1. A _____ (or the sampling frame) is a group of individuals (or a group of organizations) with some common defining characteristic that the researcher can identify and study. a. universe b. target population c. statistics.
2. Researchers use _____ to provide response options where participants check one or more categories that describe their traits, attributes, or characteristics. a. research questions b. nominal scales c. stratification.
3. Which of the following best describes what a sample in research is? a. A group of individuals with some common defining characteristic that the researcher can identify and study. b. A subgroup of the target population that the researcher plans to study for generalizing about the target population. c. A group of individuals who have the same characteristic.
4. Which of the following would be a good number for a survey study? a. 10 b. 35 c. 350.
5. When thinking about the CONTROL variable we should be asking ourselves which of the following questions? a. What outcomes am I trying to explain? b. What variables or factor influence the outcomes? c. What variables do I also need to measure so that I can make sure that my major factors influence outcomes and not others factors?.
6. In probability sampling... a. the researchers selects individuals from the population who are representative of that population. b. the researcher selects individuals because they are available, convenient, and represent some characteristic the investigator seeks to study. c. the researcher asks participants to identify others to become members of the sample.
7. Which of the following is a very common statistical analysis program which is used by researchers? a. Scopus. b. SPSS. c. ERIC.
8. What does preparing the data for analysis entail? a. Scoring the data and creating a codebook. b. Reporting the results from the data analysis. c. Comparing the results with past literature.
9. The H1 hypothesis is also know as... a. the null hypothesis. b. the alternative hypothesis. c. the zero hypothesis.
10. When looking at the variability of our data we are using, we are conducing which type of statistics? a. Inferential. b. Descriptive. c. Standardized.
11. When conducting a T-test on our data we are using, we are conducting which type of statistics? a. Inferential. b. Descriptive. c. Standardized.
12. In order to compare two or more groups on the independent variable in terms of the dependent variable we use which of the following types of statistic? a. Inferential. b. Descriptive. c. Standardized.
13. What are measures of variability? a. Summary numbers that represent a single value in a distribution of scores. b. The spread of the scores in a distribution. c. Statistics that describe one score relative to a group of scores.
14. _____ record a description of the events, activities, and people. a. Descriptive field notes b. Maximal variation sampling c. Typical sampling.
15. Data recording protocols are forms designed and used by _____ to record information during observations and interviews. a. Quantitative researchers b. Qualitative researchers c. Gatekeeper.
16. Keeping a journal during a research study is method associated with which type of research? a. Quantitative. b. Qualitative. c. Quantitative and qualitative.
17. Participant observation is a procedure used with which type of research? a. Quantitative. b. Qualitative. c. Quantitative and qualitative.
18. Which of the following best describes the procedure for purposeful sampling? a. Intentionally selecting individual and sites to learn or understand the central phenomenon. b. Randomly selecting individuals and sites to learn or understand the central phenomenon. c. Selecting individuals and sites to learn or understand the central phenomenon via computer programme aimed at avoiding selection biases.
19. Which of the following types of sampling selects individuals who are representative of the population? a. Snowball sampling. b. Random sampling. c. Purposeful sampling.
20. If in certain research situations you do not know the best people to study because of the unfamiliarity of the topic or the complexity of events you may use which of the following types of sampling? a. Snowball sampling. b. Opportunistic sampling. c. Critical sampling.
21. The best way (according to Creswell, 2012) to build trust between the interviewer and interviewee is... a. to compensate the interviewee financially. b. abide by all ethical issues in the interviewing process. c. make sure the interviewer and interviewee are friends and know each other well.
22. Which of the following types of sampling selects people or sites who can best help us understand our phenomenon? a. Stratified sampling. b. Random sampling. c. Purposeful sampling.
23. Which of the following types of sampling aims to develop a detailed understanding? a. Stratified sampling. b. Random sampling. c. Purposeful sampling.
