COMPLEMENTARY TRAINING FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGE DISCIPLINE (VIU 2025)

What does the term "cognitivism" derive from?. Latin word for knowledge. Greek word for behavior. German word for learning. French word for thought.

What was the main focus of cognitivism?. Brain processes. Stimuli and responses. Reinforcement. Punishment techniques.

What does the homunculus theory criticize?. Infinite regress of interpreters in the brain. Overemphasis on environmental factors. Lack of reinforcement. Absence of observable behavior analysis.

According to Jonnasen (1991), learning is more about: What learners know and how they acquire it. What learners do. Teacher performance. Reinforcement schedules.

Who plays the most important role in the cognitivist view of learning?. Learner. Teacher. Environment. Peer group.

What is the primary focus of behaviorism?. Consequences of performances. Cognitive development. Mental processes. Individual experiences.

Behaviorism characterizes learners as: Reactive to environmental conditions. Passive recipients of knowledge. Active creators of their own knowledge. Independent decision-makers.

What does reinforcement in behaviorism achieve?. Strengthens the likelihood of a response. Enhances cognitive processes. Promotes individual reflection. Reduces external stimuli.

Which tool is NOT mentioned as useful for pre-tests?. Google Docs. Plickers. Quizziz. Kahoot.

Constructivism emphasizes that learners: Construct knowledge based on experiences. Passively absorb knowledge. Follow strict instructional rules. Depend solely on teacher guidance.

How do constructivists view reality?. As a filter through individual experiences. As a single, objective truth. As predetermined meanings from the world. As knowledge transferred directly to the memory.

Which theory believes the learner creates meaning rather than acquiring it?. Constructivism. Behaviourism. Cognitivism. Empiricism.

What is a key criticism of behaviorism?. Lack of focus on internal mental processes. Overemphasis on learner autonomy. Complexity of reinforcement schedules. Ignoring environmental factors.

Which theory involves "information processing"?. Cognitivism. Behaviourism. Constructivism. None of them.

According to Ertmer and Newby (2013), behaviorism focuses mainly on: Environmental factors. Internal learner processes. Collaborative learning. Individual learner autonomy.

How does behaviorism approach instruction?. By assessing prior knowledge through pre-tests. By focusing on individual cognitive differences. By reinforcing unstructured learning. By providing minimal external stimuli.

What does constructivism stress?. Personal interpretations of the world. Teacher-led instruction. Input-output relationships. Observable behaviors.

In the context of cognitivism, what is knowledge viewed as?. An internal process governed by rules. An observable behavior. A reaction to environmental conditions. A pre-existing truth transferred to learners.

Which theory best suits pre-test scenarios?. Behaviorism. Cognitivism. Constructivism. Humanism.

Jonnassen (1991) suggests that constructivists: Build personal interpretations of the world. Use cognitive frameworks for learning. Deny the existence of reality. Avoid experiential learning.

What is the goal of reinforcement in behaviorism?. Strengthening specific responses. Encouraging active exploration. Changing mental frameworks. Building personal realities.

Which theory aligns with "mental activity" in learning?. Cognitivism and constructivism. Behaviorism only. Behaviorism and cognitivism. None of the above.

The phrase "filters input from the world" relates to which theory?. Constructivism. Cognitivism. Behaviorism. Humanism.

Cognitivism emerged as a criticism of: Behaviourism. Humanism. Constructivism. Social learning theory.

Behaviorism assumes learners are: Reactors to external stimuli. Observers of mental activity. Active problem solvers. Self-reflective thinkers.

The ‘homunculus theory’ refers to a criticism of: Cognitivism’s approach to knowledge interpretation. Behaviorism’s focus on stimuli. Constructivism’s subjective realities. Social learning’s observational framework.

In constructivism, meaning is: Constructed from experiences. Fixed and universal. Transferred through teaching. Identical across all learners.

"Stimuli and consequences" are most associated with: Behaviorism. Cognitivism. Constructivism. Humanism.

The internal representation of knowledge is constantly open to change in: Constructivism. Cognitivism. Behaviorism. All of the above.

