América Mix

In a triangulation design, both types of data are collected: Only from quantitative sources. Only from interviews. One after the other in sequence. At the same time but analyzed separately.

What is the main purpose of the embedded design?. To enrich or explain the primary data through a secondary data source. To conduct interviews only. To focus on a single variable. To collect identical data twice.

Which of the following best exemplifies an embedded design?. A study that uses only interviews. A literature review with no data collection. A purely numerical experiment. A survey study that includes open-ended questions for deeper understanding.

What is the goal of comparing qualitative and quantitative results in triangulation?. To produce a literature review. To cross-verify findings and increase validity. To repeat the same method twice. To confuse results intentionally.

Which type of data is used in a triangulation design?. Quantitative and qualitative data collected concurrently. Only secondary data. Quantitative data from surveys only. Observations only.

What is an example of quantitative data embedded in qualitative research?. Writing a literature summary. Using small surveys to complement interview results. Conducting only observations. Recording field notes only.

What does data “divergence” indicate in a triangulation design?. Quantitative data are missing. The two types of data show different or conflicting results. The study failed automatically. Data were collected incorrectly.

What is a key challenge of the embedded design?. Integrating the secondary data effectively with the main findings. Avoiding qualitative data entirely. Keeping both data sets completely separate. Ignoring interpretation.

In an embedded design, which data type is usually secondary?. The qualitative data embedded within a quantitative design (or vice versa). The main data set. The control variables. The sample size.

Which is a common advantage of triangulation design?. It requires fewer data sources. It eliminates qualitative insights. It provides a more complete understanding of the research problem. It reduces credibility.

What is the main purpose of the triangulation design in mixed methods research?. To conduct experiments in sequence. To ignore differences between data types. To compare and validate quantitative and qualitative data. To collect only numerical data.

In a triangulation design, how are the results interpreted?. By analyzing them in isolation. By ignoring inconsistent data. By merging both data sets to find convergence or divergence. By focusing only on one data set.

In embedded design, what determines which data type is dominant?. The researcher’s preference only. The main research question and objectives. The statistical tools used. The easiest method available.

Which of the following best describes triangulation design?. A sequential design focusing on numbers. A model without data integration. A concurrent mixed methods approach combining qualitative and quantitative data. A purely qualitative case study.

Why do researchers use both triangulation and embedded designs?. To reduce credibility and bias. To avoid complexity. To ensure stronger validity, complementarity, and richer interpretation. To eliminate qualitative analysis.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about embedded design?. It collects all data after interpretation. It combines one dominant and one supportive data type. It rejects data integration. It avoids triangulation.

Which of the following best defines “data convergence” in triangulation?. When results from different methods support the same conclusion. When results contradict each other completely. When only one variable is studied. When data are collected at different times.

A strength of the sequential explanatory design is: Clear follow-up to clarify statistical patterns. Elimination of sampling. Lowest integration demand. Shortest total study duration.

An unethical practice during data collection would be: Providing neutral study information. Maintaining confidentiality. Coercing participation through grades or penalties. Allowing questions before consent.

The primary aim of ethical review is to: Guarantee significant results. Shorten project timelines. Protect participants’ rights and well-being. Replace researcher judgment.

Informed consent requires that participants: Receive clear information, volunteer freely, and can withdraw. Accept participation as part of course grades automatically. Provide data anonymously without any information. Allow use of data for any future purpose without notice.

Ethical reporting in mixed methods integration should: Omit unexpected findings. Exclude methodological details. Report only the convergent results. Present convergences, divergences, and limitations transparently.

When is it acceptable to modify consent procedures?. When an ethics committee approves justified alternatives with safeguards. When participants are classmates. When the researcher is in a hurry. When the sample is small.

Selecting resources (“Recursos”) in mixed methods primarily means: Avoiding training for assistants. Using only one instrument to save time. Buying the most expensive software. Choosing tools, personnel, time, and budget that match the design.

A key contribution of historic ethical guidelines (e.g., well-known international codes) is to: Focus only on statistical accuracy. Establish principles to prevent harm and ensure voluntary participation. Promote faster publication. Eliminate researcher responsibility.

Which statement best reflects ethical practice with minors or vulnerable groups?. Use deception without debriefing. Waive consent because risks are minimal. Share identities publicly to ensure transparency. Obtain assent when appropriate and consent from guardians.

The sequential explanatory design is best summarized as: Use only one strand. Collect/analyze quantitative first, then qualitative to explain results. Collect both strands at the same time. Collect/analyze qualitative first, then quantitative to test ideas.

