Spanish Second Republic and Civil War

Many Spaniards shared the idea that change was necessary at the beginning of the 1930s; therefore, they welcomed a regime that was expected, in appearance, to bury the old political boss system (caciquismo) of... Regeneracionismo. The Dictatorship. The Republic. The Restoration.

However, the... would be affected by bureaucracy, the high costs of expropriation, and the resistance of the owners affected by the reform, which would only allow around twelve thousand families to receive land in the following two years. Agrarian Reform. Labour Reform. Military Reform. Educational Reform.

In the middle-class student environment, the first fascist groups emerged. The most successful was Falange Española, founded in October 1933 by..., the son of the dictator, who had previously reached agreements for financial support with the monarchist ultra-right. José Antonio Primo de Rivera. José María Gil Robles.

The Law of Bases of the Agrarian Reform (September 9, 1932) included the creation of the Institute of Agrarian Reform in fourteen provinces and authorized expropriation with compensation, although it could not meet the demands of hundreds of thousands of peasants, who were ready for any insurrectional movement. True. False.

Azaña's regime was expected to end all the problems of the Spanish countryside through a fairer distribution of... and greater attention to its productivity, which made it urgent to pass a law to expropriate large estates and distribute them among landless peasants. production. austerity. legality. property.

No one could stop the decline of the Republican-Socialist Government, which saw how the Catholic right exploited the... of the Republic to organize a powerful mass movement from very diverse social backgrounds. anti-fascism. anti-clericalism.

Rejection of the Military Reform became clear on August 10,..., when the last director of the monarchy's Civil Guard, General Sanjurjo, revolted in Seville against the Republic. 1930. 1931. 1932. 1933.

Well defended by General..., the capital of Spain overcame the siege with the help of the first International Brigades, becoming the international symbol of resistance against fascism. The slogan "¡No pasarán!" (They shall not pass), revived by the communist Dolores Ibárruri, Pasionaria, would serve as a propaganda slogan for the Republic. Mola. Miaja.

In the Constitution of 1931, inspired by the... model, the new legality imposed the dissolution of those religious orders considered a danger to State security and the end of the budget for the clergy. American. French.

The first constituent elections provided a large parliamentary majority to the left-wing republican and socialist parties, which gave the ideological identity to... the government. the constitution.

With the abstention of the anarchists and high Catholic participation, on November 19, 1933, in its first round, Spaniards—including, for the first time, women—went to the elections, just as the economic crisis reached its highest intensity. Social unrest, poverty, disillusionment with Azaña's reforms, and the division of the left-wing parties (which ran separately) turned the Republic around. Favoured by the seat allocation system, the right-wing won an indisputable victory, shared with the center represented by the Radical Republican Party of... José Antonio Primo de Rivera. José María Gil Robles. Francisco Franco. Alejandro Lerroux.

When, in the context of international communism, the choice was no longer between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, but between fascism and democracy, the policy to follow had to be the establishment of Popular Fronts. True. False.

As the final touch to the process of legitimizing the war, the Spanish bishops addressed the Catholics of the world in July 1937 with a collective letter, written by..., explaining the religious nature of the war and the Church's position in favour of the rebels. Cardinal Segura. Cardinal Gomá.

Summary executions in the rearguard were one of the most horrific aspects of the war. They had a different character in each zone: (Match each one with its description). Republican Side. Nationalist Side.

Airplanes sent by Hitler and Mussolini (supporting the Nationalists) were already operating in the first days, bypassing the naval blockade of the Republican Navy, which was loyal to the Government. German Junkers and Italian Savoias transported about 13,000 Regulars and Legionnaires in two weeks. These forces formed the famous "..." column commanded by Commander Yagüe, which was advancing towards Extremadura. Moroccan. of death. of the nation. Franco's.

The socialist minister Francisco Largo Caballero carried out various reforms amidst rejection from employers and hope from workers. He took charge of another pending chapter, that of the... Military Reform. Educational Reform. Agrarian Reform. Labour Reform.

In the 1936 elections, the candidates of the Popular Front took the seats away from the center-right and achieved the absolute majority needed to govern. True. False.

The bombing of Guernica was carried out by the Condor Legion (German air force supporting Franco) on April 26,... 70% of the city's buildings were destroyed by the bombs and the subsequent fire. 1936. 1937. 1938. 1939.

