Variaciones fonético-fonológicas de la lengua inglesa (2C)

How is the phonetic realization of the vowel /i:/ in AE?. The AE vowel is slightly diphthongised in broader accents. The AE vowel does not present relevant differences. The AE vowel is slightly monophthongised than its RP counterpart.

How is the phonetic realization of the vowel /ɪ/ in GA?. The same phonemic symbol but in GA ten to be opener, or even slightly diphthonguised. No relevant differences between GA and RP. The GA vowel is is closer and higher than its RP counterpart.

Relate the phonemic symbol /ɑ:/ to its different realizations. /ɑ:/ in GA. /ɑ:/ in SIE. /ɑ:/ in AE.

Put together. The /ɒ/ vowel in GA. The /ɒ/ vowel in SIE. The /ɒ/ vowel in AE.

Put together. The vowel /ɔ:/ in GA. The vowel /ɔ:/ in SIE. The vowel /ɔ:/ in AE.

Put together. /ʊ/ in GA. /ʊ/ in SIE. /ʊ/ in AE.

Put together. The /u:/ vowel in GA. The /u:/ vowel in SIE. The /u:/ vowel in AE.

Put together. The vowel /ɜ:/ in GA. The vowel /ɜ:/ in SIE. The vowel /ɜ:/ in AE.

Put together. The vowel /ə/ in GA. The vowel /ə/ in SIE. The vowel /ə/ in AE.

Put together. /aɪ/ in GA. /aɪ/ in SIE. /aɪ/ in AE.

Put together. /eɪ/ in GA. /eɪ/ in SIE. /eɪ/ in AE.

Put together. /ɔɪ/ in GA. /ɔɪ/ in SIE. /ɔɪ/ in AE.

Put together. /aʊ/ in GA. /aʊ/ in SIE. /aʊ/ in AE.

Put together. /əʊ/ in GA. /əʊ/ in SIE. /əʊ/ in AE.

Put together. /ɪə/ in GA. /ɪə/ in SIE. /ɪə/ in AE.

Put together. /eə/ in GA. /eə/ in SIE. /eə/ in AE.

Put together. /ʊə/ in GA. /ʊə/ in SIE. /ʊə/ in AE.

The /æ/ is being lenghtened and move upwards (that's closer) in: GA. SIE. RP. Aussie.

The /ɑ:/ is usually more advanced or centralised that its RP counterpart. SIE. RP. GA. Aussie.

The /ɒ/ is closer and with higher quality than its RP counterpart. Aussie. GA. SIE.

The /aɪ/ diphthong is usually more central than that of RP, especially the starting point. SIE. Aussie. GA.

the treatment of the contrasts /t/-/θ/ and /d/-/ð/ is typical of: SIE. AUSSIE. GA. RP.

The presence of the phoneme /ʍ/ in wh-words (like in what), which leads to a new phonological contrast between /w/ and /ʍ/ (witch vs. which) is typical of: SIE. RP. AUSSIE.

Voiceless plosives are released and aspirated in final position, as in lip [ph]. Also, they are pronounced without glottal reinforcement (or glottalisation), in word- and syllable-final positions. In other words, a glottal stop ([Ɂ]) is not inserted before the oral closure of the voiceless plosives. These are phonetic features of: SIE. RP. GA. AUSSIE.

What is glottal reinforcement?. a glottal stop ([Ɂ]) is not inserted before the oral closure of the voiceless plosives. a glottal stop ([Ɂ]) is inserted before the oral closure of the voiceless plosives. a glottal stop ([Ɂ]) is not inserted before the nasal closure of the voiced plosives.

Clusters of /t/ and /d/ followed by /r/ are realised as [t̪ɾ] and [d̪ɾ] (dental plosive plus tap) by most speakers, as in trap [t̪ɾæpʰ] in: SIE. RP. GA. AUSSIE.

/l/, in contrast, tends to be clear [l] in all environments, as in loyal [l], [l] in: RP. SIE.

however, that ...... English yes/no questions may be pronounced with a low tone (a mild low-fall nuclear tone) against the low-rise of the RP. Irish. American. Aussie.

/iː/ (phonetically [iˑ]) tends to be used at the end of words like naughty or valley (words with orthographic final –y, -ie, and –i, and also –ee, -ey and –ea), even if those words have suffixes beginning with vowels, according to JC Wells. SIE. GA.

