Unit 2

In Krashen’s view, we acquire language in one way and only one way when we get comprehensible input in a high anxiety environment. TRUE. FALSE.

EFL stands for English as a Future Language. TRUE. FALSE.

According to Krashen, the best methods to acquire a language are those that force early production in the second language. TRUE. FALSE.

The four skills to learn a language are reading, grammar, listening and speaking. TRUE. FALSE.

Krashen is in favour of using lots of grammar exercises. TRUE. FALSE.

Immersion is a necessary condition to become a competent user of English. TRUE. FALSE.

Everybody learns a language the same way independently of the country where one lives. TRUE. FALSE.

There is no agreement about the age when language learning capacities start to decline. TRUE. FALSE.

Krashen was right when stating that in ESL contexts, FLA and SLA are very similar. TRUE. FALSE.

Three of the most important factors related to success in SLA are: low motivation, strong self-esteem and low anxiety. TRUE. FALSE.

The natural approach mainly consists in learning lots of vocabulary and grammar. TRUE. FALSE.

Children learn a second language better than adults because their concentration is higher. TRUE. FALSE.

Our pupils need to be competent users of EFL. TRUE. FALSE.

The natural approach by Terell and Krashen (1983) is a method for advanced learners of foreign languages based on communication. TRUE. FALSE.

David Singleton and Simone Phenninger conclude that age in isolation is a poor predictor for language learning success. TRUE. FALSE.

Listening and speaking are productive skills. TRUE. FALSE.

The main factors that guarantee success in language learning are age and intelligence. TRUE. FALSE.

Krashen thinks that conscious language learning is always better than language acquisition. TRUE. FALSE.

The main language conditions are incomplete without FEEDBACK. TRUE. FALSE.

Research shows that people who start learning a foreign language as adults cannot acquire it to a high level. TRUE. FALSE.

According to the Natural Method by Terrell & Krashen (1983), English teachers never correct their students. TRUE. FALSE.

Swain is famous for her pushed INPUT hypothesis. TRUE. FALSE.

In Krashen’s view, language acquisition is a conscious process. TRUE. FALSE.

Very young language learners (3-8 year olds) learn foreign languages (e.g. English) very easily and “in a natural way”, same as they acquire their mother tongue(s), because they are like sponges. TRUE. FALSE.

According to the natural method by Terell and Krashen (1983), in English lessons, students’ native language (s) have to be prohibited. TRUE. FALSE.

The main conditions to learn a language are just feedback and input. TRUE. FALSE.

There are direct ways in which teachers can boost intrinsic motivation. TRUE. FALSE.

SLA stands for Second Language Accuracy. TRUE. FALSE.

The natural approach favours students working individually. TRUE. FALSE.

Learning phonetics and achieving better pronunciation is easier when we are adults because we have more knowledge of the world. TRUE. FALSE.

The more comprehensible input you get, the less successful you are in learning a language. TRUE. FALSE.

Intrinsic motivation derives from outside regulation such as punishments or rewards. TRUE. FALSE.

Children are always more motivated than adults to learn a foreign language like English. TRUE. FALSE.

A clear advantage of early language learning is that it fosters positive language attitudes in children. TRUE. FALSE.

The chungo-point method is a way of promoting intrinsic motivation in ESL contexts. TRUE. FALSE.

Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation are the only types of motivation. TRUE. FALSE.

The main source of Nancy Chu’s desire to become a teacher was extrinsic motivation. TRUE. FALSE.

Instrumental motivation is typical of people who learn a language in a country where it is spoken, namely, migrants or ex-pats. TRUE. FALSE.

Integrative and instrumental motivations are not incompatible. TRUE. FALSE.

Children are like sponges because they retain information very easily. TRUE. FALSE.

Intrinsic/integrative and extrinsic/instrumental mean exactly the same. TRUE. FALSE.

The only and most important language learning condition is OUTPUT. TRUE. FALSE.

Effort is not among the characteristics a motivated student must posses. TRUE. FALSE.

According to Joanna Rokita (2006), the achievements of very young instructed L2 learners were impressive as their command of English was really high including a clear spontaneous communicative dimension. TRUE. FALSE.