Rejection of the new government of the Radical-Cedista Biennium triggered general discontent on the left and manifested in various riots. One of the most serious was the Revolt of..., where working-class organizations assaulted the Civil Guard barracks, took over the mining basin, occupied weapons factories, seized the capital, and created workers' communes (utopian republics with a basic administration). Asturias. Andalucía. A Coruña. Aragón.

In the Constituent Cortes of July 1931, the heat of the debates reached its highest levels when addressing the relations between the... and the State, causing the first government crisis. Agriculture. Judiciary. Treasury. Church.

Having lost all hope for an honourable peace, Colonel..., who favoured surrender, led a coup d'état against his own Government (the Republic) and put an end to the resistance policy, ordering the surrender of Madrid, where Francoist troops entered on March 28. On April 1, 1939, the war ended. Segismundo Casado. José Miaja.

In the elections for the Constituent Cortes, the Republican-Socialist alliance won an overwhelming majority in almost all provinces, with the exception of... and Navarra, where nationalists and traditionalists prevented their victory. Asturias. Galicia. Basque Country. Catalonia.

Once the rebel focus points in Madrid, Barcelona, and Donostia-San Sebastián were eliminated, the Republic maintained control over a large part of Spain and the loyalty of a good part of the Civil Guard and the..., especially the Navy and the Air Force, where its control was almost absolute. Church. Army.

... leader of the parliamentary right, died at the hands of a group of law enforcement officers who were trying to avenge the death of their companion. Lieutenant Castillo. José Calvo Sotelo.

The hierarchy of the Catholic Church received the Republic with a watchful attitude; but as early as May, the most fundamentalist sector, represented by Cardinal Segura, took sides with denominational political groups. What did this position of the Church mean?. That they did not accept freedom of worship and wanted politicians willing to support them to reach the government. That they accepted freedom of worship and were willing to share their religious space with other faiths.

The electoral victory of the republicans in the cities brought about the fall of the... monarchy. dictatorship.

At the beginning of the conflict, an International Non-Intervention Committee was created in the League of Nations, which proved absolutely ineffective in preventing international presence in the war. In military terms, participation on both sides was important: the Republic received support from the USSR and the..., and in the Francoist side, Italian and German aid would be decisive in the early days, for example, in the crossing of the Strait of Gibraltar by the troops from Africa. International Militias. Republican Brigades. International Brigades. Red Commandos.

During the start of the military uprising, from the Canary Islands, Goded flew to Tetouan to take command of the battle-hardened African army, while the uprising began in the Peninsula amidst the confusion of Casares Quiroga's Government, which lost decisive hours without taking any action. True. False.

During the Reformist Biennium, the successive governments revised the reforms of Azaña's Cabinets in a conservative direction, suspended them, or canceled them. True. False.

The reprisals of the Asturias Revolt spread throughout Spain once the biggest revolutionary movement in its history was stopped. 30,000 people were imprisoned, accused of leading or participating in the uprising; the activities of left-wing parties were restricted, and censorship was established. True. False.

Under the undisputed leadership of..., the CEDA was a very mixed group where true Christian Democrats, inspired by the social conscience of the Church, coexisted with men of the extreme right who were gradually drawn to fascism. José Antonio Primo de Rivera. José María Gil-Robles.

On October 6, the President of the Generalitat of Catalonia,..., broke with the central Government, accusing it of being dominated by forces of doubtful republican loyalty, and proclaimed the Catalan State within the Spanish Federal Republic, a formula that did not satisfy radical nationalists. Manuel Azaña. Lluís Companys. Francisco Largo Caballero. José María Gil Robles.

Read the text carefully: "The elections held on Sunday clearly reveal to me that I do not have the love of my people today (...) A king can make mistakes, and without a doubt I erred sometimes (...) I am the king of all Spaniards (...) I would find plenty of means to maintain my royal prerogatives (...) I want to step away from anything that drives a compatriot against another in a fratricidal civil war. I do not renounce any of my rights (...) treasures accumulated by History (...) I wait to know the authentic and adequate expression of the collective conscience, and while the nation speaks, I deliberately suspend the exercise of Royal Power and leave Spain (...) Alfonso, King." Which king spoke these words?. Alfonso XII. Alfonso XIII.

