QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCESSES IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS

A researcher wants to explain how student anxiety evolves during oral exams. What qualitative design is most appropriate?. Experimental. Bibliometric. Phenomenological. Documentary.

A linguistics student analyzes teachers' lesson plans to see how inclusive language policies are implemented. Which data source supports this study best?. Audio recordings of staff meetings. Online grammar quizzes. Archived lesson plans and teacher interviews. Open-ended student surveys.

A student chooses grounded theory to understand how learners develop autonomy. What must be done continuously?. Group testing. Summative assessment. Standardized tools. Data must be compared constantly for evolving concepts.

A school leader wants to adapt teaching strategies based on past reports from similar institutions. What method helps link past experiences to current decision-making?. Historical. Phenomenological. Surveys. Randomized trials.

In a multilingual classroom, a teacher notices students perform differently depending on the language used. To investigate this, which method ensures contextual understanding?. Literature meta-analysis. Online polls. Phenomenological interviews. Standardized testing.

The process of dialectical critique in action research enables: Elimination of emotional responses. Avoidance of conflicting perspectives. Reduction of stakeholder participation. Exploration of contradictions within practices.

A qualitative study includes mind-mapping to organize literature findings. What is the purpose of this?. Avoid traditional structure. Visually link concepts and gaps. Replace critical analysis. Limit citation use.

A master's student embeds herself in a school community for three months to study peer influence on learning. What kind of research outcome is she aiming for?. A generalized nationwide policy. An averaged numerical model. A teacher ranking scale. A contextualized understanding of group behavior.

In a rural school, a researcher participates in daily school activities and attends community meetings to understand learning barriers. This approach is best described as: Timeline observation. Survey-based interviewing. Ethnographic immersion. Experimental action research.

A team explores how pronunciation correction affects learners’ confidence. They collect repeated interviews over a semester. What makes this strategy effective?. Chronological data from participants’ own perspectives. Structured, closed questionnaires. Longitudinal statistical regression. Randomized classroom testing.

A research team struggles to align the timeline for surveys with in-depth interviews while designing a study on bilingual education effectiveness. What does this challenge reveal about mixed methods?. That integrating data types and procedures requires careful planning. That it's more useful for marketing than for education. That interviews should always precede numeric testing. That ethical reviews are usually optional.

A literature review builds a conceptual model. What’s the key benefit of this?. It avoids citations. It organizes and connects findings logically. It’s for informal learning. It’s not only about form.

When defining a topic for review, what should be prioritized?. Narrowness alone. Only personal interest. Interest, importance, and clarity guide topic choice. Popularity.

What principle of action research supports inclusive decision-making?. Collaborative resources. Controlled sampling. Reflexive neutrality. Risk aversion.

Why is peer review essential in educational research?. It’s a publishing requirement only. It’s for advertising findings. It replaces data collection. It validates findings and improves reliability.

What key advantage does qualitative research offer for marginalized voices?. Brings forward context-specific experiences. Avoids lengthy interviews. Allows generalization to national policies. Provides space for statistical normality.

A teacher evaluating a new classroom technique through personal reflection and student feedback is likely engaging in: Narrative analysis. Action research. Survey validation. Critical ethnography.

During a teacher training workshop, participants share their experiences adapting to inclusive education. A researcher collects these narratives to understand the emotional journey of educators. What is the added value of this data?. It allows comparing teaching strategies. It eliminates subjectivity from teacher accounts. It helps rate teacher effectiveness. It captures personal meaning behind professional change.

An EFL teacher wants to explore why students don't speak during group discussions despite knowing the answers. She begins to observe classroom dynamics, seating arrangements, and peer interactions. Which best describes her research motive?. To understand social behaviors influencing participation. To identify psychological disorders. To calculate average speaking turns. To prove that silence equals misunderstanding.

A school principal asks a researcher to understand why students from certain neighborhoods struggle with participation. The researcher decides to spend time in their communities, talking to families and attending events. What approach is the researcher most likely applying?. Observing and interpreting the social context of the students. Creating a predictive model based on attendance data. Asking teachers for anecdotal comments only. Designing a survey with pre-coded responses.

Which of the following best describes grounded theory?. A method to test existing theories through experiments. A statistical technique used for prediction. A review method that combines multiple studies. A strategy to generate a theory based on data collected during the research process.

In qualitative research, "saturation" refers to: The point at which no new information is emerging from data collection. Applying a saturation curve to determine sample size. Ensuring that the research is reproducible. Collecting enough numerical data to conduct statistical tests.

