Tema 2 Gramática Estudios Ingleses UNED 2017-18

Syntactically, the two main functional elements by which the single independent clause (or simple sentence) is divided. Subject. Predicate. Agent. Rheme.

Semantically and communicatively, it encodes the main participant in the clause. The subject. The predicate. The verb. The determiner.

It tends to be the most informative part of the clause. The predicate. The subject. The name. All of these answers are wrong.

Syntactic elements and structures of the clause. Subject. Predicate. Objects. Complements. Adjuncts. Verbs.

The two main functional categories which occur in post-verbal position and are syntactically and semantically required to complete the clause (being determined by the predicator). Objects and Complements. Complements and Adjuncts. Objects. Adjuncts.

Regarding the Direct Object (Od) and the Indirect object (Oi), (semantically) they encode the key participants in the event other than the subject and... the (Oi) precedes the (Od). the (Od) precedes the (Oi). there is no (Od) if there is no (Oi).

Complements... encode those constituents that semantically are not participants, but which are required syntactically and semantically. encode those participants that semantically are not constituents, but which are required syntactically and semantically. characterise or identify the Subject or the Object. encode those constituents that semantically are not participants, but which are required syntactically only.

There are two types of Complements: Subject Complement (Cs) and Object Complement (Co). Direct Complement (Ci) and Indirect Complement (Ci). First Complement (C1) and Second Complement (C2). Subject Complement (Cs) and Predicate Complement (Co).

Which elements which can be omitted without affecting the syntactic and semantic acceptability of the clause?. Complements. Adjuncts. Objects. Predicates.

Match the correct definition of the 3 main Adjuncts: Circumstantial Adjuncts. Stance Adjuncts. Connective Adjuncts.

'She will dance tomorrow in the city theatre'. What kind of adjunct is 'tomorrow in the city theatre'?. Circumstantial Adjunct. Stance Adjunct. Connective Adjunct.

'According to her, he is cheating'. What kind of adjunct is 'Acoording to her'?. Circumstantial Adjuncts. Stance Adjuncts. Connective Adjuncts.

'First, I’ll give you a present. Moreover, I’ll give you two presents'. What kind of adjunct are 'First' and 'Moreover'?. Circumstantial Adjuncts. Stance Adjuncts. Connective Adjuncts.

'He came yesterday for dinner'. What is the adjunct here?. He came. for dinner. yesterday. yesterday for dinner.

Locate the 4 criteria adopted for the classification of clause functions: Determination by the verb. Position. Ability to become the subject. Realization of these functions. Nominalisation. Coordination.

According to its potential (or valency), the verb can determine... The number and type of objects and complements that can occur in a clause. The subject. The number and type of clauses. All these answers are correct.

Match the correct definition of the 3 classes of verbs: Transitive verbs. Intransitive verbs. Copulate verbs.

A Locative Element... Is a type of complement required by a few transitive verbs such as 'put' and 'place' ('Put/place the bag on the table'). Is Predicted by many intransitive verbs of motion such as 'come', 'go', 'fly', 'drive', which can predict such meaning as Direction ('flying south') and Goal ('go to Rome'). Can be predicted by some copular verbs of 'being' such as 'be', 'remain' and 'stay' predict being in a location ('He stayed IN BED'). All these answers are correct.

The difference between a Locative and an Adjunct is... Locatives are required by the verb, while Adjuncts can be omitted. Adjuncts are required by the verb, while Locatives can be omitted. Locatives are required by the subject, while Adjuncts can be omitted. Adjuncts are required by the subject, while Locatives can be omitted.

They occur immediately after the verb, with the indirect object before the direct object when both are presented. Objects. Adjuncts. Complements. Auxiliary verbs.

They occupy different positions according to type, and are often moveable within the clause. Adjuncts. Objects. Comlpements. Verbs.

The Ability to Become a Subject is one of the four criteria for the classification of clause functions where... Objects become the subject in a passive clause. Adjuncts become the subject in a passive clause. Predicates become the subject in a passive clause. Subjects become Objects.

Match the correct explanation of every Realisation of these Functions. Objects. Subject and Object Complements. Circumstantial Adjuncts.

Match the correspondent Basic syntactic structures of the clause: S-P. S-P-Od. S-P-Oi-Od. S-P- Cs. S-P-A. S-P-Od-Co. S-P-Od-Cloc.

Which of the following statements is true?. The Subject is syntactically identified by position, concord, pronominalisation and reflection in question tags. Semantically, almost all participant roles can be associated with the subject. The Predicator is syntactically identified by position and concord and it is associated with a number of semantic domains. All these answers are correct.

