An object complement is similar to a subject complement, except that obviously it modifies.
A subject An object Both subject and object.
As we know, copula and linking verbs cannot happen alone in the prdicate, they must be followed by another structure, as in the clause “We are atudents”, where the term “students” is the noun phrase that follows the copula and functions as a “subject complement”. In addition to noun phrases, other structures can function as subjbect complements as illustrated in: Gregory cries angry Gregory seems angry Gregory plays angry.
There are different… in English; they are used in speech and writing to ask questions, give commands, or make statements. Structural patterns Adverbial structures Modifiers.
Modifies in English can take different forms. For example, they can appear as: Adjectives, adverbs, nouns, among others. Nouns, gerunds, articles and among others. Conjuctions, nouns, adjectives among others.
The following patterm “SUBJECT – VERB- COMPLEMENT- He is sick is known as: Noun clause Complement of object Predicate adjective .
Complements refer to the constituent that is always required to complete sentence meaning. Choose the complement in the following example: “My son, who will be twenty next week, has got a new job” My son Who will be twenty next week Has got a new job.
7. Read this paragraph:
“Most students like the freedom they have in college. Usually college students live on their own, in the dormitory or in an apartament. This means they are free to come and go as they like. Their parents can’t tell them when to get up, when to go to school, and when to come home. It also means that they are free to wear what they want. There are no parents to comment about their hair styles on their dirty jeans. Finally, they are free to listen to their favorite without interference from parents”
Now decide of the following structures is a noun phrase: …..free to come and go …. …their favorite music … …when to come home.
Coordinating conjunctions like AND, BUT, OR join a variety of structures, and express different meanings like time connection, result, condition and others, as illustrated in “He dropped the plate of pasta on my lap and I let out a cry of pain and horror”.
Indicate the type of structures and the meaning joined by AND in the example above. It joins two noun phrases and expresses result. It joins two verb phrases and indicates result. It joins two clauses and express result.
9. In English, phrase structures are meaningful strings of words that form constituents; then phrasal constituents of different types form larger structures known as: Sentences Clauses Phrases.
10. According to phrase structure rules in English, a phrase is a string of words which expresses meaning as illustrated in the structure: He lives with his family in Miami He and his family live in Miami Lives in Miami.
Elliptical sentences consist of a complete clause + and incomplete one joined by a coordinating conjunction, as illustrated in the structure. Bob loves ice cream and Kate does too. Bob and Kate love ice cream Bob loves ice cream and Kate loves almonds.
…is a linguistic test, which provides evidence that a sequence of words forms a phrase when such sequence can be replaced for another constituent of the same type within the clause without altering its meaning. Ellipsis Transposition Substitution.
A particular string of words is regarded as a constituent only if that string of words can be conjoined with another string of the same type; for instance: Noun plus AND plus verb Adverbial phrase plus AND plus noun phrase Verb phrase plus AND plus verb phrase.
The meaning of an elliptical clause is dependent on the meaning of the main clause on the basis of the meaning of the independent clause, as in Mike loves the beach and Isabel does too. Therefore,… Taken out of context, elliptical clauses are meaningful. Taken out of context, elliptical clauses could stand alone as full clauses. Taken in isolation, elliptical clauses are meaningless.
In the sentence “The village where my parents live now has ten houses”, the noun phrase in subject position Is formed by a single noun. Is formed by an NP + a clause. Is formed by an article and a noun.
Grammatical constructions are structures of different types that perform different functions, in order to hold a conversation, write a novel, or carry out any other type of linguistic Exchange. These constructions are: Affirmative, negative and copula constructions. Clauses, phrases and words Statments, questions and commands.
In English, Copula verbs usually link the subject of a clause with a complement. The main copula verb is BE; however, linking verbs can also perform as copula as copula verbs; for example the verbs: Eat, read, teach, among others. Feel, look, become, among others Can, could, shall, among others.
Imperative constructions express a command ora n order. These constructions are characterized by the absence of an overt subject, as it is illustrated in: This car is very old. Give me that green box. There is a Green dress on the bed.
19. Typically, imperative sentences are short and simple, but they can be long, compound or complex structures as illustrated in: You should walk through this door and turn left at the next hallway. Could you leave the package at the door. Walk through this door and turn left at the next hallway.
20. The structure “Did Peter buy a new bike for his son?” has to objects; Therefore, these can be described as: Non-copula, active, interrogative yes-no, oblique object. Non-copula, active, interrogative yes-no, double object. Non-copula, passive, interrogative yes-no, oblique object.
