The words hearty (from Old English) and cordial (from Latin) have both been kept in the English language because: They are used with a slight difference in meaning They are used with a slight difference in specificity They are used with a slight difference in context They are used with a slight difference in register.
Which of the following statements is true The Hundred Years' War is probably to be reckoned as one of the two causes contributing to the disuse of French The Hundred Years' War is probably to be reckoned as one of the causes contributing to the disuse of French The Hundred Years' War is undoubtedly to be reckoned as the only cause contributing to the disuse of French The Hundred Years' War is undoubtedly to be reckoned as the main cause contributing to the disuse of French.
Which of the following statements is true? Bynon thought that the improper learning of the language by a new generation of children could explain, at leas in part, diachronic phenomena Schmidt propounded that changes would spread as waves in the water, all of them reaching to the same area Verner explained that there were always exceptions to Grimm's Law, so changes in languages should be given the status of tendencies rather than rules Jones discovered similarities among classical languages on the basis of the comparative study in the eighteen century.
Which of the following statements is true? In the thirteenth century the upper classes continued for the most part to speak French. In the thirteenth century the upper classes were not able for the most part to speak
English. In the thirteenth century the upper classes did not have for the most part a knowledge of
English. In the thirteenth century the upper classes basically had stopped for the most part
speaking French.
Choose the correct option: At the beginning of the fourteenth century, English was once more known by everyone. At the beginning of the thirteenth century, English was once more known by everyone At the beginning of the fifteenth century, English was once more known by everyone. At the beginning of the twelfth century, English was once more known by everyone.
Which of the following statements is true? Old English þa at the beginning of a clause can be either an adverb translated ‘when’ and introducing an independent clause, or a subordinating conjunction translated ‘then’ and introducing a dependent clause. Old English þa at the beginning of a clause can be either an adverb translated ‘then’ and introducing a dependent clause, or a subordinating conjunction translated ‘when’ and introducing an independent clause. Old English þa at the beginning of a clause can be either a conjunction translated ‘then’ and introducing an independent clause, or a subordinating adverb translated ‘when’ and introducing a dependent clause. Old English þa at the beginning of a clause can be either an adverb translated ‘then’ and introducing an independent clause, or a subordinating conjunction translated ‘when ’ and introducing a dependent clause.
What was NOT one of the main consequences of William the Conqueror’s
Victory in 1066? French remained the language of ordinary intercourse among the upper and lower
classes in England. French influence on the vocabulary until toward the end of the Middle English period Transference of words from French to English. Introduction of a new nobility.
Which of the following options correctly characterize the noun Godum? Nominative plural Accusative singular Genitive singular Dative plural.
Choose the correct option: The appearance of manuals from about 1350 for the teaching of French is significant. The appearance of manuals from about 1250 for the teaching of French is significant. The appearance of manuals from about 1450 for the teaching of French is significant. The appearance of manuals from about 1150 for the teaching of French is significant.
Which are characteristics of the verb in Old English? Old English verb distinguishes past, present and future, but no passive mode. There are no proper verbs in Old English, this function is feature by the nouns. Old English distinguishes two simple tenses: a past and a present. Old English does not distinguish the past from the present.
Which case was extended to all cases in ME adjectives? Accusative Dative Gennitive Nominative.
Which of the following statements is true? A short time before the Conquest, French had already replaced English as the language of schools Only a long time after the Conquest, French had replaced English as the language of the schools A long time before the Conquest, French had already replaced English as the language of the schools From a time shortly after the Conquest, French had replaced English as the language of the schools.
Which of the following words is a self-explaining compound? wipdrifan leohtfæt geférascipe cyningdom.
Choose the correct option: Sweden was colonized by settlers from Iceland about AD 874 and early on preserved a body of heroic literature unsurpassed among the Germanic peoples Sweden was colonized by settlers from Norway about AD 874 and early on preserved a body of heroic literature unsurpased among the Germanic peoples Iceland was colonized by settlers from Sweden about AD874 and early on preserve a body of heroic literature unsurpassed among the Germanic peoples Iceland was colonized by settlers from Norway about AD 874 and any on preserved a body of heoric literature unsurpassed among the Germanic peoples.