Which of the following is a primary characteristic of qualitative research?. It seeks to understand meaning and experience. It tests hypotheses through controlled experiments. It emphasizes large sample sizes. It focuses on numerical data and statistical analysis.

A researcher wants to explore students’ personal experiences with online learning. Which qualitative method would be most appropriate?. Experimental study. Quasi-experimental design. Meta-analysis. Phenomenological study.

Which data collection method is most commonly associated with qualitative research?. Structured observation checklists. Standardized testing. Surveys with closed-ended questions. In-depth interviews.

A case study in qualitative research usually involves: Manipulating variables to find causal relationships. Conducting randomized control trials. Applying large-scale longitudinal analysis. Analyzing a single instance or small number of instances in depth.

In qualitative data analysis, "coding" refers to: Using computer software to run statistical tests. Encrypting participant information for security. Converting open-ended responses into numbers. Categorizing data into themes or patterns.

In qualitative research, the researcher's role is often described as: A passive observer who avoids interaction. A key instrument in data collection and interpretation. A statistician analyzing correlation matrices. Completely objective and detached.

Based on the classroom interviews you conducted, students mentioned feeling anxious during oral activities. What would be the most appropriate next step in your action research?. Assign a grammar-focused worksheet. Start a new study on reading habits. Design an intervention to lower anxiety during speaking tasks. Re-interview the same students.

After completing data collection in your ethnographic study, what should your next step be?. Restart the fieldwork. Translate all notes. Write a conclusion. Begin thematic analysis and develop thick description.

Your mixed-methods data shows a mismatch between student perceptions and test results. What should you do next?. Use only the quantitative findings. Integrate findings to discuss why the mismatch exists. Report just the averages. Ignore the qualitative data.

You conducted classroom observations and noticed low student engagement. What is the next step in an action research cycle?. Drop the study. Design and implement an activity to improve engagement. Ask for test scores. Interview the school principal.

After the first phase of coding, you realize your themes are too broad. What is the next best move?. Finalize your paper. Add more codes without review. Skip the analysis section. Refine your coding scheme and recode the data.

Your narrative interviews highlight discrimination faced by bilingual students. What would be an ethical and scholarly next step?. Report only neutral topics. Hide the stories to avoid controversy. Contextualize and highlight these narratives in your analysis. Remove identifying features but ignore the theme.

You completed a focus group discussion but two participants dominated the conversation. What should be your next step?. Remove all focus group data. Conduct individual interviews to balance perspectives. Use only those two voices. Recode with only those opinions.

You have completed the triangulation process using observations, interviews, and reflective journals. What is your next analytical step?. Rewrite the original questions. Focus only on what matches the hypothesis. Identify overlapping themes and consolidate insights. Discard one method.

After identifying categories in your discourse data, you notice some align with your literature review. What should you do?. Recode everything again. Ignore the literature review. Avoid making conclusions. Highlight how your findings support or challenge prior research.

Your open-ended questionnaire generated very short answers with little depth. What next step would improve your data?. Edit the answers to make them longer. Stop collecting data. Conduct follow-up interviews for elaboration. Use only yes/no questions.

While writing your analysis, you find that some codes overlap. What is the most logical next step?. Merge codes or redefine boundaries. Remove the codes. Start over. Randomly assign codes.

After coding your participants’ narratives, a recurring theme of cultural identity emerges. What is your next step?. Ask fewer follow-up questions. Recode the data to incorporate the new theme. Ignore it and stick to original categories. Conduct a quantitative survey.

You’ve identified your major themes and sub-themes in the qualitative data. What is your next step in finalizing your report?. Add new participants. Report only the themes without explanation. Illustrate themes with participant quotes and interpretation. Skip to the references.

You completed observing three weeks of peer interaction in multilingual classrooms. What’s the logical next step?. Conduct a final exam. Begin thematic analysis. Stop collecting data. Translate observations into Spanish.

Your discourse analysis shows that teachers interrupt students frequently. What should you do next to deepen the study?. Remove those transcripts from the analysis. Interview teachers about their classroom talk strategies. Use a multiple-choice test on classroom language. Change your research questions.

Based on introspective journals, student-teachers expressed frustration with lesson planning. What’s the best next step?. Ask them to do more journaling. Create a focus group to explore those frustrations. Remove negative comments. Ignore the reflections and use textbooks instead.

You have transcribed your classroom observations and coded them. What should be your next move?. Translate the transcripts into a third language. Summarize the codes and start writing your discussion. Focus only on demographic information. Add more unrelated data.