Which tool is suggested for modern pre-tests?. Interactive tools like Kahoot. Traditional flashcards. Comprehensive exams. Group discussions.

Neurolinguistics is an interdisciplinary field which studies, together with other fields like psychology, linguistics, neurolinguistics, etc., aspects of the language related to brain activity like L 1 acquisition, language comprehension, processing and production, and L 2 acquisition. True. False.

Put the correct ones together. Sentence Utterance. ______________ are interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social contexts, and they are concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning. Sociolinguists. Metalinguistics. Pragmatics. Neurolinguistics.

The science which studies the parts of the brain directly related to the development and production of language is: Neurolinguistics. Sociolinguistics. Pragmatics. Psycholinguistics.

"Aphasia" is the inability to understand or produce speech, as a result of brain damage. True. False.

Broca’s aphasia are associated with production problems and Wernicke’s is associated with comprehension problems. True. False.

The field which studies the influence that society has on language. Sociolinguistics. Psycholinguistics. Metalanguage. Pragmatics.

It the interdisciplinary field in charge of analysing those aspects external to the sentence which are essential to understand the utterance, such as context, previous knowledge or speaker's intentions. Pragmatics. Psycholinguistics. MetalingListics. Neurolinguistics.

An interdisciplinary field that uses linguistics to talk about linguistics. Metalinguistics. Psycholinguistics. Cognitive linguistics. Forensic linguistics.

Psycholinguistics studies the interrelation between linguistic factors and psychological aspects. True. False.

A teacher does metalinguistics when correcting an error and explaining the leamer why it was not correct, telling them what they have to do in order to correct it, and giving them advice on how to avoid doing it again. True. False.

Pragmatics is the interdisciplinary field in charge of analysing those aspects external to the sentence which are essential to understand the utterance, which are, amongst others, context. previous knowledge, speaker's intent, etc. True. False.

Illocutionary and sociolinguistic competences, speech acts (Searle.1969). cooperative principles (Grice. 1975), relevance theory (Sperber and Wilson. 1986) and courtesy theory (Brown and Levinson, 1978): Pragmatic competence. Linguistic competence. Discursive competence. Communicative competence.

Knowledge of the characteristics of context which determine which statements are appropriate in certain situations: Sociolinguistic competence. Illocutionary competence. Cognitive strategies. Socio-affective strategies.

Basic elements of communication (phonology, grammar and vocabulary): Linguistic competence. Digital competence. Strategic competence. Pragmatic competence.

Sociocultural and cross-cultural knowledge, aiming to the development of cultural mediation competence: Intercultural competence. Pragmatic competence. Linguistic competence. . Discursive competence.

Ability to explore the use of language appropriately in a specific context and to build, interpret and use generic resources in order to achieve the objectives of the community in which one intends to act: Discursive competence. Communicative competence. Strategic competence. Intercultural competence. Linguistic competence.

Being able to interact with new text formats (digital genres). new ways of interaction between the reader and the text, which imply a high level of cognitive and metacognitive development and the proposal of new activities, as the development of new leaming competencies linked to the digital environment: Digital competence. Pragmatic competence. Intercultural competence. Linguistic competence.

Knowledge of the characteristics of context which determine which statements are appropriate in certain situations: Sociolinguistic competence. Socio-affective strategies. Metacognitive strategies. Illocutionary competence.

Knowledge needed to transmit and understand the communicative attempt when performing and interpreting speech acts and linguistic functions: Illocutionary competence. Sociolinguistic competence. Cognitive strategies. Communicative strategies.

Which are the four language skills in the communicative competence? Pick the correct answer: Oral comprehension, oral production, written comprehension & written production. Listening, speaking, reading & writing. None of them. Digital competences, Discursive competences, Linguistic competence & Strategic competence. All of them are correct.

What is the type of leaming of Cognitivism?. Higher-level reasoning and information processing with an emphasis on memory and organisation. Basic definition and explanation of concepts, generalisation and memory. Higher-level problem solving and critical analysis with an emphasis on real scenarios.

