UNIT 1

Linguistically speaking, English is easier than French. TRUE. FALSE.

Linguistically speaking, English is more difficult than Italian. TRUE. FALSE.

The English lexicon is smaller than the German one. TRUE. FALSE.

Thanks to RAE, Spanish is a more flexible language than English. TRUE. FALSE.

The reasons explaining why English is the most demanded FL in the world are linguistic ones. TRUE. FALSE.

English is powerful because of its prestige as a NL. TRUE. FALSE.

According to the three Kachruan circles, English is no longer the sole property of those who speak it as a NL. TRUE. FALSE.

If we pay attention to the three Kachruan circles, L1 speakers of English are in the minority compared to the EFL circle. TRUE. FALSE.

The reasons behind the dominance of English are as old as the hills. TRUE. FALSE.

If we take into account the Outer Circle or ESL, English is the most spoken language in the world. TRUE. FALSE.

English is the new lingua franca because it is the language with most native speakers in the world. TRUE. FALSE.

The vast majority of the world population have English as their NL. TRUE. FALSE.

English is the new lingua franca because it is the easiest language to be learnt in the world. TRUE. FALSE.

If we consider those who speak it as a NL, English is not the most spoken language in the world. TRUE. FALSE.

The presence of English in our everyday lives and the objects that surround us is minimal. TRUE. FALSE.

The reasons why English is the main NL taught in Spain at a Pre-school, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary levels are linguistic ones. TRUE. FALSE.

English is employed as a FL when a Spanish person, who cannot speak Danish, uses English to communicate with a Danish friend, who cannot speak Spanish. TRUE. FALSE.

A lingua franca is a language systematically used to make communication possible for people who do not share their NL. TRUE. FALSE.

English does not borrow words from other languages. TRUE. FALSE.

English is the most demanded NL in the world because of what Myers-Scotton refers to as “the snow-ball effect”. TRUE. FALSE.

English is easy to learn because, same as Spanish, it only has 5 vowels. TRUE. FALSE.

Nobody doubts that in today’s science, business and politics, English is the main LF. TRUE. FALSE.

English started to be the new lingua franca after the end of WWI. TRUE. FALSE.

Seeing languages only in utilitarian terms is positive for maintaining language diversity in the world. TRUE. FALSE.

The term McDonaldisation, used by Patricia Ryan, refers to the desirable face of globalization. TRUE. FALSE.

For Ofelia Garcia, multilinguals are environmentally unfriendly people. TRUE. FALSE.

The terms globalisation and glocalisation are synonyms. TRUE. FALSE.

By force, the spread of ELF does have to result in a monolingual world. TRUE. FALSE.

Ofelia Garcia pointed to the necessity of cultivating language diversity in the world. TRUE. FALSE.

The term McDonaldisation is employed to express the undesirable face of glocalisation. TRUE. FALSE.

“Mind your language”, said Nelson Mandela. TRUE. FALSE.

The spread of English-only policies in today’s world might mean the end of Babel. TRUE. FALSE.

According to David Crystal, GLOBALISATION means that “people are adopting English for intelligibility and their local language for identity”. TRUE. FALSE.

In Ofelia Garcia’s view, “monolinguals are environmentally friendly people”. TRUE. FALSE.

The term GLOBALISATION was coined by David Crystal. TRUE. FALSE.

The ELF movement sees non-native English as deficient rather than different. TRUE. FALSE.

The EFL movement sees non-native English as efficient rather than deficient. TRUE. FALSE.

Native speakers of English are always intelligible. TRUE. FALSE.

EFL communication has intelligibility as its primary goal. TRUE. FALSE.

For Enric Llurda, the best image of ELF is that of a bridge. TRUE. FALSE.

The vessels metaphor suggested by Llurda represents the role of English as the sole medium of communication for those who work in international companies. TRUE. FALSE.

The bridge metaphor, created by Llurda, is better than the vessels metaphor because of the stability it conveys. TRUE. FALSE.

The main focus of EFL is acquiring English as a NL. TRUE. FALSE.

The novelty of the ELF movement is looking beyond the native-speaker paradigm. TRUE. FALSE.

Users of ELF are seen as skilled and efficient communicators even if they are not native speakers of English. TRUE. FALSE.

According to Enric Llurda, the main ELF aims are two: intelligibility and intercultural competence. TRUE. FALSE.

As claimed by Enric Llurda, the objective of ELT is talking like and talking to native speakers of this language. TRUE. FALSE.

EIL is the property of those who speak English as a NL. TRUE. FALSE.

According to the CEFR, the main goal of language education in Europe is achieving mastery of one, two, or even three languages. TRUE. FALSE.

In terms of culture, the main objective of EFL is developing learners’ intercultural competence. TRUE. FALSE.

If one wants to learn English just for pleasure, the most appropriate vessel image is that of a cruise ship. TRUE. FALSE.

The ELF movement favours a monolingual approach to ELT. TRUE. FALSE.

According to Llurda, intelligibility is the main and sole objective of ELF. TRUE. FALSE.

The vast majority of students in the MP1863 class see themselves as monolingual people. TRUE. FALSE.

EFL stands for English as a First Language. TRUE. FALSE.

The goal of EFL is talking to anyone, anywhere in the world, for different purposes and in different contexts. TRUE. FALSE.

The dominance of English in the world is not supported by most mass media that are unanimously in favour of language diversity. TRUE. FALSE.