24. A _____ in qualitative research consists of exploring the data to obtain a general sense of the data, memoing ideas, thinking about the organization of the data, and considering whether you need more data. a. preliminary exploratory analysis b. text segment c. hand analysis.
25. When a researcher determines the accuracy or credibility of the findings through strategies such as member checking or triangulation is know as... a. validating findings. b. reexamination. c. reflections.
26. The term multiple perspectives means that you _____ from different individuals and sources of data as evidence for a theme. a. provide several viewpoints b. consider different opinions from the sources c. interpret the findings.
27. The process in which a researcher hires or obtains the services of an individual outside the study to review different aspects of the research is know as... a. member checking. b. triangulation. c. external audit.
28. Which of the following would be a good reason to analyse your qualitative data on a computer rather than by hand? a. You are analysing a large database. b. You are analysing a small database. c. Want to be close to the data and have a hands-on feel for it without the intrusion of a machine.
29. According to Creswell (2012), analysing qualitative data requires... a. understanding how to turn your numerical data into information that will help you answer your research question. b. understanding how to make a sense of text and images so that you can form answers to your research questions. c. understanding the role in which data whether numerical or verbal proves or disproves your research hypohesis.
30. Qualitative data analysis is _____ in form, going from the particular of the detailed data to the general codes and themes. a. Deductive b. Inductive c. Interpretive.
31. A qualitative storytelling structure is a _____ to writing a qualitative report. a. research paper b. flexible approach c. proposal.
32. Linking devices are words or phrases that _____ sections of a research report. a. tie together b. split c. link ideas.
33. According to Creswell (2012) theoretical perspective sections are found in which type of research? a. Quantitative. b. Qualitative. c. Quantitative and qualitative.
34. _____ and writing research is research that needs to be honestly reported, shared with participants, not previously published, not plagiarized, not influenced by personal interest, and duly credited to authors. a. Qualitative scientific structure b. Ethical reporting c. Bias reduction.
35. Which of the following SHOULD'T be included in the introduction of a quantitative paper? a. Review of the previous research. b. Statement of the problem. c. Purpose statement.
36. Which of the following SHOULD'T be included in the methods section of a quantitative paper? a. Sample and site. b. Procedures of data collection. c. Summary of the major themes.
37. Which of the following SHOULD be included in the discussion of a quantitative paper? a. Descriptive analysis of all data. b. Inferential analysis to address questions/hypothesis. c. Summary of major results.
38. Which of the following SHOULD be included in the discussion of a quantitative paper? a. Descriptive analysis of all data. b. Inferential analysis to address questions/hypotheses. c. Relationship of results to existing studies.
39. According to Creswell (2012) when writing our research report we need to write our reports... a. in a way which is acceptable for our audiences. b. in the most scholarly way possible. c. using our own specific norms and rules.
40. What does the following describe? "A research report presented to an audience at a state, regional, national, international conference typically sponsored by a professional association". a. A conference proposal. b. A conference paper. c. A conference article.
41. Quantitative investigators often use a combination of categorical and _____. a. non-probability sampling b. nominal scales c. continuous scales.
42. What is a population in research? a. A group of individuals who have the same characteristic. b. A selection of a group of individuals from a group who have the same characteristic. c. A sample of people from a larger group of individuals.
43. In the following study, what would be the dependent variable in the work? "The impact of adolescent aggression on school climate". a. Adolescent aggression. b. The impact. c. School climate.
44. Which of the following would be a good number of participants for an experiment? a. 15 b. 150 c. 1500.
45. Which of the following would be a good number for a correlational study that relates variables? a. 10 b. 35 c. 350.
46.When thinking about the DEPENDENT variable we should be asking ourselves which of the following questions? a. What outcomes am I trying to explain? b. What variables or factors influence the outcomes? c. What variables do I also need to measure so that I can make sure that my major factors influence outcomes and not other factors?.
