Is is also known as top-down reasoning and works from the more general to the more specific. We might begin with thinking up a theory about our topic of interest. We then narrow that down into more specific hypotheses that we can test, from there to collect observations and to address the hypotheses, and ultimately to test the hypotheses with specific data. A confirmation (or not) of our original theories.
A tentative explanation that accounts for a set of facts and can be tested by further investigation.
Lack of bias, judgment, or prejudice.
It is also known as bottom-up reasoning and moves from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. First we begin with specific observations and measures to detect patterns and regularities, then formulate some tentative hypotheses that we can explore, and finally end up developing some general conclusions or theories.
The sum of all scores of all subjects in the group divided by the number of subjects. Mean Mode Median.
The score which has been obtained by the largest number of subjects, i.e. the most frequent score in the group. Mean Mode Median.
The score which divides the group into two parts, so that half of the score are above it and half are below it. Mean Mode Median.
It is the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results.
It is the process of selecting units (e.g. people, organizations) from a population of interest so that by studying the sample we may fairly generalize out results back to the population from which they were chosen.
A measure of the dispersion of a set of data from its mean. The more spread apart the data, the higher the deviation. It is calculated as the square root of variance.
It refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure.
The average of the squared differences from the mean.
Match the types of reseach with their meanings: Basic or theoretical research Applied research Practical research.
It makes practical use of the two previous types. It could be testing classroom hypotheses, experimenting with several pedagogical principles in class, and so on. Classroom research is the perfect example. Basic or theoretical research Applied research Practical research.
It attempts to build abstract theoretical models which explain phenomena. Basic or theoretical research Applied research Practical research.
Applying already existing theoretical models to different areas of study, such as education. Basic or theoretical research Applied research Practical research.
The variable that the researcher manipulates. It stands alone and is not changed by other variables or factors that you are trying to measure. Researchers will find out if by manipulating these variables, the dependent one (the test score) will be modified. Dependent Independent.
The variable that the researcher measures. It may change and be influenced by other factors. Dependent Independent.
Match the types of research with their main ideas: Quantitative research Qualitative research.
Match the ideas of *quantitative research* with their implications: Objectivity Deductive reasoning Inferences.
Match the questions for *quantitative research* with their examples: Questions demanding a quantitative answer Questions trying to track numerical changes Questions trying to discover the state of something.
Match the ideas of *qualitative research* with their implications: Inductive approach Data collection.
Match the descriptive statistical procedures that could be of help for qualitative research with their meanings:
Frequencies Central tendencies Variabilities.
Match the qualitative approaches with their implications: Narrative research Phenomenology Grounded theory Ethnography Case study.
Match the main types of narrative research with their implications: Biographical study Autoethnography Life history Oral history.
It seeks to gather stories, documents and/or conversations about the life experiences of one or more informants.
Tools: interviews, direct observations, recordings, images, etc.
The stories are reported either through written or spoken mode for further chronological analyses.
Main types:
Biographical study: Writing and recording the experiences of another person's life.
Autoethnography: The writing and recording is done by the subject of study (e.g., journals).
Life history: Portraying one person's entire life.
Oral history: Reflections of events, their causes and effects. Narrative research Phenomenology Grounded theory Ethnography Case study.
It is a way to study an idea or concept that holds a meaning shared by a small group of individuals (3-15).
It focuses on lived experiences of a particular phenomenon (e.g., happiness).
Researchers have to distill individual experiences to an essential concept.
Interviews could be used to collect the participants' descriptions of their experiences, the participants' written or oral self-reports, or even their aesthetic expressions. Narrative research Phenomenology Grounded theory Ethnography Case study.
Its aim is to discover a general explanation for a social process or action such as the development of a general education program.
Basic criteria:
A) The data analysis follows the particular sequential coding system.
a. Open coding: identifying, naming, categorizing and describing phenomena found in the text (what is this about?).
b. Axial coding: relating codes (categories and properties) to each other.
c. Selective coding: choosing one category to be the core category, and relating all other categories to that category.
B) The analysis produces some theory as the outcome of the research.
Narrative research Phenomenology Grounded theory Ethnography Case study.
It describes and analyzes the practices and beliefs of cultures. "Culture" refers to any "bound unit" (organizations, programs…).
We can carry out an analysis of a language class or a school.
The researcher immerses themselves in the culture that is under investigation so as to offer a thick description of that target culture.
It requires a prolonged period of time on the field in order to understand the social behaviors of the culture. Narrative research Phenomenology Grounded theory Ethnography Case study.
It investigates the particularities and complexity of a single case.
It may refer to people, programs, institutions or communities (singles entities with clearly limited boundaries).
If we are dealing with more than one case we can talk about a 'multiple case study'.
Types:
Intrinsic: An entity is worth being researched for its own value and not for its representativeness.
Instrumental: It tries to provide insight into a wider matter. The entity in itself is of secondary importance.
Multiple or collective: It requires the investigation of more than one case to throw some light into the phenomenon studied. Narrative research Phenomenology Grounded theory Ethnography Case study.
Match the main types of case study with their implications: Intrinsic
Instrumental Multiple or collective.
Put in order the parts of a research paper: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10.
Put in order the parts of a research paper: 1.Title 2.Abstract 3.Introduction 4.Literature review 5.Methodology 6.Results 7.Discussion 8.Conclusions 9.References 10.Appendices.
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