In exploratory designs, the qualitative phase often helps to: Select parametric tests. Reduce the sample to one case. Estimate confidence intervals only. Develop instruments or variables for the quantitative phase.

A good reason to choose an exploratory design is to: Avoid interviews completely. Ensure only numeric evidence is reported. Define constructs before measuring them broadly. Prevent instrument development.

An exploratory design generally follows which sequence?. Simultaneous strands. Alternating weekly strands without integration. Quantitative → Qualitative. Qualitative → Quantitative.

When a qualitative component is used during a primarily quantitative intervention to understand process, the design is: Exploratory. Embedded. Explanatory. Triangulation.

A triangulation design primarily aims to: Replace statistical tests with interviews. Delay interpretation until a new study. Corroborate results by comparing different strands. Eliminate the need for qualitative data.

An embedded design is characterized by: One supportive strand nested within a primary strand. Quantitative-only inquiry. Two equally prioritized strands collected concurrently. Qualitative-only inquiry.

In a sequential design, timing is best described as: Only quantitative data are used. Only qualitative data are used. Both strands run at the same time. One strand follows the other in phases.

The purpose of the qualitative phase in an explanatory design is to: Compute effect sizes. Explain or elaborate unexpected quantitative results. Generate initial codes for survey development only. Validate random assignment.

Which option best illustrates "mixing" data?. Keeping datasets completely separate without integration. Using only descriptive statistics. Connecting qualitative findings to inform quantitative sampling. Ignoring one dataset if results conflict.

An explanatory design generally follows which sequence?. Quantitative and qualitative simultaneously. No fixed order. Quantitative → Qualitative. Qualitative → Quantitative.

One main strength of mixed methods is that it: Limits generalization. Reduces participant diversity. Increases bias. Provides richer and more valid results.

How does timing affect data collection in mixed methods?. It determines whether data are collected sequentially or concurrently. It is irrelevant to the process. It only changes sampling. It only affects qualitative data.

A common limitation of mixed method research is: It can be time-consuming and complex. It is too easy to apply. It excludes the researcher’s interpretation. It requires fewer resources.

In a sequential explanatory design, researchers usually: Collect qualitative data first, then quantitative. Collect quantitative data first, then qualitative. Avoid integrating results. Collect both datasets at the same time.

The term “integration” in mixed methods means: Separating both datasets completely. Using random sampling. Combining data from different phases to interpret results. Ignoring qualitative findings.

Why is triangulation important in mixed methods research?. It limits interpretation. It avoids complexity. It allows researchers to validate findings through different data sources. It reduces sample size.

Which of the following best describes mixed method research?. It rejects triangulation. It combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. It avoids the use of interviews and surveys. It only focuses on numerical data.

What type of research question is appropriate for mixed methods?. One that explores both measurable and experiential aspects. One that can be answered by numbers only. One that focuses only on variables. One that requires no data collection.

What is usually the first step in a mixed methods study?. Data collection. Research question formulation. Conclusion development. Report writing.

What happens during the data collection phase?. Only interviews are conducted. Only one instrument is used. Both qualitative and quantitative data are collected. Only numbers are gathered.

The qualitative approach emphasizes: Numerical predictions. Context, meaning, and human experiences. Statistical generalizations. Experimental control.

Which technique helps merge qualitative and quantitative findings?. Elimination of outliers. Thematic reduction only. Random assignment. Data triangulation.

A well-formulated mixed methods question should: Indicate the need to integrate both data types. Separate quantitative and qualitative purposes. Focus exclusively on one research paradigm. Avoid specifying variables.

Multi-level sampling refers to: Selecting participants at only one level. Repeating the same sample twice. Using various sampling techniques across stages or groups. Randomly excluding participants.

What is an example of mixed data collection?. Only multiple-choice tests. Ignoring participant feedback. Combining surveys and interviews. Only open-ended interviews.

Why might a researcher use both probability and purposive sampling?. To combine representativeness and depth of understanding. To save time. To reduce validity. To avoid mixed results.

What is one key element of a mixed methods protocol?. Ignoring ethical considerations. Avoiding validity checks. Collecting only one type of data. Defining how both datasets will be integrated.

How can researchers minimize the weaknesses of mixed methods?. By using only qualitative data. By skipping pilot testing. By ignoring limitations. Through careful design and integration planning.

What is the purpose of the interpretation stage in mixed methods?. To delete non-significant data. To reject qualitative information. To report results separately. To integrate findings and explain how they complement each other.