Predicate adjectives are the complements of subjects. These subject complements appear after copula verbs, as in: Some children play in my Street every evening. That artist looks older. The economic crisis affects senior citizens in our country.
In any language. Words are essential elements for communication; they form Word classes such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, an son on. Each class of words display the same formal properties, like: Function and Inflection Inflection and Distribution Structure and Distribution.
Morpho-syntactic criteria refer basically to inflection and derivation features; while syntactic criteria refer to the position of words in any gramatical structure. One the most prominent syntactic features in English refers to… The criterion that nouns take suffixes expressing number and person. The criterion that nouns occur to the right of the main verb in an active, declarative, intransitive clause. The criterion that nouns occur to the left of the main verb in an active, declarative, clause.
An example of a syntactic feature of noun phrases in the strict Word order that they have, as illustrated in the order of words in the following string: Article, adjective, adverb, noun. Article, adverb, adjective, noun. Article, noun, adverb, adjective.
According to a common semantic criterion, nouns denote people, things or places, verbs denote actions, and… Adjectives denote manner and condition Adjectives denote states Adjectives denote location and direction.
There are two basic types of words: close and open. The group of close words contains a relatively small number of ítems and new words are not normally added. On the other hand, the open class of words contains a vast number of terms and new words can be added. They include the word categories know as: Articles, prepositions, demostratives and conjuctions. Nouns, verbs, prepositions and articles. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.
The grammatical distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs plays an important role when choosing the complement configuration a particular verb can be inserted in. For example, … The verb LIVE in the clause he lives in Bogotá in transitive because it takes a direct object. The verb BRAKE in Peter broke this glass is transitive because it is followed by a direct object. The verb WRITE in She wrote a new novel is transitive because it is followed by an indirect object.
There are several different types of collocation. Collocations can be formed by adjective plus adverb, noun plus noun, verb plus noun and so on. Identify the combination of the collocation in: The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage,as: Noun + noun Adjective + noun Adverb + adjective.
By definition, linking verbs like: seem, appear, look, and, so on, require and adjective phrase to the right, as ilustrated in: Ruth is ugly. Laura seems intelligent Samuel criticized her dress.
Lexical verbs in English impose certain restrictions on the type of noun that can occur to their left or right. For example, in the clause ‘ Paul killed his pet’,… The verb “kill” requires a patient as its subject. The verb “kill” requires an animate being as its subject. The verb “kill” requires an inanimate being as its subject.
Subordinate clauses modify nouns and verbs as illustrated in the sentence. The news that she was dead shocked us all’, which modifies … The noun news. The verb shocked. The noun phrase us all.
English, like other human languages has several types of nouns like common, proper, countable, noun-countable and collective. For example, some nouns have generic reference, that is to say, they do not name particular things, places or place. They are known as ... Common nouns Proper nouns Collective nouns.
Analyze the following sentence:
“Mike ate the bread and cheese that we left on the shelf”
Then choose the best answer including the type of subordinate clause and the reason to support your choice. “that we left on the shelf” is a relative clause because the complemetizer THAT can be replaced by WHICH. “that we left on the shelf” is a complement clause because the complemetizer THAT can be replaced by WHICH. “that we left on the shelf” is an adverbial clause because it expresses place.
Read the following paragraph
“Our memory helps make us who we are. From fondly recollecting childhood events to remembering where we left our key memory plays a vital role in every aspect of our lives. It provides us with a sense of self and makes up our continual experience of life”.
Now, identify the subordinate clause “who we are” as. An adeverbial clause A relatice clause A complement clause.
Analyze the following paragraph to identify the types of subordinate clauses contained: “He had given Laura a ten –dollar tip, far and away the biggest that she’d ever received—and Laura had Split it the next day with Billy, who almost never got tipped because people knew he was simple and no real concept of money”. Now, select the correct choice: Three relative clauses One adverbial, one complement and one relative clauses. Two adverbial clauses and one complement clause.
In the sentence That officer is interested in wether you have a driver’s license, the complement clause “whether you have a driver’s license”… Modifies the whole main clause. Modifies the main verb. Modifies the preposition IN.
Relative clauses like “which we bought” in the sentence “The farm which we bought is very far from town”, modify… Verbs. Adjectives. Nouns.
Choose the sentence that contains an adverbial clause. Elizabeth bought a new car that is very fast. James was given a great job because he has a college degree. Mathew suspects that Victoria stole his computer.
The sentence “School authorities believe that the academic level of our students is excellent” contains a subordinate clause which functions as a… Relative clause Adverbial clause Complement clause.