ELT stands for English Language Techniques. TRUE. FALSE.

Our mother tongue or L1 always coincides with the first language we are exposed to since birth. TRUE. FALSE.

Patricia Ryan is in favour of intergenerational communication as a way to avoid losing our own language(s). TRUE. FALSE.

One of the pedagogical implications of the ELF movement is the inclusion of language awareness among the main goals for teaching and learning English. TRUE. FALSE.

HL stands for High Languages like English or Chinese. TRUE. FALSE.

ESL stands for English as a Secondary Language. TRUE. FALSE.

NL stands for Normal Language and means the language we mainly use in our everyday life. TRUE. FALSE.

David Crystal and Enric Llurda agree in the importance of intelligibility for EIL. TRUE. FALSE.

The main goal of ELF is getting a native-like competence. TRUE. FALSE.

English is the new lingua franca because it is everybody’s second language. TRUE. FALSE.

Multilinguals help preserve the language diversity in the world because they are able to communicate in many languages. TRUE. FALSE.

Families who speak Catalan in Salamanca constitute an endogenous community. TRUE. FALSE.

Heritage languages are not official languages in the country where migrant families learn it at home. TRUE. FALSE.

In most countries of the world, HLs are taught in schools as media of instruction, along with other languages in the curriculum. TRUE. FALSE.

Speakers of the same HL raised in the same country cannot differ in terms of their language abilities. TRUE. FALSE.

A heritage language is the one spoken by linguistic majorities. TRUE. FALSE.

Due to its condition as a world language, Spanish cannot be a heritage language. TRUE. FALSE.

Infant and Primary teachers in the Valencian Community should not get familiar with their students’ HLs because they are useless. TRUE. FALSE.

Second-generation families tend to forget their heritage language and lose their ability to use it. TRUE. FALSE.

Loss of heritage languages other than English in the USA is inevitable. TRUE. FALSE.

The terms indigenous and heritage languages are perfect synonyms. TRUE. FALSE.

All HLs in Spain are unimportant in terms of the number of people who speak those languages in the world. TRUE. FALSE.

Arabic is a HL because it is one of the least spoken languages in the world. TRUE. FALSE.

Latin and Greek are dead languages because there are no traces of them in today’s English academic registers. TRUE. FALSE.

A HL is present not only at home but also in education and in a given society at large. TRUE. FALSE.

At a global level, HLs are minority languages. TRUE. FALSE.

Spanish cannot be considered as a HL anywhere in the world because it has official status in a number of countries. TRUE. FALSE.

According to WIKIPEDIA, the term HL is used “to describe a language which is predominantly spoken by societal groups and linguistic majorities”. TRUE. FALSE.

Quechuan is a good example of an indigenous language that belongs to the category of HLs. TRUE. FALSE.

Being literate in one’s HL has proven to be beneficial when learning English as a third or additional language. TRUE. FALSE.

Being monolingual in a bilingual region like The Valencian Community is perfectly possible, because no receptive knowledge of Catalan is needed to live. TRUE. FALSE.

In Medieval Iberian Peninsula, Catalan and Valencian were two separate languages born at the same time. TRUE. FALSE.

Bilingual education is vital to respect linguistic human rights. TRUE. FALSE.

All the minority languages in Spain (i.e. Galician, Catalan, Asturian or Basque) come from Latin. TRUE. FALSE.

Mother tongue-based bilingual education is less beneficial than submersion into a monolingual alien language and culture like English. TRUE. FALSE.

In Europe, Catalan is a supra-national language. TRUE. FALSE.

Our mother tongue is the language that our mother speaks best. TRUE. FALSE.

From an ELF perspective, BANA teachers are the best. TRUE. FALSE.

A mother tongue and a lingua franca can never coincide in the same person. TRUE. FALSE.

In bilingual regions like The Valencian Community, nobody can be a monolingual, even if they mostly use Spanish to communicate on a daily basis. TRUE. FALSE.

Valencian is a Catalan variety very similar to the one spoken in Girona. TRUE. FALSE.

According to Tove Skutnabb-Kangas (1981), the best and most reliable definition of NL or L1 is the one that identifies the mother tongue with the language best known and most used. TRUE. FALSE.

It is Skutnabb-Kangas’ contention that one can have a mother tongue that s/he does not know particularly well. TRUE. FALSE.

Intelligibility is at the centre of Kachru’s model of World Englishes. TRUE. FALSE.

English is a FL in British ex-colonies like India, Singapore or Nigeria. TRUE. FALSE.

The ecology of languages paradigm was born because there are not too many languages in the world that are about to die. TRUE. FALSE.

In Spain, English can be taught and learnt as a second language. TRUE. FALSE.

Patricia Ryan is famous for having invented the term “translanguaging”. TRUE. FALSE.

The diffusion-of-English paradigm promotes multilingualism with English. TRUE. FALSE.

In Kachru’s model, ESL belongs to the expanding circle. TRUE. FALSE.

The label heritage is given to a language according to its linguistic properties. TRUE. FALSE.

The existence of exogenous communities proves that some people are multilingual by choice. TRUE. FALSE.

The diffusion-of-English paradigm is respectful with the linguistic rights of exogenous communities. TRUE. FALSE.

Everybody has only a mother tongue. TRUE. FALSE.

BANA teachers are the best to learn ELF. TRUE. FALSE.