Why is mixed method research particularly useful in education?. Because it allows researchers to explore both measurable and subjective aspects of learning. Because it focuses only on experiments. Because it saves time. Because it eliminates all bias.

In which situation is a mixed methods design most applicable?. When both numerical trends and participants’ experiences are important. When the research problem is simple and well-defined. When only one type of data is required. When the goal is to test a single hypothesis.

Transforming qualitative data into quantitative codes for integration is an example of: Data transformation. Member checking. Randomization. Mono-operations bias.

"Theorizing or transforming perspectives" in mixed methods most closely involves: Using a theoretical lens to guide integration and interpretation. Avoiding meta-inferences. Prioritizing only measurement reliability. Replacing one dataset with another.

Which pairing matches design and timing?. Embedded — always qualitative priority. Explanatory — concurrent. Triangulation — concurrent. Exploratory — no order.

A study gives greater priority to qualitative findings and uses a small survey to support themes. This best reflects: Mono-method triangulation. Quantitative-only approach. Qualitative-weighted mixed methods. Quantitative-weighted mixed methods.

A design that collects both strands at the same time and integrates them is: Concurrent design. Sequential explanatory design. Sequential exploratory design. Monomethod design.

In an embedded design within a quantitative trial, qualitative data might be used to: Explain participant experiences that affect outcomes. Remove the need for sampling. Avoid using control groups. Replace the outcome measures entirely.

In a triangulation model, contradictory results should be handled by: Ignoring the contradiction in the report. Discarding the quantitative data. Discarding the qualitative data. Examining design quality and offering a reasoned reconciliation.

Which integration strategy occurs at interpretation?. Merging raw datasets into one file without analysis. Building one strand’s sample from the other. Randomly discarding discrepant cases. Meta-inferences combining results across strands.

"Weighting" in mixed methods indicates: The relative priority given to qualitative vs. quantitative strands. The frequency of data collection. The length of the literature review. The number of items in a questionnaire.

In mixed methods planning, "timing" mainly refers to: When qualitative and quantitative strands are implemented (sequence). Which software is used to analyze data. How many participants each strand includes. Which instrument scale is chosen.

Confidentiality in mixed methods should be handled by: Storing consent forms with public datasets. Securing identifiers and limiting access to raw data. Sharing all raw files for open discussion in class. Reporting names to increase credibility.

A practical criterion for design selection is: Number of pages in the report. Personal dislike of interviews. Feasibility of timing, access, and expertise. The cost of printing instruments.

Which scenario best fits “sequential explanatory”?. Interviews reveal themes; survey measures prevalence. Survey shows an unexpected pattern; interviews probe why. Only document analysis is performed. Observations and tests are gathered on the same day.

A core principle of research ethics in education is: Popularity, visibility, and marketing. Speed, efficiency, and novelty. Silence, secrecy, and exclusion. Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.

Which scenario best fits “concurrent triangulation”?. Focus groups precede instrument design. Tests precede case selection for interviews. Focus groups and tests are conducted in the same period and later merged. Only one data type is collected.

A key challenge in concurrent triangulation is: No need for sampling. Lack of any integration step. Impossible timing control. Resolving conflicting findings across strands.

A sensible final check before data collection is to: Decide to add participants during analysis. Skip piloting to save time. Collect data before ethics approval. Pilot instruments/protocols and verify consent materials.

When selecting an appropriate mixed methods design, the FIRST consideration should be: Availability of software licenses. Preference for a specific statistic. Institutional calendar dates. Alignment with research purpose and questions.

A concurrent triangulation design typically involves: Collecting qualitative first to build a survey. Running two separate studies with no integration. Collecting qualitative and quantitative data simultaneously and merging results. Collecting quantitative first to select cases.

Which resource plan best supports concurrent triangulation?. Parallel teams trained to collect and analyze both strands simultaneously. Only qualitative resources are allocated. A single researcher working serially on each strand. Only quantitative resources are allocated.

The main challenge of mixed methods regarding paradigms is: Only using numerical methods. Conflicting assumptions between qualitative and quantitative traditions. Lack of data collection tools. No need for ethical considerations.

A researcher first collects survey data and then conducts interviews for deeper insights. This represents: Pure qualitative research. Pure quantitative research. Mixed methods research. Descriptive statistics.

Which of the following represents a challenge in applying mixed methods protocols?. Richness of data. Access to multiple paradigms. Variety of perspectives. Time and resource demands.