A subordinate clause introduced by a relative pronoun, like WHO or WHICH, is regarded as … A complement clause or noun clause A relative clause functioning as an adjective. A main clause in initial position.
A large part of the meaning of a clause or sentence will depend on the perspective shown by the subordinating conjuction. For instance, in the sentence “Jeremy took off his shoes so that he would not ruin the carpet”, the perspective of the subordinator is: Purpose Concession Time.
There are some characteristics that distinguish subpordinate clauses from main clauses; for example, relative and adverbial clauses cannot stand on their own because they do not express full meaning when they are in isolation; in addition, they only appear… As interrogative and declarative structures. As declarative constructions As imperative and declarative constructions.
One of the main characteristics od adverbial subordinate clauses is that they cannot function as subjects or objects; however,… They can posed as an essential element of the verb phrase. They can posed at the beginning or at the end of a main clause. They can occur as the argument of a predicate.
In adverbial clauses, each subordinator indicate s a differenet perspective. For example the subordinator “because”indicates reason. Therefore, what do you think is the perspective of the subordinator “as if” in the sentence “He looked as if wanted to say something” Reason Manner Purpose.
In the sentence “your father would like you tell him what the situation is”, the structure of subordinate clause “what the situation is”, has the form of… Direct question An indirect question. An affirmative structure.
In the sentence ‘ Some workers found the car which had been stolen from a garaje”, the reduced clause is… because of the complementizer “which”. An adverbial non-finite clause of “the workers found the car which had been stolen from a garage” A bare-verb, non-finite clause of “the workers found the car which had been stolen from a garage” A relative non-finite clause of “the workers found the car which had been stolen from a garage”.
In the sentence: Solutions that fulfill the complex and often seemingly contradictory requirements of nature and humankind usually require long-term ecosystem research and monitoring. The subordinate clauses is: … that fullfill the complex and often seemingly contradictory requirements of nature and humankind usually require long-term ecosystem research and monitoring. … that fullfill the complex and often seemingly contradictory requirements of nature and humankind … Solutions require long-term ecosystem research and monitoring.
In the sentence “We ate dinner where all the locals usually go to”, the subordinate clause is: A complement clause modifiying the main verb and referring to place. An adverbial clause modifying the main verb. An adverbial clause modifying the main clause referring to place.
Read the following paragraph:
“Monarch butterflies travel long distances to satay warm. They fly up to 3000 miles to the same hills, and sometimes, to the same tres looking for safe places. However, their life span is only a few months”.
Now, identify the nonfinite verbs in the paragraph above. To stay, travel, is Fly up, to stay, travel To stay, looking.
The sentence “David eats too mush trash food, doesn’t he? Shows that taq questions can only be attached to … Embedded clauses Subordinate clauses Independent clauses.
English speakers can distinguish various types of subject according to the grammatical relation it holds in a clause. Therefore, the noun phrase in subject position “Sam’s brother loves milk and cookies ” is… The possessive subject of the clause. The grammatical subject of the clause. The object of the clause .
In the sentence “The pólice found the sculpture stolen from the National Museum”, the reduced clause is An adverbial non-finite clause of “the police found the sculpture wich had been stolen from the National Museum ” A relative non-finite clause of “the police found the sculpture wich had been stolen from the National Museum ” A bare-verb non-finite clause of “the police found the sculpture wich had been stolen from the National Museum ”.
In the clause “Rolling stones down a steep hill is funny”,… The gerund clause is functioning as an adverb. The gerund clause is functioning as an subject. The gerund clause is functioning as an phrase.
In the sentence “The boy tried to putt he toy on the table”,… Both verbs forms, “tried” and “to put”, refer back to the same subject, “the boy” Only the verb “tried”refers back to the subject, “the boy”. The verb “to put” does not have a subject.
English speakers use a specific personal pronoun to refer back to all indefinite pronouns, as in: If someone is interested in the house, tell him the Price. If someone is interested in the house, give them the address. If someone is interested in the house, tell her the price.
The direct object is defined as the noun or pronoun affected directly by the action performed by the subject. On the other hand, the indirect object is … The noun or pronoun that benefies from the action described by the verb. The noun or pronoun that appears before the verb and which benefits from the action described by the verb. The noun or pronoun that occurs after a preposition and which benefits from the action described by the verb.
The… known asdirect object, indirect object and oblique object are related to the functions that noun phrases perform clauses Grammatical roles Grammatical relations Semantic roles.
English verbs are classified in several forms, but the two major classes of lexical verbs are know as… Stative and dynamic verbs. Linking and transitive verbs. Copula and linking verbs.
