Quantitative

- Which step involves defining the central issue that the research aims to address?. Select the topic. Choose the theoretical approach. Establish the investigation problem. Schedule the investigation process.

- One of the main advantages of quantitative research over qualitative research is: It explores participants' emotions and feelings. It allows for easy replication in different settings or countries. It provides deeper insights into personal experiences. It uses open-ended questions to gather detailed responses.

- According to Mamia (2006), what should be considered when planning a quantitative research study?. Defining the sample size and selecting the data collection tools. Data collection techniques and statistical procedures. Selecting the topic, reviewing past research, choosing the theoretical approach, defining the problem, and scheduling the process. Research funding sources and publication strategies.

- According to Muijs (2010), what is the primary feature of experimental designs in quantitative research?. Data is collected through interviews and personal experiences. Researchers manipulate variables to observe their effect. The research occurs without any control over the environment. The researcher has no influence over the variables.

- Why must quantitative researchers obtain informed consent from participants?. To publish in scientific journals. To respect autonomy and protect rights. To avoid ethical review. To allow manipulation of data.

- Which survey type generally offers higher internal validity?. Face-to-face interviews. Cross-sectional survey. Exploratory survey. Longitudinal survey.

- What is the first step in preparing a survey according to Torres et al. (2019)?. Questionnaire coding. Data collection. Presentation of a report. Establishing objectives.

- Which of the following is a characteristic of a cross-sectional survey?. It collects data at a single point in time. It tracks changes over time. It requires long-term data collection. It identifies causal relationships between variables.

- Direct observation as a method of data collection is categorized under: Primary data collection. Theoretical framework analysis. Library research. Secondary data collection.

- What is a typical application of longitudinal surveys in health research?. To measure the immediate impact of health interventions. To analyze the effects of a new drug over several months or years. To quickly assess the prevalence of a disease. To compare the health status of two populations at a single point in time.

- According to Muijs (2010), what is the primary feature of experimental designs in quantitative research?. The researcher has no influence over the variables. Data is collected through interviews and personal experiences. The research occurs without any control over the environment. Researchers manipulate variables to observe their effect.

- Which step involves defining the central issue that the research aims to address?. Choose the theoretical approach. Schedule the investigation process. Select the topic. Establish the investigation problem.

-What type of research is conducted without manipulating the study environment?. Non-experimental. Correlational. Experimental. Traditional.

- Which method below is not typically associated with quantitative research?. Surveys. Participant observation. Experiments. Statistical analysis.

- A researcher wants to know whether the number of female university students is increasing or decreasing. Which type of research should be used?. Qualitative. Historical. Ethnographic. Quantitative.

- One key advantage of using questionnaires in quantitative research is: Ability to reach large sample sizes quickly. In-depth insight. Rich narrative data. Flexibility during interviews.

- Why are variables crucial in the construction of a survey?. They form the basis for writing precise survey questions. They help researchers avoid using questions. They serve as responses to survey questions. They eliminate the need for data analysis.

- What is meant by the 'population' in survey research?. All elements or individuals sharing characteristics relevant to the study. The number of survey responses collected. The sample size. The total number of questions in a survey.

- Which characteristic of Big Data refers to the speed at which data is generated and needs to be processed?. Variety. Volume. Velocity. Validity.

- What is a key characteristic of landing pages for data collection?. They include external links to increase traffic. They automatically redirect users to another website. They are designed with many distracting elements to grab attention. They focus on a single goal with minimal distractions.

- In educational research, what is a practical reason to use quantitative methods?. To evaluate theories through measurable data. To describe student feelings in essays. To write biographies of educators. To explore the role of myths in education.

- What philosophical stance is the quantitative research paradigm most closely aligned with?. Interpretivism. Subjectivism. Positivism. Constructivism.

- A researcher wants to know whether the number of female university students is increasing or decreasing. Which type of research should be used?. Historical. Quantitative. Ethnographic. Qualitative.

- What is the main ontological belief in the quantitative paradigm?. Reality is socially constructed. Objective reality exists independently of human perception. Reality is subjective and interpretive. Reality only exists through language.

- In experimental research, what is the purpose of hypotheses?. To measure the reliability of the data. To increase the sample size. To collect observational data. To establish a testable explanation of a phenomenon.