47. In non-probability sampling... a. the researcher selects individuals from the population who are representative of that population. b. the researcher selects individuals because they are available, convenient, and represent some characteristic the investigator seeks to study. c. the researcher divides the population on some specific characteristic and the, using simple random sampling, sample from each subgroup of the population.
48. Which of the following is a type of probabilistic sampling? a. Convenience. b. Stratified. c. Snowball.
49. When we compare two or more groups on the independent variable, we use ______ in which we analyze data from a sample to draw conclusions about an unknown population. a. inferential statistics b. descriptive statistics c. geometric variables.
50. Inputting the data occurs when the researcher _____ from the responses on instruments to a computer file for analysis. a. print the documents b. transfers the data c. states the difference.
51. if we were to ask ourselves: "Is the sample score (e.g., the mean difference between two groups) probably a wrong estimate of the population?" Which of the following inferential tests could we conduct? a. A confidence interval. b. Hypothesis testing. c. Effect size.
52. When looking for the central tendency of our data we are using, we are conducting which type of statistics? a. Inferential. b. Descriptive. c. Standardized.
53. What are measures of relative standing? a. Summary numbers that represent a single value in a distribution of scores. b. The spread of the scores in a distribution. c. Statistics that describe one score relative to a group of scores.
54. Notes made during on-site observations are typically known as... a. research notes. b. primary data notes. c. fieldnotes. .
55. _____ is a form of purposeful sampling in which you study an outlier case or one that displays extreme characteristics. a. Statistical significance b. Standard score c. Extreme case sampling.
56. Ethical issues need tom be considered by the researcher in which of the following types or research? a. Quantitative. b. Qualitative. c. Quantitative and qualitative.
57. Notes made which depict a number of events, activities, and people are known as... a. descriptive fieldnotes. b. reflective fieldnotes. c. active fieldnotes.
58. A _____ is a program that stores data, organizes your data, enables you to assign labels or codes to your data, and facilitates searching through your data and locating specific text or words. a. coding program b. qualitative data analysis computer program c. preliminary exploratory analysis.
59. Validating findings means that the researcher determines the accuracy or credibility of the findings through strategies such as _____ or triangulation. a. comparing b. member checking c. code dating.
60. The process in which the researcher asks one or more participants in the study to check the accuracy of the account is known as... a. member checking. b. triangulation. c. external audit.
61. The term multiple perspectives means that you _____ from different individuals and sources of data as evidence for a theme. a. provide several viewpoints b. consider different opinions from the sources c. interpret the findings.
62. Which of the following in NOT a suggestion made by Creswell (2012) of how to write in a scholarly, sensitive and ethical way? a. Using language that reduces bias. b. Using work which has previously been published or by falsifying data. c. Encoding scholarly terms into your research.
63. Which of the following would NOT be a suitable question to ask yourself as a researcher when trying to employ appropriate standards in your research work? a. Will the research advance policy discussions in our region? b. Will the research help address some pressing educational problem? c. Does it matter that I haven't been completely honest in my results section?.
64. Which of the following SHOULD be included in the discussion of a quantitative paper? a. Descriptive analysis of all data. b. Inferential analysis to address questions/hypothesis. c. Overall significance of the study.
65. Which of the following SHOULDN'T be included in the introduction of a qualitative paper? a. Statement of the problem. b. Research questions. c. Rationale for qualitative approach.
66. A population is a group of _____ who have the same characteristic. a. individuals. b. numbers c. characteristics.
67. The first step in the collection of quantitative data involves the identification of the people and places that you wish to study. This means... a. Determining whether you will study individuals or entire organizations. b. Determining whether you will study individuals or entire organizations of a combination of the two. c. Determining whether you will study individuals or groups of individuals.
68. When thinking about INDEPENDENT variable we should be asking ourselves which of the following questions? a. What outcomes am I trying to explain? b. What variables or factors influence the outcomes? c. What variables do I also need to measure so that I can make sure that my major factor influence outcomes and not other factors?.
69. After entering the data into a statistical program you need to determine if there are errors in the data or missing data.