During semi-structured interviews, you identified contradictions in what participants said and did. What should you do next?. Only report the consistent responses. Stop the analysis. Investigate the contradictions through triangulation. Discard inconsistent participants.

Your participants’ responses reveal unexpected emotional reactions to certain teaching methods. What’s your next logical step?. Focus only on grammar patterns. Conduct a vocabulary test. Reframe your analysis to include emotional dimensions. Avoid discussing emotional data.

You discover one of your participants misunderstood a key interview question. What should you do?. Clarify in a follow-up interview. Change your research question. Fabricate a new answer. Ignore their data.

Which of the following best reflects the ultimate aim of educational research?. Memorizing educational theories. Improving teaching and learning practices. Developing fictional stories. Ranking student intelligence.

How does educational research influence public policy?. By offering evidence-based solutions to educational issues. By creating statistical models only. By teaching students how to draft laws. By comparing historical legislation.

At which stage should a researcher decide on interviews, surveys, or observations?. Planning. Execution. Reporting. Conclusion.

If a researcher chooses interviews and participant observation to explore classroom behavior, which research approach are they most likely using?. Historical. Quantitative. Qualitative. Experimental.

How does grounded theory differ from other qualitative methods?. It uses numerical data for precision. It develops theory simultaneously with data collection. It avoids interviews. It focuses solely on cultural immersion.

If a researcher is unsure whether to use interviews or surveys, which part of the research process should they revisit?. Data analysis. Hypothesis formulation. Method selection during planning. Reporting.

Which action helps validate findings in qualitative educational research?. Using mathematical formulas. Inviting peer review of research results. Publishing in blogs. Removing contradictory data.

In educational research planning, what is the primary role of a hypothesis?. To report results. To guide methodology and data collection. To replace the research question. To finalize conclusions.

Why is reflection included in the reporting phase of educational research?. To summarize numerical findings. To help identify new topics for future research. To edit grammar mistakes. To compare previous research papers.

What distinguishes ethnographic research from other qualitative strategies?. Immersing in a cultural setting for extended periods. Using only historical artifacts. Focusing on theoretical models. Developing software tools.

In Crotty's framework, what does epistemology in research refer to?. The theory of knowledge involved in the study. The tools used for data collection. The choice of sample size. The ethical implications.

Which data collection method is most appropriate for a phenomenological study?. In-depth interviews. Experiments. Laboratory observation. Online quizzes.

Why might educational research avoid applying laboratory methods to historical analysis?. Historical methods require expensive tools. Events cannot be recreated or observed again. Laboratory methods are more accurate. Researchers prefer storytelling techniques.

A study exploring student motivation across several schools using open-ended interviews is most likely: Grounded theory. Ethnographic. Case study. Phenomenological.

What makes grounded theory analysis unique?. It compares data to concepts and concepts to each other. It ignores contradictions in the data. It avoids theoretical discussions. It requires pre-formulated hypotheses.

A study explores language use among immigrant families and how it reflects social integration. Instead of focusing on vocabulary use, the analysis looks at how expressions of identity emerge in conversations. What method best aligns with this focus?. Questionnaire with close-ended items. Introspective tracking of family routines. Discourse analysis. Experimental testing with control variables.

After conducting 50 interviews, the researcher notices recurring themes around anxiety and language exposure. What is the next logical step in the qualitative data analysis?. Use statistical formulas to calculate significance levels. Group the themes and begin coding them into categories. Switch to a close-ended questionnaire to confirm findings. Discard unrelated interviews to reduce workload.

A student claims their open-response questionnaire gave them richer data than expected. However, their supervisor warns them about one common challenge. What might that be?. The participants’ answers will be too emotional to analyze. The responses are not easily quantifiable and require extensive thematic coding. Open-response questions are too structured to reveal genuine opinions. Open-response questions are too structured to reveal genuine opinions.

A linguistics student decides to study how Spanish-speaking students express hesitation in English during oral presentations. Which of the following research questions would align best with a qualitative approach?. How many times do students use "um" or "uh" in a 5-minute speech?. Do students’ grades correlate with their pronunciation fluency?. What grammatical errors are most frequent in oral presentations?. How do students express uncertainty during oral academic presentations in L2?.

A researcher decides to immerse herself in a classroom for several months, participating in school activities and taking detailed notes on student interactions. What data collection strategy is she applying?. Covert observation using video surveillance to avoid influencing behavior. Structured interviews with fixed-answer questions about behavior. Introspective technique to analyze her personal emotional reactions. Participant observation to gain a contextual and experiential understanding.