- What is the primary advantage of using web-based tools for data collection in quantitative research?. They eliminate the need for sample selection. They ensure more accurate results automatically. They avoid the risk of selection bias. They allow fast, large-scale information gathering.

- In which situation would a researcher most likely choose a longitudinal survey over a cross-sectional survey?. When interested in the prevalence of a condition at a specific time. When a quick snapshot of the population's views is needed. When studying the long-term effects of a treatment. When needing to study a large number of participants in a short period.

-What does validity of the information collected refer to?. Using only multiple-choice questions. Having many questions in the survey. Gathering responses from any available population. Ensuring the information reflects the truth.

- What is the main purpose of longitudinal surveys?. To gather data at a single point in time. To manipulate variables and test hypotheses. To observe changes in variables over a long period of time. To measure the effects of a single variable on behavior.

- Why is standardization in records important in survey research?. It limits the time needed for the survey. It ensures questions are subjective. It allows for randomization of results. It ensures consistency and comparability of responses.

- A study finds that students who take a new learning method perform better than those who don’t, and this outcome is not explained by other variables. What type of validity is demonstrated?. External validity. Internal validity. Constructive validity. Statistical validity.

- What does discriminant validity primarily assess in a study?. Whether the sample size is sufficient. Whether the model fits the data well. Whether constructs measure different phenomena. Whether variables correlate strongly.

- Why is it important to define clearly what you want to measure when assessing discriminant validity?. To ensure indicators align with constructs. To increase correlation among constructs. To make the AVE values identical. To shorten the survey.

- You are analyzing a dataset of student test scores using SPSS. You want to calculate the mean, mode, and frequency of the scores. Which SPSS feature would you use?. Modeler. Descriptive Statistics. Text Analysis. Visualization Design.

- "The use of interactive digital tools significantly improves math test scores among middle school students." What type of hypothesis is this?. Null Hypothesis. Alternative Hypothesis.

- A researcher is comparing journals using quartiles. What does it mean if a journal is classified as Q1?. It’s in the top 25% of journals in its field. It’s open access. It has the fewest articles. It uses only double-blind reviews.

- A reviewer uncovers major plagiarism in a manuscript. What role are they fulfilling in this scenario?. Editing the article for grammar. Preventing ethical violations. Promoting the journal. Managing author profiles.

- A researcher wants to assess both the quantity and quality of a colleague’s scientific output. Which metric should they use?. Total number of published journals. Year of first publication. Number of affiliations. H-index.

- What is the main goal of including citations and references?. To avoid paying for sources. To make the paper longer. To acknowledge authors and allow verification. To only use direct quotes.

- If a publisher requires ISO style, which detail is essential for electronic sources?. Footnoted formats. DOI or URL and access date. Only author and title. Summary of findings.

- A researcher wants to test whether a pre-defined model of self-esteem with four factors fits the data collected from a 14-item questionnaire. Which statistical technique should they use?. Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Descriptive Statistics. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA).

- You are analyzing a dataset of student test scores using SPSS. You want to calculate the mean, mode, and frequency of the scores. Which SPSS feature would you use?. Descriptive Statistics. Visualization Design. Modeler. Text Analysis.

- If a researcher needs to test the statistical power of a study involving multiple regression, which software should they use?. GPower 3.1. SPSS. Excel. R Studio.

- If a researcher needs to test the statistical power of a study involving multiple regression, which software should they use?. GPower 3.1. SPSS. Excel. R Studio.

- An author finds that their article has been cited 15 times, not including self-citations. What does this indicate about the article?. It’s too complex to be read. It has been plagiarized. It lacks originality. It is receiving recognition from peers.

- If a publisher requires ISO style, which detail is essential for electronic sources?. Only author and title. Summary of findings. DOI or URL and access date. Footnoted formats.

- Which of the following features is common to all three bibliographic managers (Mendeley, RefWorks, Zotero)?. Completely free and open-source. Only works with Google Docs. Requires desktop installation. Ability to generate citations in multiple styles.

- Which citation style is commonly used in engineering, featuring bracketed numbers?. Vancouver. IEEE. MLA. Chicago.