The Law of... (1939) had a retroactive effect from the start of the war and sent all Republican combatants who did not go into exile to prisons and concentration camps. It is estimated that as late as 1945, about 100,000 Spaniards remained imprisoned as a result of the war. In many cases, their sentences included forced labour (building railways and roads, rebuilding public works, constructing the Valle de los Caídos, etc.). The regime was, above all, a police state. National Sovereignty. Political Responsibilities. Military Responsibilities. National Justice.

The government of the Reformist Biennium, represented by Manuel Azaña, committed to the difficult task of replacing religious methods and teachers with others who supported progressive education. To do this, they carried out the following initiatives. (Select all correct options). Accreditation of religious teachers to match secular ones. Agreement to allow teaching by religious congregations. Creation of ten thousand new public primary schools. Creation of the Society of Jesus. Dissolution of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). Increase in teachers' salaries. Banning religious congregations from teaching. Better training for teachers, some trained at the Institución Libre de Enseñanza.

After the victory of the Popular Front, despite the goodwill of..., who was called to form a Government, political life failed to recover its rhythm, suffocated by the radicalism of the proletariat and the breakdown of public order. Manuel Azaña. José Calvo Sotelo.

The Second Republic is divided into three well-defined periods according to the governments that led them. Match each one with its correct timeline. Popular Front. Reformist Biennium. Radical-Cedista Biennium.

The reforms undertaken by the first government of the Republic limited and reduced the historic privileges of the elites and met the general expectations for democratic change from the middle classes and the labour movement. True. False.

The Second Republic recognized a new social and political status for women, enabling—even with major limitations—greater participation in public life: (Select all correct options). The right to engage in prostitution. The prohibition of firing a pregnant woman from her job or on grounds of maternity. The abolition, in 1935, of regulated prostitution, which turned a woman's body into a commodity. A woman's right to parental authority (patria potestad). The right to vote (Universal Suffrage). The right to dedicate oneself to motherhood and the home while being paid by the State. The right to restricted census suffrage. Co-education (mixed-gender schools).

The military uprising of..., whose objective was to seize all of Spain without facing serious resistance, had mixed fortunes and failed in the main cities. August 14, 1936. July 18, 1936. February 16, 1936. September 27, 1936.

Conspiracies against the Republic were carried out with very diverse support among the landowning and... oligarchy. The Government was aware of the situation, but its reaction was slow and timid. agricultural. industrial.

Read the text carefully: "But what matters especially is the preparation for the Constituent Cortes. The serious and effective union of all Catholics must be achieved at all costs, regardless of their personal political tendencies, in order to ensure that candidates are elected to the aforementioned Constituent Cortes who give a full guarantee that they will defend the rights of the Church and social order." Who spoke these words?. Cardinal Segura. Niceto Alcalá-Zamora. Manuel Azaña. Francesc Macià.

For the elections of February 1936, the... came forward with a fundamentally reformist, social-democratic program. It went beyond the original position of the republican left but moved away from anti-clerical obsession. Popular Front. National Block.

... founded Acción Republicana in 1925 and by 1930, while serving as president of the Ateneo de Madrid, was one of the recognized republican leaders and a signer of the Pact of San Sebastián. Manuel Azaña. Alejandro Lerroux. José Antonio Primo de Rivera. Niceto Alcalá-Zamora.

The state of war became stuck due to the positions of the leaders of both sides. Neither did Franco hurry to end the war, in order to finish shaping the conquered territories to his liking, nor did the head of Government (1938),..., want to surrender as long as he could keep an army on the battlefield, waiting for some international event to turn in his favour. Francisco Largo Caballero. Juan Negrín.

Below are the five decrees that the Reformist Government approved for the Military Reform (left). Match each one with its correct definition (right): Decree of Suppression of the Law of Jurisdictions. Decree of Loyalty to the Republic. Retirement Decree (Decreto del Retiro). Decree of the Suppression of the Military Academy of Zaragoza. Decree of Staff Structuring.

On July 12, unknown gunmen (all evidence pointing to Falangists) assassinated Lieutenant Castillo of the Assault Guard; the following day, José Calvo Sotelo, leader of the parliamentary right, was murdered by a group of law enforcement officers trying to avenge their companion's death. False. True.

On the Francoist side, as early as the summer of..., a series of military decrees returned society to previous eras, with the abolition of all social measures approved during the years of the Second Republic: repeal of agrarian reform and labour legislation; purging of civil servants; restoration of privileges to the Church; abolition of labour, educational, voting, and divorce laws, etc. 1936. 1939.