Knowledge needed to transmit and understand the communicative attempt when performing and interpreting speech acts and linguistic functions: Illocutionary competence. Communicative strategies. Sociolinguistic competence. Cognitive strategies.

Linked to mediation and social transaction with other people, such as cooperative or collaborative work: Socio-affective strategies. Illocutionary competence. Metacognitive strategies. Cognitive strategies.

They must help the learner to develop a critical! attitude towards their own learning. That attitude implies the development of abilities such as planning, reflecting, follow-up and assessment of their own learning: Metacognitive strategies. Cognitive strategies. Communicative strategies. Socio-affective strategies.

Linked to specific learning tasks (such as repetition for memorization, terms classification, context-based meaning prediction, taking notes. etc): Cognitive strategies. Metacognitive strategies. Communicative strategies. Socio-affective strategies.

Verbal and non-verbal mechanisms used to avoid communicative problems: Communicative strategies. Metacognitive strategies. Illocutionary competence. Cognitive strategies.

According to Joos (1961) these are the registers in terms of formality: Frozen, intimate, casual, formal & consultative. Frozen, neutral, casual, formal & ironic. Slang, intimate, casual, neutral & consultative. Bench-level, direct, facetious, formal & intimate.

The technical register is used for general purpose. False (The technical register is typically used for specialised or technical purposes, not general ones). True.

According to the Oxford Living Dictionaries online, lingua franca is 'a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are the same'. False. True.

The capacity of creating and spreading knowledge that humanity has at present thanks lo information sharing tools like social media. Knowledge society. Information society.

What are the main components of the intercultural competence?. Knowledge, skills/ behaviour and attitudes / traits. Knowledge, experience, and attitude / traits. Knowledge, skills / behaviour, and experience.

According to behaviourism, the learning process depends on 3 basic elements which are ... Stimulus, response, and reinforcement. Stimulus, response and feedback. Stimulus, reaction and reinforcement.

According to _____ students construct their knowledge through the interpretation of their personal experience and previous beliefs. Constructivism. Behaviourism. Cognitivism.

An approach is : The procedure used in a classroom i.e the activities. An idea or theory which is being applied. A set of procedures or a collection of techniques used in a systematic way.

Method refers to …. A collection of techniques used in a systematic way. The procedure used in a classroom, i.e. the activities. Theories and beliefs about the nature of language.

Technique refers to ... The procedure used in a classroom, i.e. the activities. An idea or theory which is being applied. A collection of techniques used in a systematic way.

In the Grammar-Translation method, the oral component is disregarded. True. False.

An interdisciplinary field is the combination of two or more academic fields for a certain purpose. True. False.

In the Grammar-Translation method lessons are taught through the L2. False. (In the Grammar Translation method, lessons are typically taught through the learners' native language (LL), not the target language (L2).). True.

A typical activity of the Grammar-Translation Method is ... “Fill in the gaps” exercises. Use of music, decorations and posters. Action-based drills. Use of realia.

If you use the Direct Method in your classes, instruction is given exclusively in L 1. False. (In the direct method, instruction is given exclusively in the target language (L2), not the learners’ native language (L1). True.

This theory focuses on the processing of internal information. Cognitivism. Behaviourism. Constructivism.

This theory focuses on what the leamer does (external elements). Behaviourism. Constructivism. Cognitivism.

This theory focuses on how the learner processes new information and applies it (internal-external). Constructivism. Cognitivism. Behaviourism.

In terms of formality, the registers are 5: Frozen, formal, consultative, casual, and intimate. Frozen, formal technical, neutral, and intimate. technical, formal, consultative, neutral, and intimate. technical, vulgar, slang, neutral and intimate.

French was the first lingua franca. True. False. (Latin was historically the first, French emerged as prominent Lfr. Much later).

A procedure used in the classroom, related to the activities. Technique. Method. Approach.

Constructivism. Focused on how the leamer processes new information and applies it (internal-external). Focused on the processing of information (internal). Focused on what the learner does (external).