In the passive structure “That novel was written by this old man”, the gramatical relation – that novel- shows what kind of relation? Relation of object Relation of subject Relation of predicate.
…in English might occur immediately after the verb in a clause. Indirect and oblique objects. Direct and oblique objects. Direct and indirect objects.
Identify the subject in the following sentence:
“The most frequent reason for armed conflicts between states but also inside them are generally considered as ethnic, racial and religious differences, border and territorial disputes or power and political rivalry”.
The most frequent reasons for armed conflicts between states but also inside them The most frequent reasons The most frequent reasons for armed conflicts.
Complete: If the subject controls the structure of the tag question, which alternative is correct in this example: “You play the piano, ------” Isn’t it? Aren’t they? Don’t you?.
In Linguistic analysis, grammatical number is a category that affects nouns, pronouns and subject- verb agreement. In many languages, including English and Spanish, number categories are known as: Nominative, accusative and dative. Singular and plural Simple and complex .
Agreement is defined as a linkage between different parts of a phrase or clause. According to the definition above, the clause “This child cries all day” shows … Agreement between subject and object. Agreement between subject and verb in the simple present. Agreement between verb and the adjective phrase.
Achievement verbs like: stab, catch and wink, among others are perceived as having no duration; in addition, they might describe a series of repeated events, as illustrated in: They are running Carmen was talking Sam is blinking.
Grammatical government is a type of syntactic linkage, which is very Little productive in English; in fact, the only form of government appears in nouns and pronouns, which are marked for case, as illestrated in: Mike talked about accident. Mike asked her about the accident Mike blamed himself for the accident.
The notions of number and gender in English are not very productive. In fact, number affects only nmouns, pronouns and verbs; while gender affects a small number of nouns and their pronoun and possessive adjective forms, as in: Samuel works in a hospital. Her job is very hard. Samuel works in a hospital. He likes his job. Samuel works in a hospital. She job is very hard.
Syntactically speaking, the grammatical phenomenon know as government is very por in English. In fact, there is only one form of government that is worth to be mentioned; it is showed by … Nominative, accusative and genitive cases. The relationship between subject and verb Person, gender and number .
A text to be coherent must have a “theme” and an “end-focus”. The theme is the starting point and the and the end-focus is the closing point. In addition … The end-focus is what the text refers to. The end-focus is a bridge between two clauses. The theme is what the text refers to.
Indefinite pronouns like someone everyone, and so on, are frequently used to introduced new entities; however, they are Little difficult for speakers because they don’t identify the person to whom they refer. For this reason, speakers use a particular personal pronoun to refer back to all indefinite pronouns, as in: If anyone answers the phone, ask them about the house for rent. If anyone answers the phone, ask her about the house for rent. If anyone answers the phone, ask him about the house for rent.
The IT-CLEFT form in English can be illustrated in the sentence “It was Sunday morning when I met Bob for the first time”. This type of constrution is used to … Open a description Point to a new set of instructions Open a narrative.
Anaphors are words that are used to refer back to an entity (person, thing or place) that has just been mentioned in writing or in conversation, and which is being mentioned for a second time in the same piece of discourse. To do this, speakers use… Adjectives or nouns Verbs or nouns Pronouns.
By definition, a given entity is the persono r thing mentioned for a second time in the same piece of discourse. There are several ways to refer back to an entity already mentioned; one of them as illustrated in: Sam momed to Florida; he started new life there. Martha drives this car very fast. Martha is crazy. Jane ate a piece of cake.
In English there is a small number of distinctions such as: wife/husband, son/daughter, boy/girl, among others; which illustrate differences in … Grammatical gender Grammatical number Grammatical person.
… is a gramatical device that applies to clauses with transitive verbs; it presents events from different perspectives. Constituency Voice Mood.
A tense form that refers to an event that happened before another event in the past is known as past perfect, which is illustrated in the sentence: I had finished my homework when son arrived I have finished my reporto on time James has written a new book.
The past perfect in “Nicholas had taken the pictures by the time the ownner arrived” illustrates… An on-going action A completed action An action being performed at the momento of speech.
The simple present tense usually expresses habitual activities; however, this tense can express actual present time in a very limited number of uses called performatives, like in … Sam works in Paris You have to study more The school meeting is next week.
Tense, aspect and voice are grammatical devices used to organize texts in a coherent way. Aspect is used to indicate certain ways in which a situation or event is seen or perceived. For example in “Victoria has studied German”, the event signaled by the verb seen as: Progressive Completed On going.
80. In the structure “Rose was invited”, we are dealing with a/an: Active voice Passive voice Tacit voice.
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