On July 17, 1936, the garrison of... revolted and declared a state of war in Morocco, triggering the mechanism that would lead Spain to war. Orán. Melilla. Tetuán. Ceuta.

The Republic made another mistake by assigning General Mola to Pamplona; there he won over the Requeté (the armed wing of Carlism) and became the director of the conspiracy. Generals... and Goded, in their assignments in the Canary Islands and the Balearic Islands respectively, had also plotted freely. Franco. Sanjurjo.

From the moment the widespread victory of the Popular Front was confirmed, various conspiracy plots against the new Government were set in motion, basically organized around the Spanish Military Union (UME) led by General José Sanjurjo from his exile in... Portugal. Germany. France. Italia.

The working-class left distrusted the Republic; the CNT fell into the hands of its most radical group, the FAI (...), while the socialist UGT marginalized moderates in favour of Largo Caballero's revolutionary theories. Iberian Anti-system Federation. Iberian Anarchist Federation. Iberian Anarchist Foundation. International Anarchist Foundation.

In April 1937, through the enactment of a decree, following some clashes between Falangists in Salamanca, the "Generalísimo" made himself the national leader of the single party which, under the name of Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS, emerged to politically group all of... Spain. Nationalist. Republican.

Regarding Francoist foreign policy, the dictatorial nature of the regime led Spain to a state of commitment to fascist regimes until 1942. Afterwards, it entered a phase of... which worsened in 1946 due to the UN's condemnation of the regime and the withdrawal of ambassadors, lasting until the 1953 agreements with the United States and entry into the UN in 1955. growth. isolation. cooperation. intervention.

In the first year of the Republic, government anti-clericalism excited popular anti-clericalism, which was deeply rooted in Spanish society; its manifestations resulted in around a hundred church buildings being burned down by anonymous 'provocadores'. False. True.

To tackle the difficult task of modernizing the Army—which had too many leaders (around 22,000 officers), poor training for soldiers, and outdated equipment that made it lose technical capacity—Azaña's government offered early retirement with full pay or moving them to the reserve, among other measures. All of this was established in five decrees. True. False.

Firm supporters of direct action and social revolution, the anarchist unions promoted and led numerous strikes, land occupations, and social unrest that Azaña had to repress harshly. For example, on January 12, 1933, in..., where anarchist day laborers proclaimed libertarian communism, besieging the Civil Guard barracks. Casas Buenas (Sevilla). Casas Chicas (Almería). Casas Nuevas (Jaén). Casas Viejas (Cádiz).

The electoral victory of the republicans in the cities brought about a change of regime that took place without bloodshed on April 14,..., following the proclamation of the Republic in Madrid, Barcelona, and other Spanish capitals. 1931. 1929. 1932. 1930.

In the weeks following July 18, the front lines stabilized in both zones and the contenders prepared for a long confrontation. Different resources remained on each side. Match each resource with its corresponding side: Republic. Rebels (Sublevados).

Several decrees on the voluntary nature of religious education, the requirement of a teacher's degree to give classes, and freedom of conscience in schools triggered protests from bishops, who appealed to the Concordat of... 1876. 1868. 1851. 1873.

The electoral results of 1936, with their subsequent celebrations of victory, triggered—from the very night of the elections—the first attempts at agreements among the losers and various maneuvers that boded ill for the Republic. False. True.

Although the theories of fascism were formulated by figures like Ernesto Giménez Caballero, José M. Albiñana and his Partido Nacionalista Español, or the founder of the JONS, Ramiro Ledesma, it only began to acquire consistency and membership starting from 1933. Falange Española and the JONS merged in February 1934. False. True.

The commitment to education was one of the main concerns of the Republican Government and resulted in a significant increase in private education centers. Its main objective was to end the 44% illiteracy rate among the population. False. True.

After July 17, 1936, within a few days, the clash between the rebels (who called themselves the Nationalists) and those loyal to the Government of the Republic turned into a civil war. True. False.

Read the text carefully and answer the question: "Madrid has known how to be Spain, the whole of Spain, which is the Spain loyal to the Government of the people. Fighting without pause against the traitors inside and the invaders outside, Madrid did not have a moment of hesitation, distrust, or cowardice; it did not even have a moment of vanity to shout 'Long live Madrid!', because it has always shouted 'Up with the people!'." To which side are these words, written by Antonio Machado, attributed?. Nationalist Side. Republican Side.