Behaviourism. Learner: reactive ( learners are seen as reactive beings who respond to stimuli in their environment. Learner: proactive.

What is the type of leaming of Cognitivism?. Higher-level reasoning and information processing with an emphasis on memory and organisation. Basic definition and explanation of concepts, generalisation and memory. Higher-level problem solving and critical analysis with an emphasis on real scenarios.

Contents either comments, information or questions related to the correctness of the student's utterance, without explicitly providing the correct form. Metalinguistic feedback. Explicit correction. Clarification. Elicitation.

There are 3 views of the input concept. Behaviourist, mentalist, and interactionist. Mentalist, behaviourist, and cognitivist. Cognitivist, mentalist, interactionist.

It is a sentence that includes a repetition of the student's initial error”. Same error. Repetition. Incorporation.

Drills and translations, fill-in gaps exercises and memorizing vocabulary are examples from the __. Grammar-Translation Method. Direct Method. Silent Way. Oral /Situational approach.

This method pays more attention to content and very little to communication and pronunciation. Grammar-Translation Method. The Silent Way. The Direct Method. CLIL.

This method is also known as the "Natural Method" or "Conversational Method". Direct Method. Oral / Situational Approach. Community Language. Communicative Approach.

The focuses on reading literature and writing. Grammar-Translation. Direct Method. Suggestopedia. Total Physical Response.

The _______ method is taught entirely in L2. Direct Method. Audio-Lingual. Grammar-Translation. Community Language.

In this method, there's no textbook and the teacher uses colour rods or sound-colour charts to facilitate learning. Silent Way. Suggestopedia. Total Physical Response. Audio-Lingual Method.

_______ is considered more an approach than a method. Suggestopedia. Grammar-Translation Method. Audiolingual Method. Direct Method.

Reading out loud, question/answer exercises, map design, conversation, fill-in gap, dictation and self correction are examples of the ________. Oral/Situational approach. Total Physical Response. Audiolingual Method. Direct Method.

The _______ was used in World War II by soldiers to communicate on the battlefield. Audio-Lingual Method. Oral/Situational Approach. Grammar-Translation Method. Silent Way.

The _______ is based on oral aspects of the language and is similar to the Direct Method but presents a more structured practice and is less conversational (there is a guided conversation). Oral/Situational Approach. Audio-Lingual Method. Community Language. Silent Way.

In the _______ students learn through repetition. Audio-Lingual Method. Grammar-Translation Method. Silent Way. Oral/Situational Approach.

The 2 methods _______ follow the PPP model. (Presentation, Practise, Production ). Oral/Situational Approach & Communicative Approach. Silent Way & Oral/Situational Approach. Audio-Lingual Method & CLIL. Total Physical Response & CLIL.

The _______ focuses more on quality than quantity and is considered a slow method. Silent Way. Total Physical Response. Grammar-Translation Method. CLIL.

In the _______, there's no specific goal and the only intention is to improve fluency. Community Language. Grammar-Translation Method. Suggestopedia. CLIL.

In the _______, students work in groups and classrooms are structured in U-Shape. Community Language. Audio-Lingual. Total Physical Response. Communicative Approach.

The _______ integrates psychology, linguistics, and pedagogy. Suggestopedia. Communicative Approach. CLIL. Community Language.

At the beginning of the sessions, the teacher tries to relax the student by using a soft voice and the appropriate music and breathing techniques. Suggestopedia. CLIL. Direct Method. Communicative Approach.

_______ is based on the correlation between language and movement. Total Physical Response. CLIL. Grammar-Translation Method. Communicative Approach.

This method is useful to introduce new vocabulary and can be used as a routine breaker with young learners. Total Physical Response. CLIL. Oral/Situational Approach. Communicative Approach.

In the ______ emphasis is on learning to communicate through interaction in the target language. Communicative Approach. Oral/Situational Approach. Content and Language Integrated Learning. Direct Method.