Both kindergarteners and first and second graders can be fully identified with sponges because they do absorb language and also retain it. TRUE. FALSE.

In order to be effective, the chungo-point method must be presented as a game with its own rules. TRUE. FALSE.

Vocabulary is learnt much better before we are 6 years old. TRUE. FALSE.

Teaching a second language to very young children in foreign language instructed settings like the ones in The Valencian Community is always a successful process. TRUE. FALSE.

In Swain’s view, the first step to start communicating in the TL is noticing what one wants to communicate but is unable to say. TRUE. FALSE.

The most successful hypothesis formulated by Krashen was the one about the silent period. TRUE. FALSE.

Nowadays, the terms language learning and language acquisition are used almost as synonyms. TRUE. FALSE.

According to the BAF project, in the long term and after the same amount of hours or courses of instruction, younger starters will outperform older starters. TRUE. FALSE.

EFL instructional contexts and naturalistic settings where children live in an English speaking country are equally effective in terms of the provision of input. TRUE. FALSE.

As John T. Bruer puts it, WHEN we start learning a language is more important than HOW we learn it. TRUE. FALSE.

Children are better at concentration for longer than adults. TRUE. FALSE.

Learning a language can be slower and more incomplete for older learners. TRUE. FALSE.

You cannot learn a language if you are not eager and willing to do so. TRUE. FALSE.

Everybody can provide feedback in EFL learning contexts. TRUE. FALSE.

Explicit learning through grammar, reading and writing is available for three to eight- year-old children. TRUE. FALSE.

Research shows that phonetics is learnt much better after puberty. TRUE. FALSE.

When you are learning a foreign language like English, context does not matter. TRUE. FALSE.

Intrinsic motivation can be fostered in the language classroom through rewards. TRUE. FALSE.

In ESL contexts, English is only learnt as a school subject. TRUE. FALSE.

Intrinsic motivation is connected with learner autonomy. TRUE. FALSE.

Bringing guest speakers to the language class is a good way of promoting intrinsic motivation. TRUE. FALSE.

Very young language learners (3-8 year olds) are not like sponges because they learn very quickly but also forget easily. TRUE. FALSE.

The use of realia is a good technique to promote extrinsic motivation. TRUE. FALSE.

EFL stands for English For Life. TRUE. FALSE.

Krashen believes that talking a language is different from practising it. TRUE. FALSE.

The chungo-point method was designed to promote extrinsic motivation in ESL naturalistic contexts. TRUE. FALSE.

According to Moon (2000), the ideal situation to learn English should include frequent, varied and comprehensible input, a real need for English with opportunities to speak it and lots of feedback. TRUE. FALSE.

The three pillars to successful language learning are confidence, high aptitude and strong motivation. TRUE. FALSE.

The appeal of the Natural Approach can be explained by the identification of this method with acquiring English with no effort. TRUE. FALSE.

Zero anxiety is one of the strongest points in the Natural Method. TRUE. FALSE.

According to Corder (1967), INPUT and INTAKE are the same. TRUE. FALSE.

In Krashen’s SLA theory, implicit and conscious are synonyms. TRUE. FALSE.

Intrinsic motivation can be defined as the desire to come closer to the community who speak the TL we want to learn. TRUE. FALSE.

Krashen is a huge fan of the reading skill. TRUE. FALSE.

For Gregersen & MacIntyre (2014) there is no doubt about HOW motivation contributes to successful language learning and about WHERE motivation comes from. TRUE. FALSE.

Integrative motivation is available for Valencian students thanks to ICTs. TRUE. FALSE.

eTwinning projects are not appropriate for students with Special Needs. TRUE. FALSE.

According to very important scholars like DeKeyser, implicit acquisition processes require massive amounts of input that only a total immersion program in the TL can provide. TRUE. FALSE.

Professor David Singleton believes that early learning of English ensures children’s success in their later educational and professional careers. TRUE. FALSE.

Teaching English to very young language learners is unsuccessful when input is poor. TRUE. FALSE.