Which of the following statements is true according to Bynon? Bynon thinks that to attribute linguistic change to the improper learning of the language by children gives a key view of diachronic phenomena. Linguistic variation must be approached as a phenomenon that has to be separated from sociological factors Synchronic studies used idealizations of a language in order to describe linguistic variation in the past but not anymore. Diachronic linguistics is hindered by the belief that the way languages are transmitted is responsible for a majority of linguistic changes.
Which of the following statements is true? The strong conjugation, although including some of the most important verbs in the language, was relatively small as compared with the large and steadily growing body of weak verbs. The weak conjugation, which included the most important verbs in the language, was relatively large as compared with the small and steadily decreasing body of strong verbs. The weak conjugation, which included some of the less frequent verbs in the language, was relatively small as compared with the large but steadily decreasing body of strong verbs. The strong conjugation, although including the less frequent verbs in the language, was relatively large as compared with the small but steadily growing body of weak verbs.
Which of the following statements is true? The Comparative Method was basically developed in the reconstruction of Proto‐Germanic, and then it was used in the analysis of other language families The Method of Internal Reconstruction was basically developed in the reconstruction ofProto‐Germanic, and then it was used in the analysis of other language families. The Comparative Method was basically developed in the reconstruction of Proto‐Indo‐European, and then it was used in the analysis of other language families. The Method of Internal Reconstruction was basically developed in the reconstruction ofProto‐Indo‐European, and then it was used in the analysis of other language families.
Which of the following groups of languages does NOT descent from Proto Germanic? South Germanic West Germanic East Germanic North Germanic.
Which process is NOT true in relation to ME pronouns? The generalization of the accusative "it", as objective case The use of þis for all genders and cases of the singular The total absence of dual number The remarkable decay of inflections.
Choose the correct option: One of the reasons put forward by Beekes to explain, for example, why the development of Comparative Linguistics did not take place earlier is that when some change was was considered a type of decay. One of the reasons put forward by Beekes to explain, for example, why the development of Comparative Linguistics did not take place earlier is that only the Wave Theory could overcome the shortcomings of this and the metaphor of the Family-tree. One of the reasons put forward by Beekes to explain, for example, why the development of Comparative Linguistics did not take place earlier is that it takes 6000-8000 years when two languages split for them to lose remnants of their common past. One of the reasons put forward by Beekes to explain, for example, why the development of Comparative Linguistics did not take place earlier is that similarities between Sanskrit. Greek and Latin were not method.
Which form of a great number of OE strong verbs survived in ME? Preterit plural Past participle Infinitive Preterit singular.
Which statement about William the Conqueror’s rule in England (1066 –1087) is
true. William the Conqueror seems to have felt more closely attached to his dukedom than to the country he governed by right of conquest and was buried in Normandy after his death. William the Conqueror’s coronation after the conquest, won immediate recognition throughout England. Shortly after William the Conqueror invaded England in the 11th century, Anglo-Norman became the official language in England. According to the chronicler Orderic Vitalis, William the Conqueror did not make an effort to learn English himself because he was completely absorbed by his many other activities mainly focused upon his affairs in France.
Which of the following statements is true? With the withdrawal of the Roman authority, the Celts adopted a more hostile mode of life, and their military traditions were revitalized With the withdrawal of the Roman authority, the Celts settled down to a more peaceful mode of life, and their military traditions lapsed. Under the Roman rule, the Celts adopted a more hostile mode of life, and their military traditions were revitalized. Under the Roman rule, the Celts settled down to a more peaceful mode of life, and their military traditions lapsed.
Which of the following statements is true? It is impossible to say how much the speech of the Angles differed from that of the Saxons or that of the Jutes. It is impossible to say how much the speech of the Angles differed from that of the Saxons or that of the Jutes, but undoubtedly the differences were remarkable. It is possible to say that the language of the Saxons and the Angles was remarkably similar, and that they both differed considerably from the language of the Jutes It is possible for historical linguists to state that the language spoken by the Angles, the Jutes, and the Saxons exhibited no differences at all.