Which of the following Semantic and Cognitive features about the Subject is wrong?. It is the functional category of the clause of which something is predicated. It represents the secondary participant in the clause and has the cognitive status of Topic. In basic clauses (finite, active and declarative), it has the semantic function of Agent. It can be associated with almost every type of participant role.

Which of the following Syntactic features about the Subject is wrong?. In English, the Subject is obligatory in declarative and imperative clauses, but not in the interrogative. When two or more clauses with the same subject are conjoined, it can be omitted, in all but the first one. In declaratives and wh- questions (in which the wh- element is subject), the subject is placed before the finite verb. In yes/no questions and in wh- questions (in which the wh- element is not subject), the subject is placed after the finite operator.

Which of the following Syntactic features about the Subject is wrong?. Subject pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we,…) realise the subject function whereas object pronouns (me, him, her, it, us, …) are used as Objects. The verb determines number (singular or plural) and person in agreement with the subject. Paradigmatic contrast with a present form is applied with verb forms that show no number or person contrast. Subjects determine number, person and gender agreement with the Subject Complement, and of reflexive pronouns Cs, Oi and Od.

Match the correspondent definition of all the Realisations of the Subject. Nominal Groups. Dummy 'it'. Unstressed 'there'. Prepositional phrase and Adverbial group as subject. Adjectival head. Embedded clauses. Anticipatory 'it' + extraposed subject.

Match the correspondent example of subject of all the Realisations of the Subject. Alcohol abuse can cause liver problems. It’s seventy-two kilometres from Toledo to Madrid. There were only five people in class yesterday, weren’t there?. Just over there will be a great place to sit. The elderly would like to go to the movies. What she did shocked me. It was surprising that you mentioned that.

Which of the following statements about the Predicator is wrong?. It is present in all major types of clause, including the imperative. It may be transitive, intransitive or copular. It may constitute the whole of the predicate. It is identified by its position in relation to the verb.

The function of the Predicator (P) is realised by both finite (e.g. 'sees') and non-finite ('seeing') lexical and primary verbs. Finiteness is usually carried out by... An auxiliary verb (e.g., 'has') to specify tense and voice (be + gerund/past participle) and then followed by the predicator ('is cooking', 'was cooked'). A verb in past participle. A Direct Complement. An auxiliary verb (e.g., 'has') to specify tense and voice (be + gerund/past participle) and then followed by the subject ('is cooking', 'was cooked').

Semantically, which types of processes does the Predicator (P) encode?. Material process of “doing”, Mental process of "experiencing" and Relational process of "being". Embedding and Coordination. Passivitation, Nominalisation and Coordination. The Predicator do not encode any process.

It is the most central of all constituents after the subject and predicator. Direct Object (Od). Indirect Object (Oi). Complement (C). Adjunct (A).

Which of the following statements about the Direct Object is wrong?. It occurs only in intransitive clauses with intransitive verbs ('hit', 'buy', 'send'). It goes right after the predicator, but it follows the Oi if there is one. It is typically realised by a NG ('I know the truth'), but it may also be realised by embedded clauses ('I know what you mean'). It can be ‘promoted’ to become subject in a passive clause.

Which of the following statements about the Direct Object is wrong?. They can be tested for, by Wh- questions (Who(m)? What? Which? How much/many?), but never by clefts. It is associated with several semantic roles in which ‘affectedness’ is not a feature and with many types of verbs. The highly non-prototypical Range Ods include 'have a rest', 'take a sip', 'give a kick', 'do a dance', and many others, where the NG in this cases is a deverbal noun (i.e. derived from the verb) which follows a verb that is ‘light’ in semantic content such as 'have'. Speech act deverbal nouns such as 'promise' and 'warning' are commonly used as Ods.

Mark the 5 Realisations of the Direct Object (Od). Nominal Group. Anticipatory 'it'. Prepositional Phrase. Finite clause. Non-finite clause. Phrasal Verbs. Passivisation.

The Nominal Group Realisation of the Direct Object can range from: Pronoun. Proper name to full NGs. A longer and more complex NGs. All these answers are correct.

ANTICIPATORY 'IT': On which structures is 'It' necessary as an ‘anticipatory Od’?. SPOdCo structures in which the Od is realised by a finite or non-finite clause. SPOdCo structures in which the Od is realised only by a finite clause. SPOd structures in which the Od is realised by a non-finite clause. All these answers are correct.

What type can the Realisation of the Direct Object as a Prepositional Phrase be?. Time or Place. Place. Time. All these answers are wrong.