A novice researcher selects a popular theory for their study without analyzing how it fits their problem. What major issue may arise in this case?. The theory may not adequately support their data collection or analysis. They can skip literature review since the theory covers all aspects. Their research will lack a conceptual framework altogether. They will need fewer interviews because the theory is already proven.

A student writing a research proposal describes the problem using technical jargon that her peers don’t understand. What principle of qualitative research communication is being neglected?. Presenting justification in complex, elite discourse. Writing in accessible, clear language for public understanding. Avoiding ethical concerns in literature review. Using broad, generalized problem statements.

During an interview study, the researcher asks each participant the same set of questions in the same order, and avoids deviating from the script. What is the main objective behind this practice?. To promote participant freedom and spontaneity in answers. To create space for introspective feedback from the researcher. To ensure standardization for reliability across participants. To reduce the need for coding and categorization later.

A research team is reviewing existing literature to justify the need for their study on EFL pronunciation teaching. What should be their main goal in this review?. To confirm their hypothesis by selecting supporting sources only. To copy the design of successful previous studies. To identify gaps and explain how their study contributes new knowledge. To impress with the number of citations.

An introspective researcher documents her evolving thoughts during the lesson planning process. According to Wundt’s framework, what is one significant limitation of this introspective method?. It doesn’t allow for creativity or emotional insight. The data lacks verifiability due to its subjective nature. The participant has to be a trained psychologist. It cannot be applied to topics that involve sensory data.

Why did the researchers choose to use more than one method?. Because repeating methods makes analysis easier. Because interviews alone are enough for this type of research. Because using different sources helps check and compare the results. Because using different tools together makes coding unnecessary.

Why did the researchers ask teachers to write in diaries?. To keep track of time spent on tasks. To make notes on teacher mistakes. To understand what teachers, feel and think—things that can’t be seen in class. To check if teachers are following rules.

What idea about knowledge matches this study's approach?. That knowledge comes from repeating the same test in labs. That knowledge is built from personal experience and how people interact. That knowledge comes from checking if laws apply to everyone. That knowledge is true only when experts agree.

The themes “teacher vulnerability” and “student resistance” suggest: That emotions and identity affect how students and teachers interact. That bilingual policies don’t work. That there were mistakes in how the interviews were coded. That the researchers broke ethical rules.

Why is overt vs. covert observation a difficult choice?. Because hidden observation gives better, unbiased data. Because hidden methods are faster and better for emotions. Because open methods need fewer permissions. Because open observation changes behavior but respects consent.

How does the interpretive approach affect the study?. It makes them avoid personal opinions to stay objective. It tells them to copy results from other studies. It asks them to help build meaning together with participants and reflect on their role. It tells them to remove all context to find general truths.

Why is coding not just technical here?. Because it turns stories into numbers like a survey. Because it makes sure all answers are counted equally. Because it lets a computer code classroom speech. Because it helps find patterns that need thinking and theory to understand.

Why don’t the researchers use a fixed plan?. Because flexible plans help them adjust to new ideas and what they learn in the field. Because they don’t need theory in exploratory research. Because fixed plans don’t follow government rules. Because it makes approvals faster.

Why do researchers focus on teacher language?. Because language helps build identity and shows how power works. Because they want to correct grammar. Because they want to count words across classrooms. Because they think language only transfers facts.

What does the study show about reflective teachers?. Their reflection helps make classrooms more open, equal, and focused on dialogue. Their reflection alone changes the school system. Students only do better if the textbook is improved. They follow strict lesson plans better.

What helps make the study trustworthy?. That it gives results for all schools in the country. That it uses random classrooms. That it compares different sources and theories to check results. That it turns themes into scores.

How do researchers work with power fairly?. They ask teachers to accept expert answers. They follow strict rules to stay in charge. They ignore power to stay neutral. They build meaning with teachers and respect their voices.

What happens if outside theories ignore local culture?. It helps them get more participants. It hides local knowledge and gives a false picture of reality. It makes the research more readable. It avoids ethical problems.

Why is journaling useful for teachers?. Because it shortens interviews. Because it lets them measure goals with numbers. Because it shows inner thoughts and feelings often missed in research. Because it checks if they follow lesson plans.

What belief supports meaning-making?. That knowledge comes from how people live and interact. That knowledge is always objective and works the same everywhere. That knowledge should never include politics. That knowledge must be tested in labs.

