QUANTITATIVE VI

In which paradigm is the researcher seen as a participant in the study?. Experimentalism. Critical theory. Interpretivism. Positivism.

Which of the following best defines 'research'?. A systematic process to collect and analyze information. An opinion-based analysis. A collection of random data. A literary review.

Which are the core elements of a research paradigm?. Hypothesis, data, conclusion. Problem, objective, variable, analysis. Survey, interview, observation, questionnaire. Ontology, epistemology, methodology, methods.

What is the main goal of quantitative research?. To test and measure variables statistically. To interpret abstract concepts. To describe cultural behavior. To explore personal experiences.

What is one key feature of experimental research?. Denies empirical methods. Involves variable manipulation. Focuses on subjective interpretation. Avoids hypothesis testing.

Which level of measurement allows categorization and ranking?. Interval. Nominal. Ratio. Ordinal.

Which of the following is a characteristic of positivist research?. Manipulation of variables to establish cause-effect. Avoidance of objectivity. Focus on subjective interpretation. Rejection of numerical data.

Which type of research focuses on understanding meaning through participant perspective?. Positivist. Quantitative. Interpretivist. Correlational.

What is the purpose of reviewing the literature in a research study?. To collect raw data. To identify plagiarism. To copy previous research. To build a theoretical foundation.

What distinguishes true experimental research from quasi-experimental?. Subjective analysis. The use of surveys. Lack of hypothesis. Random assignment of participants.

What does epistemology primarily concern?. Data interpretation. Nature and acquisition of knowledge. Theory application. Reality and perception.

Which of the following is a characteristic of longitudinal research?. Data collected at multiple points over time. Single-time data collection. Focus on comparison only. Use of only qualitative data.

Which of the following best defines 'research'?. A literary review. A collection of random data. A systematic process to collect and analyze information. An opinion-based analysis.

What is a key focus of critical theory in research?. Interpreting subjective data. Testing biological processes. Collecting survey data. Transforming social structures.

Which method is commonly used in descriptive non-experimental research?. Manipulated variable testing. Controlled experiments. Statistical simulations. Surveys and interviews.

What is a latent variable?. A variable directly measured. A variable inferred from observed data. A constant factor. A dependent variable.

Why is validity important in quantitative research?. It confirms the tool measures what it's intended to. It ensures participant honesty. It avoids data duplication. It supports statistical simplicity.

Which is NOT an advantage of quantitative research?. Bias reinforcement. Anonymity. Low cost. Replication.

Which statement best reflects the goal of applied linguistics?. To create fiction based on linguistic terms. To translate ancient texts. To apply theoretical insights to solve language problems. To collect unrelated language data.

What is a major advantage of large sample sizes in quantitative research?. Provides more accurate generalizations. Lowers statistical credibility. Reduces reliability. Increases the number of variables.

Which statement best reflects the goal of applied linguistics?. To collect unrelated language data. To translate ancient texts. To apply theoretical insights to solve language problems. To create fiction based on linguistic terms.

In which paradigm is the researcher seen as a participant in the study?. Positivism. Experimentalism. Interpretivism. Critical theory.

What is an example of a dependent variable?. Test score. Age group. Teaching method. Gender.

Which is NOT an advantage of quantitative research?. Anonymity. Replication. Bias reinforcement. Low cost.

What does epistemology primarily concern?. Reality and perception. Nature and acquisition of knowledge. Theory application. Data interpretation.

Which of the following is a defining feature of a variable in quantitative research?. It cannot be measured. It is qualitative. It never changes. It takes different values in different contexts.

What is one key feature of experimental research?. Avoids hypothesis testing. Denies empirical methods. Focuses on subjective interpretation. Involves variable manipulation.

What distinguishes true experimental research from quasi-experimental?. Random assignment of participants. Lack of hypothesis. Subjective analysis. The use of surveys.

Which type of research focuses on understanding meaning through participant perspective?. Quantitative. Interpretivist. Correlational. Positivist.