Most words spelled with ‘o’ which in RP have /ɒ/ are pronounced with /ɔː/ in Southern-Irish English when the ‘o’ is followed by a ......., or before ng, as cloth or long. Also, in the words job, dog, orange or gone. voiceless fricative or before ng. voiceless plosive or before ng. voiced affricate or before ng.

(Particularly in broader accents) are the raising of the front short vowels relative to the same vowels in RP (/æ/, /e/ & /ɪ/),. Aussie. GA. SIE.

the fronting of the RP /uː/, /ɑː/ and /ɜː/ is a feature of: AE. GA. RP. SIE.

When.... is clearly retracted and rounded in AU: /ɑe/. /oɪ/. /æɪ/.

The starting point of ... moves up, being closer than that of RP in AE. /oɪ/. /əu/. /æɪ/. /ɑe/.

/iː/ vowel is slightly diphthongised: AU (broader accents). SIE. RP. GA.

The same phonemic symbol /ɪ/ but the vowel is closer and higher than its RP counterpart: AE. GA. SIE.

The same phonemic symbol but the .... /e/ is closer and higher than its RP counterpart. SIE. AE. GA.

The same phonemic symbol but the /æ/ vowel is closer and higher than its RP counterpart. SIE. AE. GA.

The /ʌ/ vowel is between half-open and open position, more fronted than central, unrounded. SIE. AE. GA. RP.

The /ɑː/vowel is clearly more advanced (by fronting the tongue) than its RP counterpart. SIE. GA. AE.

The /ɔ/ vowel is closer and with higher quality than its RP counterpart. AE. GA. SIE.

The /oː/vowel is closer and with higher quality than its RP counterpart. It is the only really back long vowel. SIE. AE. GA.

The same phonemic symbol but the /ʊ/ vowel receives much more lip-rounding than its RP counterpart. AE. SIE. GA.

The /uː/ vowel is clearly more advanced than its RP counterpart. In broader accents, it tends to be slightly diphthongised. SIE. GA. AE.

The same phonemic symbol but the /ɜː/ vowel is clearly more advanced and strikingly closer than its RP counterpart. GA. AE. SIE.

The same phonemic symbol but the /ə/vowel is clearly more advanced and strikingly closer than its RP counterpart. GA. SIE. AE.

The /ɑe/ diphthong is very slow, with a very long first element that is moved further back (and maybe rounded [ɒˑɪ]). GA. SIE. AE.

The /æɪ/ diphthong in general and broad accents has a very .... first element in AE. open. close. fronted. retracted.

The /oɪ/diphthong in general and broad accents (AE) has a ..... and ..... first element than its RP counterpart. closer & higher. fronted & closer. opener & lower.

The AE /æɔ/ diphthong in general and broad accents is more.... (and sometimes .....) than its RP counterpart. fronted and closer. back and opener. opener and retracted.

The AE /əu/ diphthong in general and broad accents may have a very ... (long) first element. close. open. unrounded.

The same phonemic symbol but the /ɪə/ diphthong is often pronounced in broad varieties as a long vowel ([i̞ː]),. GA. AE. RP. SIE.

The AE /eː/diphthong is often pronounced with an .... starting-point than its RP counterpart, or even in broad varieties as a long vowel ([e̞ː]), particularly before /r/. opener. closer. centralised.

There is a great deal of inter-personal variability for this centring diphthong. Some people use it for some words, other people for other words. Some speakers don't use it at all (or only rarely) substituting either a disyllabic sequence /uə/ or a long vowel /oː/. (AE). /ʊə/. /ɪə/. /əu/.

in Australian English there is a tendency to avoid...... (or loss of the second vowel) of triphthongs (closing diphthongs plus schwa). smoothing. yod-dropping. yod-coalescence.

There is no phonological variation in the consonant system used in: AE. GA. SIE. RP.

As in GA, /t/ in Australian English can be pronounced as a quick tap accompanied by voicing ([ɾ], also represented as [d̯] by some scholars including Trudgill) in intervocalic position (ˈV_V) word-internally preceding ..... or syllabic /m̩/ and /l̩/, as in butter, get out, bottom or bottle. Nevertheless, it is not as frequent, standard or consistent as it is in GA. weak vowels. strong vowels.