One key characteristic of mixed methods is: Avoiding triangulation. Using only experimental design. Collecting both quantitative and qualitative data. Ignoring research context.

A mixed methods protocol is best described as: A list of survey items only. A random order of collecting data. A statistical formula. A systematic plan for integrating qualitative and quantitative data.

The main reason for mixing qualitative and quantitative approaches is: To eliminate researcher involvement. To replace statistical analysis. To avoid data collection. To strengthen findings by combining numbers and meanings.

Using mixed methods to cross-check results from quantitative and qualitative data is called: Randomization. Exploration. Triangulation. Expansion.

In a convergent design, the researcher: Applies interviews only. Collects both quantitative and qualitative data simultaneously. Uses only surveys. Ignores data integration.

In a sequential explanatory design, the researcher: Uses only secondary data. Collects both at the same time. Collects quantitative data first, then qualitative. Collects qualitative data first, then quantitative.

A pragmatic paradigm in mixed methods suggests that: Quantitative methods are mandatory. Qualitative methods are always superior. Only one method should be used. The choice of methods depends on research questions.

Which of the following is not a typical characteristic of mixed methods?. Integration of data. Exclusive focus on numerical results. Use of both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Complementarity of approaches.

A strength of having a clear mixed methods protocol is: Limiting validity. Reducing analysis. Ensuring systematic integration of both data types. Avoiding context.

Which method is most aligned with qualitative research?. Structured surveys. Numerical experiments. Standardized tests. In-depth interviews.

Which of the following best illustrates a quantitative research question?. How do students feel about teamwork?. What is the average test score of students in two schools?. Why do students prefer group projects?. How do teachers describe classroom challenges?.

The quantitative approach is mainly characterized by: Observing without data collection. Measuring variables with numbers. Open-ended narratives. Exploring personal meanings.

The qualitative approach emphasizes: Numerical predictions. Context, meaning, and human experiences. Experimental control. Statistical generalizations.

When a researcher emphasizes equal priority to both data types, the protocol is: Embedded design. Sequential design. Convergent design. Random design.

A mixed methods study that seeks to expand understanding by using both numbers and stories aims at: Reliability. Generalization. Triangulation. Complementarity.

Which protocol is best when the goal is to explore a phenomenon deeply after numerical results?. Sequential explanatory. Sequential exploratory. Randomized. Convergent.

Mixed methods are most applicable when: Only one clear research question exists. Researchers lack time. Both numerical trends and personal experiences are important. The study only needs quick results.

Which of the following best illustrates a quantitative research question?. How do students feel about teamwork?. How do teachers describe classroom challenges?. Why do students prefer group projects?. What is the average test score of students in two schools?.

The main challenge of mixed methods regarding paradigms is: Lack of data collection tools. No need for ethical considerations. Only using numerical methods. Conflicting assumptions between qualitative and quantitative traditions.

Which of the following represents a challenge in applying mixed methods protocols?. Time and resource demands. Richness of data. Access to multiple paradigms. Variety of perspectives.

Which is a characteristic of the qualitative approach?. Reliance only on experiments and control groups. Focus on meaning, context, and depth of understanding. Use of pre-defined surveys only. Large samples and numerical results.

What does the term “mixed methods” mean in research?. Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches in one study. Using only numbers to analyze results. Using only interviews and observations. Mixing students’ grades with teacher comments.

Which of the following is an example of the qualitative approach?. Measuring scores on a survey scale. Administering a math test. Counting attendance in a lecture. Conducting interviews with students about their study habits.

Which of the following best illustrates mixed methods research in education?. Giving students a math test only. Interviewing students only. Counting students in a classroom. Surveying students on study habits and also interviewing them for deeper insights.

Which of the following best describes the quantitative approach in educational research?. Collecting numerical data to test hypotheses. Observing classroom interactions only. Exploring meanings and personal experiences. Combining stories and statistics.

What is one purpose of using mixed methods in education?. To make research easier and faster. To understand both numbers and personal perspectives. To avoid using qualitative data. To eliminate the need for surveys.

Which of the following is NOT a typical purpose of mixed methods research?. Development (using results from one method to build the other). Complementarity (using one method to explain the other). Exclusively focusing on standardized tests. Triangulation (confirming findings with multiple sources).

Which statement about the quantitative approach is TRUE?. It seeks generalizable results through statistical analysis. It only studies one individual in depth. It cannot be used in education. It is mainly descriptive and uses words instead of numbers.