The benefits of immersion depend on how much visitors talk to native speakers when staying an English-speaking country. TRUE. FALSE.

The explosion of commercial language schools in Spain is based on the sponge myth. TRUE. FALSE.

Adults’ brains are more adaptable and better at making new brain connections than children’s. TRUE. FALSE.

The case of Nancy Chu proves that intrinsic motivation is not a good predictor for language success. TRUE. FLASE.

One of the strongest points of the Natural Approach is Krashen’s emphasis on comprehensible input techniques such as visual aids, gestures or cognates. TRUE. FALSE.

Getting good grades is a clear example of extrinsic motivation. TRUE. FALSE.

In Krashen’s SLA theory, a silent period is pathological, it is not normal. TRUE. FALSE.

According to developmental psychology, children find difficulties in retaining the language knowledge they seem to have picked up so easily. TRUE. FALSE.

Very young language learners have to learn language explicitly. TRUE. FALSE.

The main language learning conditions are very similar in both ESL and EFL contexts. TRUE. FALSE.

In Spain, English is taught and learnt as a second language. TRUE. FALSE.

We acquire our L1 explicitly by interacting with our caregivers. TRUE. FALSE.

Krashen is the first scholar who paid attention to the different types of instructional contexts where English can be learnt. TRUE. FALSE.

The chungo-point method motivates Spanish students to talk and to think in the TL. TRUE. FALSE.

Krashen bases his SLA theory on the importance of OUTPUT. TRUE. FALSE.

In most of the Primary English classes where the chungo-point was first implemented, oral skills were underdeveloped in favour of reading and writing. TRUE. FALSE.

Early language learning is beneficial to learn vocabulary. TRUE. FALSE.

The Natural Method is not about speaking. TRUE. FALSE.

In stay abroad periods, intensity of the interaction with native speakers is more determinant than the length of residence in the English speaking country. TRUE. FALSE.

Older learners can benefit more from instructional settings where the main focus is put on explicit learning, that is, on knowledge about the language. TRUE. FALSE.

Younger learners are much more aware of their learning styles and, hence, can make the most of learning techniques like mnemonics. TRUE. FALSE.

Krashen was wrong when defending zero anxiety because students’ lack of attention can result in demotivation. TRUE. FALSE.

The Natural Method can be equated to a “just listen and read approach”. TRUE. FALSE.

To Susan Gass (1988), comprehended input is as important as comprehensible input is. TRUE. FALSE.

Thanks to Richard Schmidt (1990), we know that language acquisition can also be a conscious process. TRUE. FALSE.

Noticing also plays an important rule in Swain’s output hypothesis. TRUE. FALSE.

Before Bobby Norton’s research on migrant women in Canada, the notion of motivation has been based on a psychological individual construct. TRUE. FALSE.

Gardner’s socio-educational model of integrative motivation fails to consider the impact of the language community’s negative attitudes towards migrant populations. TRUE. FALSE.

Globalisation does affect the traditional concept of integrative motivation stated by Gardner. TRUE. FALSE.

According to Schmidt, in order to understand input, learners need to notice the language forms they are exposed to. TRUE. FALSE.

To Krashen, language acquisition and language learning are the same. TRUE. FALSE.

In the early stages of language acquisition, lexis is more important than grammar. TRUE. FALSE.

To David Singleton, with motivation and perseverance, learning English is possible at any age. TRUE. FALSE.

In Krashen’s SLA theory, receptive skills are much more important than productive skills. TRUE. FALSE.

In the Natural Method, the teacher corrects your mistakes. TRUE. FALSE.

Krashen states that learning a language by practising it with grammar or drilling exercises is ineffective. TRUE. FALSE.

One of the weak points of the Natural Approach is that productive skills are not taken into consideration. TRUE. FALSE.

The Natural Method is not appropriate for beginners. TRUE. FALSE.

The latest models of motivation (e.g. Ushioda, 2009) conceive it as a static phenomenon that can be investigated without paying attention to context. TRUE. FALSE.

According to Hermann’s (1980) resultative hypothesis, motivation is the cause of academic success. TRUE. FALSE.