According to Beekes, which factor is NOT one of the main reasons that hindered
an earlier development of comparative Linguistics: Greeks never compared words cross-linguistically, a technique which was solidly established in India. When a language had suffered enough changes, it was automatically considered a new language, hence the difficulty to track said changes to study them. The Greeks were not sufficiently acquainted with other languages People had to learn that language change. When change was identified it was considered a type of decay.
In addition to the strong verbs that are not found at all after the Old English
period, there are about a dozen more that appear only in: Ancrene Riwle or in certain twelfth-century texts based directly on the Peterborough Chronicle and other Old English works. Layamon or in certain twelfth-century texts based directly on the homilies of Ælfric and other Old English works. Ancrene Riwle or in certain twelfth-century texts based directly on the homilies of Ælfric and other Middle English works. Layamon or in certain twelfth-century texts based directly on the homilies of Ælfric and other Middle English works.
Which of the following options correctly charactize a personal pronoun in dual
genitive? inc
unc wit uncer.
Which of the following statements is correct? The influx of French words began slowly and continued with stable tempo for a long time. The influx of French words began slowly and continued with varying tempo for a long time. The influx of French words was not sudden but it was immediately apparent. The influx of French words was sudden and immediately apparent.
Which of the following statements is true? Regarding syntax, the stylistic option which presents a high of principal clauses and long sentences sentences is known as parataxis. Regarding syntax, the stylistic option which presents a high proportion of long sentences with subordination is known as hypotaxis Regarding syntax, the stylistic option which presents a high proportion of principal clauses and shorter sentences is known as hypotaxis Regarding syntax, the stylistic option which presents a high proportion of short sentences with subordination is known as parataxis.
The changes in English grammar may be described as: The general reduction of inflections The simplification of the case system The massive borrowing of vocabulary from French The fixing of word order.
To which noun in the sentence below are the adjectives in "reonlgmode ræste geliste" referring to? "heah fyr elað hælep beop on wynnum reonigmode ræste geliste" heah hælep wynnum fyr.
In which of the following options can we find a resultative clause? ond bonne in baet englond up gewitad collenferbe ceolas stondad bi stabe faeste streame biwunden be vox kan crope bi be heie, an turne ut from his forme weie, an eft sone kume barto. bute he icostned weoren brie inne compe, and his ohtscipen icudde and ifonded hine seolve; þe[ú] he kunne so vele wrenche þat he wenþ eche hunde atprenche.
Which of the following statements about the sentence "þe cuðe him itelle an æies cunnes spelle" is NOT true? The object pronoun him has a re-enforcing or emphatic function referring back to þe. The use of undeclined þe working as a relative pronoun is a distinctive feature of Middle English. The verb cuðe is in indicative mood, as it is customary in relative clauses. The fact that þe is followed by a finite verb helps us to identify it as a relative pronoun.
In PDE, nouns sometimes have an adjectival function specifying another noun that follows it. In which of the following options can we find a similar pattern? sunne inȝong forboden eappel alde moder makede wei.
Which of the following sentences can be translated as: "They oppressed sorely the unhappy people of the land with castle-building"? Hi suencten suyðe þe wrecce men of þe land mid castel-weorces. Đa the castles warren naked, þa fylden hi mid movies and yvele men. Alle he wäron forsworn and here treothes forloren, for ævric riceman his castles makede and agænes him holden. Hi wenden dat he scolded ben also also the eom was, and for he hadde get his tresor.
The subordinate clause introduced by þat in the correlation so…þat that we find in "þe[ú] he kunne so vele wrenche þat he wenþ eche hunde atprenche" is: Causal Temporal Resultative Relative.
One of the sentences below presents an organization that clearly announces PDE. Can you identify it? þat lord Jhesu Crist one time into ane ure ssipe yede. þat yede ure lord Jhesu Crist one time into ane ssipe. þat lord Jhesu Crist into ane ssipe ure yede one time. þat ure lord Jhesu Crist yede one time into ane ssipe.
Which of the following statements refering to "forþam þe he wæs lȳtel on wæstmum" is incorrect? Hypothetical clauses hold the verb in subjunctive, otherwise the verb is indicative. The word-order SV is helpful in telling this is a clear case of subordinate clause. "forþam þe" introduces causal clauses, in this case in indicative mode because it depicts a real situation. A cause can be hypothetical or based on real evidence.