This is called: a. Cleaning the database. b. Analysis of the results. c. Descriptive data.
70. What is a significance level? a. A probability level that reflects the maximum risk you are willing to take that any observed differences are due to chance. b. A probability level that reflects the minimum risk you are willing to take that any observed differences are due to chance. b. A probability level that reflects the average risk you are willing to take that any observed differences are due to chance.
71. In qualitative research how do we identify our research participants and sites? a. By systematically sampling. b. By scientifically sampling. c. By purposeful sampling.
72. According to Creswell (2012) in qualitative research we will record information on... a. self-designed protocols that help us organize information reported by participants to each question. b. pre-designed protocols that help us organize information reported by participants to each question. c. protocols designed as templates by experts in qualitative research.
73. If you select certain sites or people because they possess a similar trait or characteristic you are conducting which type of sampling? a. Typical sampling. b. Homogeneous sampling. c. Extreme case sampling.
74. Notes made which record personal thought that researchers have that relate to their insights, hunches, or broad themes or ideas are known as... a. descriptive fieldnotes. b. reflective fieldnotes. c. active fieldnotes.
75. Themes that are surprises and not expected to surface during a study are known as... a. unexpected themes. b. hard-to-classify themes. c. ordinary themes.
76. What is the first step in analysing and interpreting your qualitative data? a. Collect and prepare the data for analysis. b. The researcher obtains a general sense of the material. c. The research codes the data by locating text segments and assigning a code label to them.
77. According to Creswell (2012), qualitative research is ..., in which you make a personal assessment as to a description that fits the situation or themes that capture the major categories of information. a. Interpretive b. Inductive c. Deductive.
78. Which of the following is one of the most specific shortcomings in quantitative articles highlighted by Creswell (2012)? a. Weaknesses in the research design. b. Poorly conducted field notes. c. The main themes of the research are poorly coded.
79. Which of the following SHOULD be included in the discussion of a quantitative paper? a. Descriptive analysis of all data. b. Inferential analysis to address questions/hypothesis. c. Summary of major results.
80. Which of the following SHOULDN'T be included in the introduction of a qualitative paper? a. Statement of the problem. b. Research questions. c. Data analysis approach.
81. According to Creswell (2012) when writing our research report we need to write our reports... a. in a way which is acceptable for our audiences. b. in the most scholarly way possible. c. using our own specific norms and rules.
82. What is the sampling error? a. The selection of the wrong participants. b. The wrong choice of sampling technique. c. The difference between the sample estimate and the true population score.
84. Scoring data means that the researcher assigns a (n) _____ to each response category for each question on the instruments used to collect data. a. value b. order c. color.
85. When conducting regressions on our data we are using, we are conducting which type of statistics? a. Inferential. b. Descriptive. c. Standardized. .
85. What does scoring the data mean? a. The researcher decides on the sampling error score and whether there is sufficient validity and reliability. b. The researcher assigns a numeric score to each response category for each question on the instruments used to collect data. c. The researcher delivers a validity rating of whether the data collected via the appropriate instruments is suitable for analysis.
86. What are measures of central tendency? a. Summary numbers that represent a single value in a distribution of scores. b. The spread of the scores in a distribution. c. Statistics that describe one score relative to a group of scores.
87. An observational protocol is a form designed by the researcher before data collection that is used for _____ during an observation. a. taking field notes b. collecting historical documents c. keep a detailed record of the interviews.
88. An open-ended interview is a procedure used with which type of research? a. Quantitative. b. Qualitative. c. Quantitative and qualitative.
89. A QUALITATIVE interview should have... a. open-ended questions. b. close-ended questions. c. open or close-ended questions.
90. Themes that contain ideas that do not easily fit into one theme or that overlap with several themes are know as... a. unexpected themes. b. hard-to-classify themes. c. ordinary themes.
91. Themes that a researcher might expect to find are know as... a. unexpected themes. b. hard-to-classify themes. c. ordinary themes.
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