Which of the following is a characteristic of positivist research?. Avoidance of objectivity. Manipulation of variables to establish cause-effect. Rejection of numerical data. Focus on subjective interpretation.

Which method is commonly used in descriptive non-experimental research?. Controlled experiments. Manipulated variable testing. Statistical simulations. Surveys and interviews.

What is one key feature of experimental research?. Denies empirical methods. Focuses on subjective interpretation. Avoids hypothesis testing. Involves variable manipulation.

What is a major advantage of large sample sizes in quantitative research?. Increases the number of variables. Reduces reliability. Lowers statistical credibility. Provides more accurate generalizations.

Which of the following is a characteristic of positivist research?. Avoidance of objectivity. Rejection of numerical data. Focus on subjective interpretation. Manipulation of variables to establish cause-effect.

Which level of measurement only allows categorization?. Ratio. Ordinal. Interval. Nominal.

Which are the core elements of a research paradigm?. Hypothesis, data, conclusion. Survey, interview, observation, questionnaire. Ontology, epistemology, methodology, methods. Problem, objective, variable, analysis.

What is a key focus of critical theory in research?. Testing biological processes. Interpreting subjective data. Transforming social structures. Collecting survey data.

Which of the following describes discrete data?. It can contain fractions. It is measurable like temperature. It includes countable and finite values. It includes any value within a range.

Which of the following is a characteristic of longitudinal research?. Use of only qualitative data. Single-time data collection. Focus on comparison only. Data collected at multiple points over time.

Which statement best reflects the goal of applied linguistics?. To collect unrelated language data. To apply theoretical insights to solve language problems. To translate ancient texts. To create fiction based on linguistic terms.

Which of the following best defines 'research'?. An opinion-based analysis. A systematic process to collect and analyze information. A literary review. A collection of random data.

Which type of reliability is tested by repeating the same measure at two points in time?. Internal consistency. Parallel-form reliability. Test-retest reliability. Inter-rater reliability.

What is the purpose of reviewing the literature in a research study?. To build a theoretical foundation. To collect raw data. To copy previous research. To identify plagiarism.

Which is NOT an advantage of quantitative research?. Low cost. Anonymity. Bias reinforcement. Replication.

Which are the core elements of a research paradigm?. Problem, objective, variable, analysis. Hypothesis, data, conclusion. Survey, interview, observation, questionnaire. Ontology, epistemology, methodology, methods.

What distinguishes true experimental research from quasi-experimental?. Subjective analysis. Random assignment of participants. Lack of hypothesis. The use of surveys.

Which of the following is a characteristic of longitudinal research?. Use of only qualitative data. Data collected at multiple points over time. Focus on comparison only. Single-time data collection.

Which method is commonly used in descriptive non-experimental research?. Statistical simulations. Controlled experiments. Surveys and interviews. Manipulated variable testing.

What is reliability in the context of research measurement?. Consistency of a measure. The precision of the data. The extent of the hypothesis. method to validate statistics.

What kind of data do quantitative methods primarily collect?. Narrative responses. Group discussions. Emotions and values. Numerical and measurable data.

Why is the visual layout important in a self-completion questionnaire?. It avoids the need for piloting. It reduces ethical concerns. It impacts response rate and clarity. It decreases the number of questions needed.

What is a challenge of using mobile devices for complex questionnaires?. They require printed copies. Interactive questions may not display properly. They enhance face-to-face interaction. They prevent automatic data analysis.

What is one major limitation of face-to-face interviews?. They don’t allow clarification of questions. They are more time-consuming and expensive. They are always biased. They cannot be used in quantitative research.

What is the risk of not piloting a questionnaire?. It always leads to ethical violations. There is no need to pilot it. Poor question clarity may lead to unreliable data. It costs more.

A respondent marks answers too quickly due to poor alignment. What could help prevent this?. Use of complex language. Frequent breaks during the survey. Clear horizontal or vertical arrangement of answer choices. Omitting Likert-scale items.

What layout element may confuse respondents if not used consistently?. Questionnaire length. Question topic. Time allocated. Font types, sizes, and emphasis styles.