The conjunction "swa þæt" in "swa þæt wēnaþ wægliþende/þæt hy on ealond sum eagum wlīten" introduces: An adverbial clause of purpose An adverbial clause of result An adverbial clause of time An adverbial clause of concession.
Which of the following options shows a case of explicit SV word order? Gif ic aenigne bereafode ic hit be feowerfealdum agyfe. Da he com to baere stowe ba ge‐seah se haelend hine & cwaed. Da fylden hi mid deovles and yvele men. Nes he naevere iboren of nane cnihte icoren.
Considering the structure “þonne mēc sē beaducafa bōgum bilegde”, which of the following statements is correct? The verb is in subjunctive mood so þonne is a conjunction that introduces a subordinate clause. The verb is in indicative mood so þonne is an adverb that introduces the main clause. It has SV word order, so þonne is an adverb that introduces the subordinate clause. It has SVO word order, so þonne is an adverb that introduces the main clause.
Which of the following options includes one (or more) examples of an explicit passive construction? Her waes Gyperwic gehergod; ond aefter bam swide rade waes Brihtndd ealdorman ofslaegen Da weoren i Brutene blissen inoze Da the suikes undergaeton dat he milde man was and softe and god, and na iustise ne dide. Disse hiw‐raeddene ys hael geworden forbam he waes habrahames bearn.
In which following clauses do we have a relative pronoun? Also ich segge bi mi solve: Betere is min on þan þine twelve. and Al sea þa wimmen wunliche on heowen and hahlukest iscrudde and alre bezst itoȝene þæt mon eape tosliteð þætte næfre gesomnad uncer giedd geador þonne is oþer inúanúendum þam monþe þe we aúustus hatað se æresta monan dæú.
Which would be the OE original sentence of this translation? "and they should try, if they could, to entrap the invading army" ond sceoldan cunnian gif hī meahton þone here āhwæˉr ūtene betræppan. Nu ic sylle ðearfum healfe mīne æˉhta. & gif ic ænigne berēafode ic hit be fēowerfealdum agyfe ond se here þā ætbærst, būton ān scip þæˉr man ofslōh gif hwa on þissum daúum acænned bið, yfelum deaðe he his lif úeændað.
Please identifiy which of the following alternatives can be considered as an anticipation of the later development known as preposition stranding ond Æðelwine ealdorman gefōr on þām ilcan gēare ðā sceōc hē on niht fram þære fyrde him sylfum tō mycclum bismore. ond þæt scip genāmon eall gewæpnod ond gewædod þe se ealdorman on wæs. ond ealle his witan þæt man gegaderode þā scipu þe āhtes wæron tō Lundenbyrig.
More or less, how many strong verbs there were in OE? 250 200 300 400.
Which of the following suffixes was typical in the dative case plural of nouns in
OE? -an -es -e -um.
Which of the following statements is true according to Baugh and Cable? The stems of nouns belonging to the vowel or strong declension ended in one of four vowels in Germanic (although these have disappeared in OE): e, ō, i, or u, and the inflection varies accordingly. The stems of nouns belonging to the vowel or weak declension ended in one of four vowels in Germanic (although these have disappeared in OE): e, i, ō, or u, and the inflection varies accordingly. The stems of nouns belonging to the vowel or weak declension ended in one of four vowels in Germanic (although these have disappeared in OE): a, ō, i, or u, and the inflection varies accordingly. The stems of nouns belonging to the vowel or strong declension ended in one of four vowels in Germanic (although these have disappeared in OE): a, ō, i, or u, and the inflection varies accordingly.
Which would be the ME original sentence of this translation? "The fox can creep by the hedges, and turns away from his former way." þe fox can, crope þi þe heie, an turne away from his forme weie. þe vox kan, crope þi þe heie, and turne away from his forme weie þe fox can, crope þi þe heie, an turne ut from his forme weie. þe vox kan, crope þi þe heie, an turne ut from his forme weie.
Which of the following statements is true according to Baugh and Cable? Usually the gender of OE adjectives is quite illogical Often the gender of OE nouns is quite logical Often the gender of OE nouns is quite illogical. Usually the gender of OE adjectives is quite logical.
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