The Constitution of 1931 established... (Select all correct options). Universal suffrage (including women). A centralized State, but allowing the enactment of regional autonomy statutes. Universal male suffrage. A President of the Republic (6-year term) who enjoyed the power to dissolve the chamber twice. A democratic and secular State. A unicameral government (a single chamber). A bicameral government (two chambers). A democratic and confessional State.

Until the end of the war, Republican institutions continued to function on the basis of political plurality and with the Constitution in force, despite the limitations imposed by the wartime situation. The dynamics between the republican parties and organizations, with different positions regarding the progress of the war and subsequent political measures, caused changes in Government and sometimes bloody clashes within the Republican side itself. True. False.

The consequences of the military reform were significant: hundreds of officers were dismissed, some deported to the Sahara, prominent monarchists were detained, and several conservative newspapers were temporarily closed. A military tribunal sentenced... to death, but the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, and he was later amnestied. General Goded. General Sanjurjo. General Mola. General Franco.

From Catholic mobilization, the CEDA (...) was born in 1933, with the purpose of reforming the Republican Constitution, especially in matters regarding religion and education. Spanish Confederation of Anarchist Rights. State Confederation of Autonomous Rights. Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Dioceses. Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups.

The death of General José Sanjurjo in a plane crash on July 20, 1936, while on his way to Burgos to lead the rebellion, brought the figure of Juan Negrín to the forefront, who could only be overshadowed by figures like General Emilio Mola, who would also pass away in June 1937. True. False.

The Popular Front theory could soon be put into practice in Spain, as the loss of prestige of the Government—involved in bribery and financial scandals attributed to members of the Radical Party—would trigger the calling of elections for February 16,... 1935. 1934. 1937. 1936.

Since 1933, the ultra-monarchists had split from José María Gil-Robles and founded Renovación Española, whose promoters, Antonio Goicoechea and José Calvo Sotelo, argued that Spain's problem could only be resolved outside legal channels and with the support of the authoritarian movements succeeding in Europe. True. False.

During the Radical-Cedista Biennium, successive governments revised the reforms of Azaña's Cabinets in a conservative direction, suspended them, or canceled them. (Select the correct options). Employers, with a free hand, lowered wages and reduced the improvements achieved by workers in the two preceding years. The Church recovered its teaching activity but continued to have no access to public funds. The Church recovered its teaching activity and the receipt of public money through laws that backed it. The military regained their prominence and promoted those who were in favour of the Republic from the beginning. The military regained their prominence and promoted those who had been removed from responsibilities in the previous biennium. Employers, with a free hand, lowered wages but maintained the improvements achieved by workers in the two preceding years. The autonomy statutes were left out of the government's plans, worsening relations with Catalonia. The autonomy statutes were left out of the government's plans, improving relations with Catalonia.

Falange Española was based on the following principles: (Select all correct options). Opposed to the democratic Republic. Defender of a strong Spanish nationalism. Opposed to Marxism. Compatible with the "dialectic of fists and pistols," as its leader said. Opposed to liberalism. Defender of economic liberalism. Opposed to violence.

Attentive to the opportunity presented to them, the... welcomed the Republic, even though they considered it bourgeois, and prepared to fight for the establishment of a libertarian regime. conservatives. anarchists.

Further to the right of the CEDA, there were other groups like the monarchists who, after the failure of General Sanjurjo's uprising in August 1932, relied on the preparation of a more effective coup d'état, for which it was essential to campaign inside.. the Army. the Church.

With the ghost of an imminent Marxist revolution, the extreme right harassed the CEDA, accusing it of being soft, and..., who had gone into exile when the Republic was proclaimed, returned to take charge of the monarchist Bloque Nacional with a totalitarian program. José Antonio Primo de Rivera. José Calvo Sotelo.

The Constitution of the Republic was approved on... 1931. December 6. December 9.

In Madrid, the rebellions at the Montaña and Campamento barracks were crushed on July 20, 1936, by... and loyal soldiers. In the month of November, combat took place in the Ciudad Universitaria (University City) alongside bombings by the Francoist air force on civilian targets. True. False.

When General Sanjurjo, head of the Civil Guard, made it known that his men would not fight for the monarchy,... took the path into exile. Alfonso XIII. Alfonso XII.