/r/ is often more strongly ...... ([ɻ]) than in RP, although it can be also realised as an alveolar approximant ([ɹ]). retroflexed. approximant. trill.

For some speakers, /l/ may be vocalized in pre-consonantal, syllable-final, and syllabic contexts in words like milk, hurl or noddle. It is pronounced like a vowel [ʊ] instead of a consonant. GA. SIE. RP. AE.

Almost absence of.............., that is, a glottal stop is usually not inserted before .......................... in Australian English (as it may happen in other accents), except for some speakers in syllable-final non-prevocalic environments. glottal reinforcement/ the oral closure of voiceless plosives. glottal stop/ the oral closure of voiced plosives.

An increasing use of a checking high rise tones on declarative clauses in ..... where a fall would be expected. AE. GA. SIE. RP.

Australian English is mostly a non-rhotic accent as RP. true. false.

/iː/ tends to be used instead of /ɪ/ at the end of words like baby (words with unstressed orthographic final –y, -ie, and –i, and also –ee, -ey and –ea), even if those words have suffixes beginning with vowels as in studied. As in: SIE. RP. GA.

The suffixes spelt -ate, -age, -ess, -est, -et, -ed, -it, -id, - ist, -less, -let, -ness (as in cabbage, rabbit or wanted) or even –es (as in buses, mixes, or even Rosa’s) all have schwa. (AE). SIE (partially true). GA. RP.

When the RP /ɑː/ occurs before clusters of nasal plus another consonant (as in dance, plant, can’t, sample…) it is usually pronounced .... in Australian English. /æ/. /ɐː/. /ɑː/.

Yod-coalescence: /d/ + /j/ and /t/+ /j/ become /ʤ/ and /ʧ/ in stressed syllables, as in dew /ʤuː/ or tune /ʧuː/. SIE. RP. GA. AE. SIE AND AE.

Variable initial H-dropping in content words especially in general and broad speech, so that no distinction is made between hill and ill (or high and eye) in these varieties of .... SIE. GA. AE. RP.

Any, many (have /æ/ rather than /ɛ/) in: SIE. AE. GA. RP.

In GA, /l/ is generally fairly dark [ɫ] in all positions, as in valley, doll or millrace with the following exception: When the consonant occurs before ............. (or /j/), as in latter or lure. stressed front vowels. unstressed front vowels. stressed back vowels.

/d/ becomes ... before bilabials /p, b, m/. /b/. /k/. /g/.

/d/ becomes ... before velars /k, g/: /g/. /k/. p/.

/z/ becomes /ʒ/ before /ʃ, ʒ, j/: Yes. No.

In particular, it may affect a word-final voiced fricative when followed by a voiceless consonant in the following word, with which forms a close-knit group: Difference in voicing. Difference in manner or articulation. Difference in the place of articulation.

... becomes /ŋ/ before velars /k, g/: /n/. /m/. /ŋ/.

... becomes /ŋ/ before p, b, m/: /n/. /m/. /ŋ/.

The auxiliary .... is normally pronounced in its weak form, even if it is stranded, when it is immediately preceded by another auxiliary, should in this case. have. can. must.

/r/ has a strongly dark resonance, particularly in non-prevocalic positions. Its actual pronunciation varies from a ...............([ɹ]) (as in RP) before stressed vowels to a ................. ([ɻ]) (as in GA) in the rest of environments. Thus we have red [ɹ] but sorry [ɻ]. post-alveolar approximant and retroflex approximant. retroflex approximant and post-alveolar approximant.

English yes/no questions may be pronounced with a low tone (a mild low-fall nuclear tone) against the low-rise of the RP. True. False. That's a GA feature.

The main phonotactic/lexical distribution differences between RP and Southern Irish English, that is: /iː/ (phonetically [iˑ]), Rhoticity, Weak Vowel Merger, and more... true. false.

/iː/ tends to be used instead of /ɪ/ at the end of words like baby (words with unstressed orthographic final –y, -ie, and –i, and also –ee, -ey and –ea), even if those words have suffixes beginning with vowels as in studied. RP. GA. SIE & AE. SIE. AE.