How does reviewing literature improve questions?. It helps connect questions to earlier research and find knowledge gaps. It replaces the need to collect data. It checks if predictions are correct. It’s only useful before the study starts.

How should we understand teacher change in reform?. As refusing to follow school rules. As using their agency to adapt rules to match their values. As ignoring institutional goals. As rejecting innovation completely.

Why use member checking?. To make them follow the research theory. To avoid writing citations. To save time. To let them confirm or challenge how their words were interpreted.

What if power is ignored in research?. The tools lose their neutral tone. The research becomes too complicated. The final report breaks APA rules. The research may repeat unfair systems and silence important voices.

Why include Spanish and Kichwa?. It’s required by bilingual policy. It shows a deeper effort to value local knowledge and resist exclusion. It makes coding data easier. It’s just for symbolic reasons.

In qualitative research, what is the main purpose of conducting in-depth interviews?. To test a specific hypothesis. To gather detailed insights into participants' perspectives. To quantify behaviors across a population. To ensure data can be statistically analyzed.

According to the video, how does research contribute to society?. By confirming biases. By challenging existing knowledge and fostering innovation. By maintaining the status quo. By limiting inquiry to established facts.

What does the video suggest is the primary purpose of research?. To prove existing theories. To gather data for statistical analysis. To explore and answer questions about the world. To validate personal opinions.

Which of the following is highlighted as a key characteristic of research in the video?. It is always quantitative. It seeks to generate new knowledge. It relies exclusively on experiments. It is limited to academic settings.

How does qualitative research contribute to the development of theories?. By testing existing theories through hypothesis testing. Through the generation of new theories based on observed data. By confirming statistical relationships between variables. Through the use of control groups and experimental designs.

Which of the following is a strength of qualitative research?. Ability to generalize findings to the broader population. Producing quantifiable and statistically analyzable data. Providing rich, detailed understandings of complex phenomena. High replicability of results across different studies.

What is a common critique of qualitative research methods?. They lack depth in data collection. They are too focused on numerical analysis. Findings may not be generalizable due to small sample sizes. They rely too heavily on statistical significance.

The video emphasizes that research is not confined to scientists. What does this imply about the nature of research?. It is an exclusive academic pursuit. It can be undertaken by anyone seeking knowledge. It requires formal training in all cases. It is only valid when conducted professionally.

Which scenario is most appropriate for choosing a qualitative research approach?. Measuring the prevalence of a health condition in a population. Understanding the lived experiences of patients with a chronic illness. Testing the effectiveness of a new drug through randomized trials. Calculating the correlation between two variables.

In qualitative research, what is the significance of 'saturation'?. The point at which data collection is complete due to time constraints. When no new themes or insights emerge from data collection. Achieving the maximum sample size possible. The stage where data analysis begins.

According to the video, what is a common misconception about research?. It is only conducted in laboratories. It always involves experiments. It is solely based on scientific methods. It cannot be conducted by non-scientists.

The video mentions that research can be conducted in various fields. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example?. Science. Art. History. Sports.

Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with qualitative research methods?. Interviews. Surveys with closed-ended questions. Focus groups. Participant observations.

What is the video's perspective on the accessibility of research?. It is reserved for experts. It is a universal tool for understanding. It is too complex for the general public. It should be restricted to academic institutions.

What does the video identify as a fundamental component of conducting research?. Relying on intuition. Seeking answers through systematic methods. Depending solely on existing literature. Avoiding new methodologies.

According to the video, what role does curiosity play in research?. It is a secondary factor. It drives the research process. It hinders objective analysis. It is irrelevant to systematic inquiry.

What is a primary characteristic that distinguishes qualitative research from quantitative research?. Use of numerical data. Focus on statistical analysis. Exploration of human experiences and meanings. Emphasis on large sample sizes.

The video suggests that research is a process of: Collecting random data. Systematically investigating questions. Asserting personal beliefs. Avoiding new information.

How does qualitative research typically approach data analysis?. By applying statistical tests to numerical data. Through thematic identification and interpretation. By calculating averages and variances. Using pre-defined coding schemes exclusively.

Which of the following best describes the role of the researcher in qualitative research?. Detached observer maintaining complete objectivity. Active participant engaging with subjects to co-construct meaning. Data collector with minimal interaction with participants. Statistician focusing solely on data computation.

An NGO evaluates teacher perspectives on trauma-informed teaching by documenting personal reflections over a semester. What dimension of narrative inquiry is evident?. Controlled hypothesis testing. Analysis of formal observations only. Recognition of evolving, time-based experiences. Mapping of policy adherence rates.