What helps avoid time-consuming data analysis later?. Reducing Likert scale usage. Skipping the coding phase. Using pre-defined and consistent codes for all variables. Avoiding quantitative methods.

What does 'drop-down menu' format provide?. Drag-and-drop responses. A compact list of selectable options. An open text field. Audio feedback.

What kind of problem might proofreading a questionnaire reveal?. Incorrect phrasing, biased questions, or ambiguity. Participant error. Sample miscalculation. Coding failure.

Why should categories not intersect in a coding system?. To reduce the number of codes. To allow flexibility in answers. To make the survey more complex. To avoid confusion and ensure accurate data classification.

Why is it essential to keep questions and answers on the same page?. To test attention span. To show all questions upfront. To prevent respondents from skipping or misreading them. To increase the page count.

What helps maintain flow in a long questionnaire?. Mixing topics abruptly. Adding breaks between each question. Logical grouping and order of sections. Randomizing all questions.

What is one advantage of using software like SPSS for coding?. It helps automate and standardize data analysis. It replaces survey questions. It designs layout visuals. It collects field data directly.

A friend says: “I won’t test my questionnaire before using it.” What’s your advice?. Testing is only needed for qualitative tools. Piloting is crucial to avoid confusion and errors. Questionnaires don’t need piloting. Only expert researchers pilot.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of telephone interviews?. Excessive travel costs. Difficulty finding participants. Limited participation from people with hearing impairments. Lack of data storage capacity.

What is the purpose of an exploratory research phase before questionnaire creation?. To limit participant responses. To refine research questions and hypotheses. To reduce internet costs. To shorten the survey.

Why is quantitative observation considered “standardized”?. It relies on objective, measurable indicators. It uses interpretative notes. It adjusts to cultural differences only. It involves personal opinions.

How many items does Fowler recommend for a pilot study?. 20–50 items. Only 5 items. As many as possible. 100+ questions.

A questionnaire includes multiple items with poor instructions. What might this cause?. Higher response rates. Faster survey completion. Respondents may answer incorrectly or skip questions. Increased reliability.

Which type of question should be asked later in the questionnaire?. Sensitive or personal questions. Topic introduction. Demographic questions. General opinion questions.

What’s the ideal duration of a phone interview according to Frey (2004)?. 20-25 minutes. 10 minutes max. 60 minutes. 30-45 minutes.

How should researchers deal with long questionnaires?. Use only demographic data. Add open-ended questions early. Group questions by theme into sections. Present all questions in one block.

A researcher decides to put sensitive questions at the beginning. What risk does this pose?. It increases reliability. It may cause respondents to drop out early. It eliminates bias. It enhances trust in results.

What is a core goal of a well-written questionnaire?. To gather valid and reliable data. To use technical jargon. To ask as many questions as possible. To impress participants.

A student says: “It’s fine to ask double-barreled questions.” What should the teacher respond?. They make surveys shorter. They confuse respondents and should be avoided. They show strong knowledge. They reduce response time.

What should researchers avoid when designing questionnaire items?. Neutral tone. Simple and clear language. Double-barreled questions. Logical sequence.

A poorly coded questionnaire uses overlapping categories. What effect does this have?. It increases participant satisfaction. It supports flexible coding. It improves data completeness. It compromises data accuracy and interpretation.

What is a key characteristic of the Likert scale?. It forces ranking of all options. It uses image-based selection only. It requires open-ended responses. It measures levels of agreement or disagreement.

What kind of observation focuses on numerical data such as volume or scale?. Narrative review. Contextual analysis. Qualitative coding. Quantitative observation.

Which item is best placed early in the questionnaire?. Open-ended reflections. Relevant, general interest questions. Evaluation forms. Highly personal topics.

A student sets Likert scale questions without explaining answer methods. What is the result?. Respondents may get confused and give unreliable answers. All answers will be skipped. The results will be qualitative. Answers will be standardized automatically.

