Psychology and Language Learning

1. One important development in school years in the acquisition of different language __________. Universal grammar. Development sequences. Registers.

2.The Critical Period Hypothesis argue that __________. animals included human are not genetically programmed to acquire certain kinds of knowledge and specific times in life. animals included humans, are genetically programmed to acquire certain kinds of knowledge and skill at specific times in life. animals included humans, are genetically programmed to acquire certain kinds of knowledge and skill through the interaction with the society.

3. Simultaneous Bilingualism takes place when _______________. children learn more than one language from earliest childhood. children learn to read and write simultaneous. people who learn another language later in life.

4. At twelve months of age the majority of babies are able to understand. Many words repeated by people around them. No words but only sounds. A few frequently repeated words around them.

5. Despite young children have little control over sounds that they produce. They can discriminate between the one language and another. They can hear differences between the sounds of human languages. They cannot hear any sound at all.

6. The smallest units of language that carry meaning are called _______________. Metalinguistic awareness. Morphemes. Wug test.

7. Which is the best explanation of the concept of the "logical problem of language acquisition"?. Children are only exposed to correct language structures. Children know more language than they hear in the environment. Children cannot distinguish between grammatical and ungrammatical sentences.

8. Language stages or developmental sequence is somewhat related to which of the following. Mastery of linguistic elements. Cognitive developmental and mastery of linguistic elements. Cognitive development.

9. Children develop the ability to understand language and to use it to express themselves in the __________ years. twelve months. three months. pre-school.

10. Behaviorists believe that __________ and __________ are very important in language development. practice / quality. imitation / practice. Positive reinforcement / imitation.

11. According to one of the Second Language Characteristic, cognitive maturity and metalinguistic awareness allow older learners to __________. overgeneralization. willing to try to use the language, even when their proficiency is quite limited. solve problems and engage in discussions about language.

12. There are some learners characteristics. One of these is that very young learners begin the task of first language acquisition without the __________ or metalinguistic awareness that older second language learners have. Developmental stages. Cognitive maturity. Pragmatics.

13. There are some learning conditions about second language learning. Read the following sentences and choose the correct one about young second language learners. Young second language learners are often allowed to be silent until they are ready to peak. They may also practice their second language in songs and games that allow them to blend their voices with those of other children. Young learners are allow to speak aloud. They may also practice their second language in computer games. Young second language learners are not allowed to be silent. They may also practice their second language in songs and games.

14. There are some learning conditions about second language learning. Read the following sentences and choose the correct one about older second language learners. Older second language learners are often allowed to be silent until they are ready to speak. They may also practice their second language in songs and games that allow them to blend their voices with those of other children. Older second language learners are not forced to speak from the earliest days of their learning, whether to meet the requirements of classroom instruction. Older second language learners are often forced to speak from the earliest days of their learning, whether to meet the requirements of classroom instruction or to carry out everyday tasks such as shopping, medical visits, or job interviews.

15. In relation to studying the language of second learners, all the time teachers analyze learner language. They try to determine whether students have learned what has been taught and how closely their language matches the __________. target language. first language. second language.

16. One of the learning conditions, that appear to be common to learners of all age is __________. to do not modify or adapted input. quality in the grammatical accuracy. exposure to modify or adapt input.

17. According the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH), which of the following was the cause of learner errors?. Students transferred knowledge of their first language to their new language. Students did not pay close enough attention to the language structure they were taught. Students did not practice the correct forms enough to make them a habit.

18. Which of the following illustrates why (CAH) turned out to be an inadequate explanation of learner errors?. Learners do usually transfer idiomatic expressions literally. Learners develop second language when they receive more input in that language. Bi-directional transfer does not always occur for every grammatical structure of two language groups.

19. Which of the following best describes the concept of interlanguage?. Techniques teachers use to directly elicit the correct word from a student. A leaner's developing second language that is systematic and also dynamic. When an incorrect structure becomes a permanent feature in a language learner's production even after prolonged exposure to the standard form.

20. Larry Slinker (1972) coined the term fossilization to refer _______________. to the fact to determine what students have learn. to the fact to predict language errors. to the fact hat some features in a learners' language seems to stop changing.

21. Instrumental motivation refers to __________. positive attitude. language learning for immediate or practical goals. language learning for personal growth and cultural enrichment.

22. The third phase "motivation retrospection" developed by Zoltán Dornyel, refers to __________. carrying out the necessary to maintain motivation. getting started and to setting goals. student's appraisal of a reaction of their performance.

23. Which of the following is the correct definition of "rate of learning". The sounds of a language that involve the melody and rhythm. The speed with which learners' progress in their language development. A style of using language that is a typical of or appropriate for a particular setting.