A research team observes that students respond better to instruction when teachers adjust their tone and gestures. They integrate this observation with student interview data. What methodological concept is reflected here?. Statistical control. Elimination of outliers. Triangulation of evidence. Convergent validity in testing.

While planning her thesis, a student revises her interview questions after visiting the school twice and observing teacher dynamics. This change best reflects: The flexibility of emergent design. Inability to follow instructions. Breach of academic rigor. Faulty research preparation.

When conducting a literature review, what is essential to ensure relevance?. Focus on outdated references. Rely only on local authors. Define clear inclusion/exclusion criteria. Avoid controversial topics.

A teacher wants to understand why students are less engaged in virtual classes. She decides to interview a variety of students and observe their online behavior over a month. Which qualitative strategy is best suited?. Ethnographic. Experimental. Historical. Quantitative.

A teacher's research reveals that immigrant students stay quiet not from lack of knowledge but from fear of mispronunciation. What contribution does this finding make?. A theoretical model on accent reduction. A richer understanding of affective factors in learning. Evidence to replace qualitative with standardized tests. Predictive accuracy on future language errors.

When designing a study on intercultural communication in classrooms, what must be considered during planning?. Selecting only English-speaking participants. Applying the same method in every class. Eliminating all subjective viewpoints. Theoretical consistency and participant context.

A student claiming qualitative research is unscientific because it lacks numerical proof demonstrates: Mastery of mixed method logic. Recognition of field constraints. Misinterpretation of methodological rigor. Understanding of inductive analysis.

While analyzing field notes, a researcher realizes that a student's resistance to group work is influenced by previous bullying experiences. What does this realization illustrate in qualitative research?. A failure to control for variables. The interpretive and contextual nature of findings. A need for statistical recalibration. The emergence of hidden variables.

A team wants to understand a cultural learning habit of a minority group. What method should they choose?. Experiments. Surveys. Statistical data. Ethnography.

When analyzing classroom discourse, which tool supports the development of grounded theory?. Laboratory experiment logs. Prewritten answer templates. Constant comparison of observational notes. Closed multiple-choice questions.

Why might a thematic review be chosen over a chronological one?. It fits randomly collected ideas. It avoids discussing context. It skips the need for structure. It highlights repeated ideas across studies.

In a university language program, the researcher conducts interviews with shy students and builds rapport by sharing parts of her own learning journey. What principle of narrative research does this support?. Randomized participant selection. Controlled environment. Observational detachment. Collaborative meaning-making.

A researcher collects student feedback about a new online learning tool and compares it with usage data and grades. Why might a mixed methods approach be ideal in this situation?. It prevents subjectivity in interpreting test scores. It provides insights from both user experience and performance metrics. It simplifies analysis by using fewer data sources. It restricts the data to quantifiable metrics only.

An academic uses literature reviews to create a framework for a thesis. What should be prioritized?. Systematic synthesis of previous findings. Data memorization. Popular media references. Personal opinion.

Why would a researcher choose qualitative methods to study immigrant student adaptation?. To run simulations on behavior change. To explore lived experiences in depth. To generalize findings across all districts. To implement standardized achievement tests.

A researcher chooses to live near a school community to better understand its learning practices and norms. What fundamental characteristic of ethnographic research does this reflect?. Engagement in the natural setting. Data reduction and filtering. Theory imposition from the start. Use of scripted interviews.

Why is selecting a theoretical lens early in a study beneficial?. To predict student answers. To focus classroom discussions. To reduce the number of participants. To guide interpretation of complex data.

A researcher finds that data saturation has been reached in interviews about peer interaction. What does this imply?. New themes are still emerging. The hypothesis is invalid. Further data no longer adds new insights. Data collection must continue indefinitely.

In planning a case study, what should a researcher do first to ensure clarity and direction?. Choose a data visualization software. Define the research paradigm and problem. Draft final conclusions. Conduct statistical analysis.

A researcher investigates how a bilingual child uses code-switching at home and school. What strategy is best for collecting in-depth subjective experiences?. Historical analysis. Grounded theory. Narrative inquiry. Survey research.

A teacher wants to evaluate whether a student-centered method changes engagement levels. Which approach best suits this?. Controlled experimental study. Ethnographic study of family roles. Policy document review. Action research with reflective cycles.

An ethnographer studying classroom rituals notes the significance of daily greetings and shared meals. What is the value of this information?. To identify curriculum gaps. To understand implicit cultural practices. To assess teaching productivity. To redesign the school calendar.