Phonemic merger of schwa with an unstressed /ɪ/ in weak non-final positions. In other words, /ə/ is used, instead of /ɪ/, in those weak syllables ended in consonant of words, such as buses, rabbit, making or wanted. Weak vowel merger in SIE. Weak vowel merger in SIE and AE (except in AE -ing is with /ɪ/. RP. GA.

Nevertheless, when the RP /ɑː/ occurs before clusters of nasal plus another consonant (as in dance, plant, can’t, sample…) it is usually pronounced ... in Australian English. /æ/. /ɐː/. /a/.

(AE) It is worth pointing out once more the tendency to use slow diphthongs with a lengthened first element, especially clear when the diphthongs are produced wider than in RP (PROSODY). Tempo. Nasality. intonation.

In the case of weak syllables the tendency is towards a fusion of phonemes, as in situate, education, issue or brilliant. In all these cases the alveolar consonant has coalesced with /j/ and a palate-alveolar has been produced (/t, d, s, l/ + /j/ have become /ʧ, ʤ, ʃ, ʎ/, in that order). Additionally, the sequence /lj/ can turn into a long sound (/jj/), or even be reduced to a single /j/, as in failure /ˈfeɪljər/ (or /ˈfeɪjjər/ or /ˈfeɪjər/). Yod-coalescence in GA. Yod-coalescence in SIE.

Yod-coalescence: /d/ + /j/ and /t/+ /j/ become /ʤ/ and /ʧ/ in stressed syllables, as in dew /ʤuː/ or tune /ʧuː/. SIE. GA. RP. AE.

There is a tendency to Yod-dropping after /n/, and also in unstressed syllables, as in nude /nuːd/ and thank you /uː/. SIE. AE. RP. GA and after more...

The, the prefixes be-, de-, e-, pre- and re- all fluctuate between /iː/ and /ə/ (never the RP /ɪ/). Both pronunciations are correct, although in our transcription practice exercises we will use the schwa /ə/. AE. SIE. GA. RP.

There is a loss of the opposition between /ə/ and /ɪ/ in weak syllables of content words, the former occurring to the exclusion of the latter. SIE. AE. SIE AND AE. RP. GA.

Rhoticity: Australian English is mostly a non-rhotic accent, that is, /r/ does not occur in pre-consonantal and word-final positions. Consequently, R-insertion (both intrusive and linking /r/) takes place in connected speech. phonotactic distribution differences. Lexical distribution differences. Realizational differences.

/r/ is often more strongly retroflexed ([ɻ]) than in RP, although it can be also realised as an alveolar approximant ([ɹ]). (AE). Realizational difference. Phonotactic distribution.

Wors which have /ʌ/ followed by /r/ in RP are pronounced with .......as in worried, courage, furrow, hurry... (GA). / ɜ (con rabito) /. /a/. /ir/.

Yod in GA remains after labials and velar: Labials and velars. Labials and alveolars. Dentals and.

In GA the case of......syllables, the tendency is towars a fusion of phonemes as in: situate/ˈsɪtʃ.u.eɪt/ , education /ˌedʒ.əˈkeɪ.ʃən/, issue/ˈɪʃ.u/ , brilliant /ˈbrɪl.jənt/. weak. strong. short.

"He threw it out of the window" would be in: GA. RP.

"She lives just around the corner" would be more typical of: GA. RP.

Which option is only possible in American English?. Saturdays we go to London. On Saturdays we go to London.

What option would be possible in both American and British: He works by day and studies at night. He works days and studies nights.

Which option would be more common in USEng?. As long as your're happy,... So long as you're happy...

Which option would be the American one?. Go to his office directly you arrive. Go to his office directlty after you arrive.

Incase, inclose, indorse, inquire, insure, inure are typical variations of: American. British.

Which option is the American one: Instill. Instil.

Candidacy is the American equivalent to the British: Candidature. Candidate.

Centenary would be ..... in American: Centennial. Centenary as well.

Which are the sonorant consonants?. Laterals, nasals and approximants. affricates, plosives and fricatives.

Transcription of business in RP: /ˈbɪz.nɪs/. /ˈbɪz.nəs/.

Define glotal replacement in GA:

Link!. GA. RP. Aussie (AE).

What is the phonemic transcription of the word "furrow" in the different accents: GA. RP. AE(aussie). SIE.

Transcription linking. RP. GA.

Transcription linking. RP. GA.