24. Identify and __________ affiliation can affect language learning success. willingness. ethnic group. political.

25. Which of the following is true about learner's beliefs?. The learner's progress is negatively affected by their beliefs about best ways for them to learn. There is not a mismatch between students and teacher's view. The older learners have strong beliefs and opinions about how their instruction should be delivered.

26. Complete the following sentence. __________ is easier to define and measure than personality, attitude and motivation. Age. Learning. Individual difference.

27. Complete the following sentence. Teachers must also keep in mind that _____ and _____ differences will determine the most appropriate ways to motivate students. cultural / age. learning style / age. behavior / cultural.

28. There is sample evidence that positive motivation is associated with a __________. Willingness to keep learning. Learner's attitudes toward second language abilities. Learner's self-stem empathy, dominance and talkativeness.

29. A study carried out by Norton Pierce, showed that people in __________ are reluctant to speak English. motivation in classroom. social situations. attitudes in classroom, sincerely.

30. In educational settings, learner who begin learning a second language at __________ level do not always achieve grater proficiency in the long run than those who begin in adolescence. high school. home. primary school.

31. Which of the following examples presents the correct obligatory context for the morpheme?. Yesterday, I go to visit my grandmother. (Present tense). Last night, I sleep very deeply. (Present tense). Last week, my brother rent a car. (Past tense).

32. In which second language stage of negation development would a person says the following likely to be? I don't to go to the market. Stage 1: Negative element no or not. Stage 2: Not may alternative with don't. Stage 3: Negative element after auxiliary.

33. A developmental sequence of a second language also focuses on possessive determiners, in which second language stage of possessive determiners "No use of" his or "her". Definite article or "your" used for all persons, genders, and numbers. For example: The little boy play with the bicycle. He has band-aid on the arm, the leg, the stomach. Pre - emergence. Emergence. Post - emergence.

34. Communicative Competence refers to the following. Vocabulary. Pragmatics and Pronunciation. Vocabulary, Pragmatic and Pronunciation.

35. Pragmatics is the study how language is used in context to express such things as directness, politeness. In relation to this point second language research has focus their attention on the acquisition of request in English. So, Gabriele Kasper and Kenneth Rose (2002) proposed five stages of development. Which of the following stage refers to "fine tuning of requestive force to participants, goals, and contexts"? Example: Is there any more white?. Stage 3: Unpacking. Stage 4: Pragmatic expansion. Stage 5: Fine tuning.

36. The term "Suprasegmentals" refers to: The sounds of a language that involve the rhythm, stress and intonation of the language. The study of how second language learners develop abilities to express intentions. An explanation for knowledge and learning.

37. Garner and Lambert describe two types of motivation, which are _____ and _____ motivation. integrative / instrumental. learning / styles. motivation / in the class.

38. Which of the following is a personality character?. Learning rate. Anxiety. Intelligence.

39. In relation to research on individual differences on SLA, the test and the questionnaire are both scored, and the researcher uses a statistical procedure called __________. Immersion programs. IQ test. Correlation.

40. In recent years, many educators have been influenced by Howard Gardner's (1993) proposal that: Individuals have "multiple intelligences". Individual have "working memory". Individuals have "integrative motivation".

42. Zoltán Dornyei (2001) develop a process - oriented model of motivation that consists of three phases. Choose one of the phases that are related to "student's evaluation of their performance". Motivation retrospection. Choice motivation. Executive motivation.

42. Second language learners are not always aware of their individual cognitive or perceptual learning styles, but virtually all learners, particularly older learners, have strong beliefs and options about how their instruction should be delivered. These beliefs are usually based on: The content is interesting. Previous learning experiences and the assumption (right or wrong) that a particular type of instruction is the best way for them to learn. The learning goals are challenging yet manageable and clear.

43. A research carried out by Rosemary, E (2005) explored the relationship between aptitude and affectiveness of three different types of instructions, which she called __________. deductive, inductive and structured input. deductive, inductive and memorization. deductive, inductive and correlation.

44. Research on individual differences must also take into account the _____ and _____ settings in which learners find themselves. interaction / social. personality / proficiency. social / educational.

45. Which are main variables, taken into account in research on individual difference on second language learning?. Willingness / motivation. Motivation / language proficiency. Language proficiency / personality.

46. Some researchers have hypothesized that __________ capacity may be the most important variable in predicting success for learners in many languages learning situations. working memory. grammar translation. inductive.

47. In relation to Intelligence as a variable of individual difference on second language learning, some educators have been influenced by _____ proposal that individuals have "multiple intelligences". Marjorie Wesh (1981). John Carroll (1991). Howard Gardner's (1993).