Considering the Realisations of Direct Object as Finite Clause, what types they can be?. Nominal that-clauses and wh-clauses. Nominal that-clauses and wh-cleft clauses. wh-clauses and –ing clauses. infinitive clauses (with or wihout to) and –ing clauses.

Considering the Realisations of Direct Object as Non-Finite Clause, what types they can be?. infinitive clauses (with or wihout 'to') and –ing clauses. wh-clauses and -ing clauses. infinitive clauses (wihout 'to'). nominal that-clauses and wh-clauses.

Which of the following Syntactic and Semantic features about the INDIRECT OBJECT (Oi) is wrong?. It occurs only with verbs that take 2 objects ('give', 'send') and its position is between the subject and the predicate: 'I sent him an e-mail'. It is typically realised by a NG, but occasionally by a wh-nominal clause. It is associated with 2 semantic roles (recipient and beneficiary or ‘intended recipient’).

Choose the clause where the Oi functions as a Recipient. I’ll buy HIM the ticket. He got US a drink. She left HIM a thank you message. The doctor gave ME some prescriptions.

Choose the clause where the Oi functions as a Beneficiary. She has lent ME a few magazines. The doctor gave ME some prescriptions. Stephen Hawking is teaching THE STUDENTS physics. She left HIM a thank you message.

Which of the following Syntactic and Semantic features about the INDIRECT OBJECT (Oi) is wrong?. In passives, the Recipient Oi corresponds to the subject. Only Recipient Oi have an optional prepositional paraphrase (Op). The Oi can generally be left unexpressed without affecting the grammaticality of the clause.

Which of the following features about the PREPOSITIONAL VERBS AND THE PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT (Op) is wrong?. It is mediated by a preposition. The NG following the preposition encodes a participant in the clause structure. The preposition is associated with a particular verb (prepositional verb). Without the preposition, the clause would either be ungrammatical (*look my dog) or have a different meaning as in 'see to the kids' (attend to them), as opposed to 'see the kids'. The preposition can be replaced by another one without changing the meaning ('look after the dog', 'look for the dog', 'look at the dog').

Match the right Types of verb + preposition combinations to the correspondent definition. This combination functions as a lexical unit in which the verb + the preposition have a different meaning from their separate words. Verbs in this group are not used without their specific preposition. It represents a special use (usually with a distinctive meaning) of a verb that can function without the preposition.

When do we Strand the Preposition?. When it stays close to its verb. When it is displaced from its position in a PP. Both in passive clauses and in relative clauses. All these answers are correct.

When the NG complement of a PP becomes subject in a passive clause, the preposition... is obligatory stranded. can be stranded. Is always non-stranded. is never stranded.

Which is a Realisations of the Prepositional Object (Op)?. Nominal Groups (NG). Nominal clauses. Non-Finite -ing clauses. All these answers are correct.

Which of the following statements about the Realisations of the Prepositional Object (Op) is true?. There are various degrees of integration, from relatively integrated such as 'smile' (at) and 'wait' (for), where the verb can function without a preposition, to those that form a new lexical unit with the preposition ('look after', 'take to'). The PP following type 3 verbs such as 'smile' and 'wait' is often classified as Adjunct or as Prepositional Complement (PPC). In this grammar, it is used the term Prepositional Object for the NG complement of a preposition which can refer to a participant, different from the circumstancial PP functioning as Cloc or as Adjunct. All these answers are correct.

PHRASAL VERBS are combinations of a lexical verb and an adverbial ‘particle’ (p) ('get up', 'switch on/off', 'take back', 'sit down'...). Which of the following Syntactic features about them is wrong?. They may be intransitive, with no object, or transitive. Depending on the emphasis purposes, with a noun as Object, the particle may precede or follow the object, but if the Object is a pronoun, the particle is placed after it. Some verb + particle combinations only can be transitively.

Which of the following differences between Phrasal Verbs and Prepositional Verbs is wrong?. A pronoun follows a phrasal verb but precedes a preposition. The particle in phrasal verbs is stressed, whereas a preposition is normally unstressed. In prepositional verbs the stress normally falls on the verb. Phrasal verbs do not normally admit an adverb between the verb and the particle. In idiomatic phrasal verbs the particle is usually analysed as part of the verb ('Peter out').

Which of the following features about Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs is wrong?. They consist of a lexical verb followed by an adverbial particle and a preposition. They function like transitive verbs, taking a prepositional object in the clause. Many verbs can be followed by a PP functioning as a circumstancial Complement, and they express meanings of place, direction, times or means, being questioned by 'where', 'when' or 'how' as opposed to 'What?' or 'Who?' as is usual with Objects. There is a paralell between intransitive phrasals (like 'walk down') and single verbs of movement followed by a directional Complement ('walk down the stairs').