A peer says: “We don’t need to test the questionnaire before distributing it.” What is wrong with this?. Pre-testing saves money. Pre-testing helps ensure clarity and reliability. Pre-testing is optional for all surveys. Pre-testing avoids data collection.

A student writes: “Respondents can mark answers however they want.” What’s wrong with this?. It ensures equal understanding. Instructions must be explicit to ensure consistent marking. It reduces completion time. It encourages creativity.

What does “phrasing questions carefully” help achieve?. Reliable and valid responses. Higher word count. More difficult analysis. Participant bias.

What does “semantic differential” in surveys refer to?. Responding with written paragraphs. Using a five-star ranking. Choosing only one option. Rating between two opposing terms.

In research, what do beliefs act as?. Measurement errors. Independent variables. Grammar rules. Filters that shape interpretation and evaluation of information.

What is one suggestion to improve questionnaire writing?. Keep all questions vague. Include a “don’t know” option to avoid forced responses. Avoid neutral answers. Use only technical terms.

What happens if questions are ordered without logic?. It strengthens reliability. Respondents may become confused or skip items. Data analysis becomes faster. Results are automatically standardized.

What is an advantage of closed-ended questions in structured interviews?. They allow unexpected opinions. They generate rich qualitative data. They simplify data processing and reduce misinterpretation. They take longer to analyze.

What is one benefit of using a pilot study before distributing a questionnaire?. It guarantees large sample sizes. It provides statistical analysis immediately. It eliminates the need for ethical approval. It helps detect flaws in phrasing and layout.

What tool can be used to measure customer loyalty?. Likert-type scale. Net Promoter Score (NPS). Slider scale. Drag and drop tool.

What is the best strategy to verify whether a question is truly necessary?. See if it repeats another question. Check if it is long or short. Count how many people like it. Ask if it directly supports the research objective.

What are the two phases of coding in quantitative questionnaires?. Ordering topics and shortening questions. Testing items and skipping results. Categorizing items and assigning numerical values. Analyzing graphs and formatting layout.

What is a ‘forced-choice’ format in multiple-choice surveys?. Respondents can skip any question. Respondents must choose from a fixed list of options. All responses must be open-ended. Questions have only images.

A researcher wants to include all possible responses in coding. What principle is being applied?. Categories must be fixed. Scales must be long. Categories must be exhaustive. Coding must be selective.

Why should long questions be avoided in questionnaires?. They increase reliability. They help participants reflect. They confuse or tire respondents. They make the analysis easier.

What should a coding manual include?. Fonts and formatting. Interview dates. Respondent names. Instructions, code categories, and matching numbers.

What type of interview uses pre-coded, fixed-choice questions to reduce variability?. Structured interview. Unstructured interview. Narrative interview. Exploratory interview.

What should be considered when deciding how many items to include in a pilot study?. Respondents’ family background. Time, budget, and purpose of assessment. Open-ended questions only. Test repetition.

In survey design, what is a 'matrix' format used for?. Recording open responses. Drawing diagrams. Condensing several related items into one question format. Measuring IQ.

Why is a “coding frame” important?. It allows visual feedback from respondents. It prints survey instructions. It replaces the interview guide. It lists codes for unstructured data to guide analysis.

Why should Likert scale formats be consistent in layout?. To remove rating bias. To prevent confusion and enhance usability. To make surveys more artistic. To reduce the use of abbreviations.

A Likert-type item reads: “Learning a second language is beneficial.” What is this item measuring?. Grammar structure. Attitudes or beliefs. Pronunciation accuracy. Reading speed.

What type of test is used when comparing two independent samples without assuming normal distribution?. ANOVA. Pearson correlation. Student’s t-test. Mann-Whitney U Test.

Which tool helps present the relationship between codes and items clearly?. Coding schedule or manual. Question bank. Font guide. Data dashboard.

What is the advantage of using online questionnaires?. They avoid participant bias. They allow automated data collection and wide reach. They eliminate the need for sampling. They prevent technical problems.

A respondent is asked about their behavior before their opinion. What error is present?. Overuse of Likert scale. Omitting layout design. Incorrect question sequencing. Using vague language.