. decreased intake of water relative to Na+ intake.

9.1. Under-excretion of uric acid is: less common. predominant.

9.2. Cause of hyperuricemia: Thiazide side effects due to increased tubular reabsorption. Chronic renal disease. Metabolic disturbances, for example, lactic acidosis. Chemotherapeutics.

1. The following is true about atherosclerosis: intima is thinned. it occurs in the retinal artery. is promoted by an increased level of High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL). is more common in women than in men. macrophages and smooth muscle cells are transformed into foam cells by oxidised lipis.

11. 1. Acute response of humans at high altitudes is: decrease. increase.

11.2. In alveolar ventilation due to stimulation of. peripheral. central.

11.3. Chemoreceptors, this response eventually cause ...... alkalosis. respiratory. metabolic.

12. Principal causes of oedema are: increased permeability of blood vessels in burned skin. increased vascular oncotic pressure due to sepsis. increased permeability of blood vessels in the area of inflammation. reduced vascular oncotic pressure due to liver failure. increased venous and capillary pressure due to hypoalbuminemia. decreased venous and capillary pressure due to heart failure.

13. Hypothyroidism due to a chronic iodine-deficient dieat in some parts of the world may be linked to: growth retardation in infancy and childhood. increased urine iodine levels. development of enlarged thyroid gland. paradoxical increased plasma free T3 hormone levels. faulty brain development resulting in mental retardations. increased plasma TSH levels.

14. Pulmonary embolism is: associated with hypoxemia, which results from increased ventilation/perfusion mismatch in the lungs. cause of the sudden death if emboli obstruct the main pulmonary artery. associated with alveolar hyperventilation, which results from stimulation of stretch receptors. associated with hypoxemia because of alveolar hypoventilation. associated with hypoxemia because of alveolar hyperventilation. associated with hypocapnia because of alveolar hyperventilation. caused by venous thromboembolism that most often develop in the leg veins.

15.1. Pneumothorax is the presence of air in: pleural space⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀. lung parenchyma. mediastinum.

15.2. Tension pneumothorax is an urgent condition due to. compression of venae cavae. obstruction of airways. lung collapse.

16. Von Willebrand´s disease is characterised by the following: platelet count - normal. Factor VIII and vWF - reduced. activated thromboplastin time - prolonged. platelet aggregation (with ristocetin) - abnormal. prothrombin time - prolonged. bleeding time - prolonged.

17. Restrictive lung diseases are characterised by a reduction of: pulmonary compliance. forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1). all pulmonary volumes. alveolar-arterial pressure difference. FEV1/FVC ratio. total respiratory capacity.