Which of the following syntactic and semantic features about THE COMPLEMENT OF THE SUBJECT (cs) is wrong?. It is the obligatory constituent which follows a copular verb and which cannot be made subject in a passive clause ('Who’s that? IT'S HIM/IT'S HE'). It represents a new participant, but completes the predicate by adding information about the subject referent. It can be realised not only by a nominal group but also by an adjectival group (AdjG). Several verbs can be used to link the subject to its Complement, which add meanings of transition and of perception.

Which of the following syntactic and semantic features about THE COMPLEMENT OF THE SUBJECT (cs) is true?. There is number agreement between the subject and its Complement and gender agreement with a reflexive pronoun at complement. Abstractions are equally applicable to singular or plural subjects. A third type exemplified by expressions, such as 'wool', 'cotton', 'rather an odd colour', 'the same height/length/shape', etc., can all be paraphrased by a PP with 'of' ('of wool', 'of rather an odd colour', 'of the same height', etc.). All these answers are true.

Attributive subject complements are realised by AdjGs and NGs. Identify them here as Attributive Complements (S-P-Cs). He is THIRTY YEARS OLD. Laura is A VERY LUCKY GIRL. Her work was recognised as A GREAT CONTRIBUTION.

Attributive subject complements are realised by AdjGs and NGs. Identify them here as Identifying Complements (S-P-Cs). China is ONE OF THE WORLD'S EMERGENTS ECONOMIES. Our belief is that THINGS CAN ONLY GET BETTER. She has done WHAT HE ALWAYS WANTED TO DO. The only thing I did was ASK HIM TO LEAVE. The best plan is FOR YOU TO TRY AGAIN. What I don’t like is GETTING UP EARLY IN THE MORNING. What most people prefer is OTHERS TO DO THEIR JOB.

Which of the following Syntactic and Semantic features about the COMPLEMENT OF THE OBJECT (Co) is wrong?. It is the constituent that completes the predicate when certain verbs ('find', 'make','appoint') lead us to specify some characteristic of the Direct Object. The Co is normally placed before the direct object. There is number agreement between the Od and the nominal group realising the Co. The Co can characterise the Od by a qualitative attribute or by a substantive attribute expressing the name or status of the object referent.

Nominal Co elements are sometimes introduced by... Determiners. Prepositions. Adjuncts. Auxiliary verbs.

Which of the following Syntactic and Semantic features about ADJUNCTS is wrong?. It is common to find a number of adjuncts in a single clause. Adjuncts can be added only to NG clauses, VG clauses and AdjG clauses. Many adjuncts are characterised by their flexibility as regards position. Semantically, adjuncts represent circumstances, specifications and comments of many different types which are attendant on the verb or the whole clause.

Locate the 3 main classes of ADJUNCTS. Circumstantial. Stance. Connective. Nominal. Prepositional.

Wich kind of Adjunct provides experiential details about the action or state described by the verb, and answer such questions as 'where?' 'when?' 'how?' 'why?' and occasionally 'what?' as in 'What does he want that for?' 'What did they die of?'?. Circumstantial Adjuncts. Stance Adjuncts. Connective Adjuncts.

Certain verbs predict a circumstantial element without which the clause is incomplete syntactically and semantically. This is how an ADJUNCT functions as a central clause element and becomes a Complement, which describe... (Match the correspondent example). Location in place or time. Extent in time or place. Direction and Goal. Source. Manner.

Which of the following features about STANCE Adjuncts is wrong?. They express the speaker’s evaluation or content of the message, or the viewpoint adopted. Syntactically, they use to be embeded to the clause. They are usually found before the clause or after it. They can also be placed parenthetically or between commas, within a clause or sentence.

Locate the 3 kinds of STANCE ADJUNCTS and match them with their correspondent definition. Epistemic adjuncts. Evidential adjuncts. Evaluative adjuncts. Circumstantial adjuncts. Connective Adjuncts.

Stance adjuncts can be realised by... adverbs, prepositional phrases, finite and non-finite clauses. adverbs and finite and non-finite clauses. adverbs and prepositional phrases. prepositional phrases and finite and non-finite clauses.

Which of the following features about CONNECTIVE Adjuncts is wrong?. They tell us how the speaker understands the semantic connection between two utterances, or part of an utterance, while indicating the semantic relationship holding between them. They are connectors which have a syntactical function. Semantically, many different types of connection can be expressed: additive, contrast, causal, temporal. They can function as discourse markers.