48. The MLAT and PLAB are examples of _____ test. intelligence. aptitude. motivation.

49. There are some aspect of aspects of personality that have been studied, one of this is _____. inhibition. intelligence. learning style.

50. The major difficulty in investigating personality characteristic is that of identification and _____. proficiency. measurement. competence.

51. For a long time, researchers thought of _____ as a permanent feature of a learner's personality. grammar instruction. social dynamic. anxiety.

52. Talking about learning styles, people who think that they cannot learn something until they have seen it, would fall into the groups called __________. field independent and field independent learners. visual, auditory and kinesthetic learners. deductive, inductive and structured learners.

53. Which of the following is the best definition of auditory discrimination?. a. The ability to distinguish language sounds. b. The research approach that emphasizes how the human mind processes information. c. The ability to use language in a variety of settings,.

54. Which is the best definition of integrative motivation?. a. Learning for personal growth. b. Learning practical goals. Learning for communicative competence.

55. Gardner and Lambert describe two types of motivation, which are: a. Intrinsec and extrovertial motivation. b. Instrumental and integrative motivation. c. Internal and external motivation.

56. Which of the following describes what we mean by "learning styles"?. a. The way a person prefers to learn new information and skills. b. The way a person dresses when coming to language class. c. The way a person relates interpersonally with others.

58. Which of the following is true about learner beliefs?. a. There is a not mismatch between student's and teacher's view. b. The older learners have strong beliefs and opinions about how their instruction should be delivered. c. The learner's progress is negatively affect by their beliefs about best ways for them to learn.

59. Which of the following is the best definition for integrative motivation?. a. Language learning for personal growth and cultural enrichment. b. Language learners first focus on practice for immediate speech or practical goals. c. Language learners first focus at the beginning and ending of a sentence.

59. What is the risk of early immersion in second language environment?. a. Children may have problems with reading and writing. b. Children may lose some or all of their first language abilities. c. Children may affect their motivation and willingness.

60. The fact that a student feels anxious at oral presentations in front of the second language class but not when working in oral tasks with classmates in groups, shows that anxiety is... a. Surely, a natural reaction of people with high self-esteem. b. Likely to be dynamic and dependent on specific situations and circumstances. c. A social dynamic factor.

61. What can be inferred as an assumption of people who feel that it is better to begin learning a second or foreign language at an early age?. a. It is always desirable for the learner to achieve native-like competence. b. It is possible to learn a second language at an older age. c. Adults have some advantages over children when learning a second or foreign language.

62. Early intensive exposure to a second language may produce ... a. Lost or incomplete development of the child's first language. b. A fully bilingual child. c. A fully sequential bilingual child.

63. It is a widely accepted that children are more successful language learners than adults. However the reasons for this are less well understood. Which of the follow is may be a reason fewer adults achieve the same high level of second or foreign language ability as children?. a. Adults have the same access to innate abilities as children. b. Adults are not as willing to take risks and practice their new language. c. Adults are often embarrased by their lack of mastery of the language.

64. One of the difficulties of researching learner characteristics is ... a. That the variable (i.e characteristics) are hard to measure. b. That the learner is not willing to learn. c. That the learner is exposed to language in informal setting.

65. Which of the following is likely to result in a willingness to learn and keep learning a new language?. a. A learner's need to use a language in a wide range of social and / or professional situations. b. A learner's desire to have travel abroad and use the new language. c. A learner's receive only a few hours of instruction.

66. One of the positive side of Anxiety, researchers assert that experiencing certain certain levels of anxiety before a test or oral presentation may benefit a student in the sense that ... a. It provides the right combination of motion and focus to succeed on it. b. It does not help retrieving information from the working memory. c. It provides relaxation and mental peace.

67. Which are some differences between most child and adult second language learners in comparison to native speakers?. a. Children become highly successful communicator even though there are some differences in word choice and accent. b. Children usually achieve native-like communicative abilities. c. Adults usually achieve native-like communicative abilities.

68. In order to ensure the learner's success in learning a second language, the sensitive teacher should ... a. Take learner's individual activities, tasks and material. b. Create a learning environment suitable for success. c. Use co-operative learning activities.

69. There are 3 perceptually based learning styles and two cognitive learning styles; which classroom situation would most likely result in successful language learning for an aural field dependant learner?. a. A classroom which focuses on grammatical structure taught based on behaviorist theories. b. A classroom which focuses on functions taught based on cognitivist/developmental theories. c. a. A classroom which focuses on grammatical structures taught based on innatist theories.

70. If two variables are correlated, it means that ... a. one is caused by another. b. one causes the other. c. one is influenced by the other.

71. Piaget conceived Language as ... a. Essentially internalized speech, and speech emerged in social interaction. b. Symbol system that could be used to express knowledge acquired through interaction with physical world. c. A complex system that humans developed while evolved.

72. One of the most impressive language development in the early school years is ... a. The earliest vocalizations such us involuntary crying. b. The astonishing growth of vocabulary. c. The cooing and gurgling sounds.

73. Language stages or developmental sequence is somewhat related to which of the following?. a. Cognitive development. b. Mastery of linguistic elements. c. Cognitive development and mastery of linguistic elements.

74. __________ saw language as a symbol system that could be used to express knowledge acquired through interaction with the physical world. a. Chomsky. b. Piaget. c. Vygotsky.

75. In the process of language acquisition children learn the functions of negation very early. According to Bloom's study (1991), __________. a. children express negation through embedded questions. b. children express negation through complex questions. c. children express negation through single words and gestures.

76. __________ refers to partially or completely losing the first as a second language is acquired. a. Additive bilingualism. b. Simultaneous bilingualism. c. Sustractive bilingualism.

77. The acquisition of other language features also shows how children's language develops systematically, and how they go beyond they have heard to create new forms and structures. In fact, negation is one of the first functions that children learn to express. In which developmental stage of negation "children may add forms of the negative other than "no", including words like "can't and "don't".". a. Stage 2. b. Stage 3. c. Stage 4.

78. Noam Chomsky's Innatist perspective states that: a. All human languages are innate and the same principle underlie all of them. b. Language develops in the child in exactly the same way other biological functions develop. c. Language develops primarily from social interaction.

79. The challenge of learning complex language systems is also illustrated in the developmental stages through which children learn to ask questions. In which developmental stage of questions "children use both Wh and yes/no questions such us: Are these your books? Why did you do that?". a. Stage 1. b. Stage 5. c. Stage 6.

80. The challenge of learning complex language systems is also illustrated in the developmental stages through which children learn to ask questions. In which developmental stage of questions "children are able to correctly form all questions types, including negative and complex embedded questions". a. Stage 2. b. Stage 3. c. Stage 6.

81. As children learn their first language in the 3 years there are predictable patterns in the emergence and development of many feature of the language they are learning. Which of the following best describes the determining factor for the acquisition of these features?. a. Developmental stages of the child which allows them to understand concepts such as time and therefore use language related to these concepts. b. Mastery of linguistic elements children need to use in order to describe concepts the already have in their mind. c. Learning to read gives a major boost to this aspect of language development.

82. Regarding to language learning theories, the main aspects of Behaviorist are: a. Imitation, practice and reinforcement that form habits. b. Linguistic patters and grammar rules. c. The child does not have to be taught.

83. Which seems to be true about general developmental sequences?. a. Second and foreign learners from different first language backgrounds develop language features in much the same order. b. Second and foreign learners and first language learners from different first language backgrounds develop language features in much the same order. c. Second and foreign language learners and first language learners from different first language backgrounds develop languages features in different orders.

84. There are some learning conditions about second language learners. Read the following sentences and choose the correct one about older second language learners. a. Older second language learners are not forced to speak from the earliest days of their learning. whether to meet the requirements of classroom instruction. b. Older second language learners are often allowed to be silent until they are ready to speak. They may also practice their second language in songs and games that allow them to blend their voices with those of other children. Older second language learners are often forced to speak from the earliest days of their learning, whether to meet the requirements of classroom instruction or to carry out everyday tasks such as shopping, medical visits, or job interviews.

85. __________ refers to second language instruction in which lessons are organized around subject matter rather than language points. a. Content and language-integrated learning. b. Content-based language teaching. c. Task based language teaching.

86. Which of the following best describes the concept of Pragmatics?. a. Study of how language is used in context to express such things as directness, politeness and deference. b. An ability to use language appropriately, although not necessarily completely accurately, to communicate thoughts and needs. c. A learner, developing second language that is systematic and also dynamic.

87. In which second language stage of negation "do is marked for tense, person, and number, and most interlanguage sentences appear to be just like those of the target language. a. Stage 3. b. Stage 4. c. Stage 2.

88. A developmental sequence of second language also focuses on possessive determiners, in which second language stage of possessive determiners "No use of "his or her". Definite article or "your" used for all persons, genders, and numbers". For example: The little boy play with the bicycle. He have band-aid on the arm, the leg, the stomach. a. Pre-emergence. b. Emergence. c. Post-emergence.

89. The influence of learners first language knowledge in the second language is called _____ or _____. a. interference / recast. b. transfer / interference. c. register / transfer.

90. In which second language stage of question development would a person who says the following likely to be? Question tag: It's better, isn't it. Negative questions: Why can't you go? Embedded question: Can you tell me what the date is today?. a. Stage 3. Fronting. b. Stage 5. Inversion. c. Stage 6. Complex questions.