______ is a fulfilment of the Communicative Approach. CLIL. Suggestopedia. Audio-Lingual Method. Silent Way.

______ takes in consideration student's cognitive development and intercultural understanding. CLIL. Grammar-Translation Method. Pragmatics. Communicative Approach.

This method implies the 4Cs model. (Content, Communication, Cognition and Culture). Oral/Situational Approach. CLIL. Audio-Lingual Method. Communicative Approach.

Output produced by the learner when the teacher produces corrective feedback. Mistake. Intake. Uptake. Output.

In the teacher-centred approach, teaching and assessing are separate processes. True. False.

The student-centred approach focuses on a single discipline. False (The student-centered approach does not focus on a single discipline but rather emphasizes student autonomy and active participation in learning across various disciplines.). True.

Adopting this role, the teacher acts as a facilitator or mediator. Helper. Controller. Assessor. Participant.

The "IRF Sequence" stands for... Initiation, Response, Feedback. Initial movement, Relax, Feedback. Initial movement, Reply, Feedback.

Syllabus, curriculum and didactic programme are the same. False. (While related, syllabus, curriculum, and didactic program are not exactly the same. A syllabus outlines the content and objectives of a course, a curriculum is a broader framework that encompasses multiple courses or programs, and a didactic program refers to the instructional plan for a specific course or program.). True.

In the third level of curricular implementation, we find... The teachers. The schoolmaster and heads of departments. The Ministry of Education and Autonomous Communities.

ECD/6512015 defines the competences that affect the European curriculum. False. True.

"Proyecto Unico del Centro" is a document that determines and fixes the internal linguistic policies of the school. False (Proyecto del centro typically refers to a document that outlines the overall educational project and goals of the school, rather than specifically focusing on the linguistic policies). True.

The 4 pillars related to Flipped Classroom are ... Flexible environment, Learning culture, Intentional content, Professional educator. Flexible environment, Leadership, Intentional content, Professional educator. Flexible environment. Leadership, Initiative, Professional educator.

"Flipped learning" is an inverted class model that is made up of active and inductive global methodologies and that uses different techniques for the development of learning. True. False.

"Gamification" is the application of the typical elements or strategies from games as a technique to encourage engagement in the classroom. True. False.

The term "output" refers to ... The production that students make of their second language alter the process of learning, which is measured in terms of fluency and accuracy. The amount of language data that the student is exposed to the information which has been processed, leamed by the student.

In which of these methods leamers are trained to reproduce responses paying little attention to meaning / content?. The audiolingual method. Communicative Language. Learning. CLIL. The Silent Way.

The oral / situational approach is a type of behaviourist theory. False (The oral / situational approach is not a type of behaviourist theory but rather focuses on situational and contextual language learning). True.

The Silent Way considers leaming as a process of personal growth resulting from awareness and self change. True. False.

The communicative approach focuses on communicative competence rather than the mastery of structures. True. False.

CLIL is not a method itself, but an approach. True. Flase.

What’s the perfect method to teach EFL / ESL. Following an eclectic way to teaching. Following the Grammar-Translation method. Following the Silent Way.

When we talk about ___ we refer to the amount of language data which the student is exposed to. Input. Intake. Error. Output.

It refers to the input which has been processed, this is, leamed by the student. Intake. Mistake. Error. Output.

It refers to the production that students make of their second language after the process of leaming. Output. Mistake. Recast. Request.

It is a type of feedback that refers to the explicit provision of the correct form. Explicit correction. Metalinguistic feedback. Clarification request. Recast.

It involves the teacher's reformulation of all or part of the student's utterance, minus the error. Recast. Elicitation. Repetition. Same Error.

It refers to one technique that teachers use to elicit completion of their own utterance. Elicitation. Repetition. Recast. Explicit correction.

It is a correction provided by a classmate, in response to the teacher's feedback. Peer-repair. Partial review. Peer-review. Peer-to-peer.

It refers to a simple "yes" from the student. Acknowledgement. Repetition. Incorporation. Partial repair.

An interdisciplinary field that uses linguistics to talk about linguistics. Metalinguistics. Psycholinguistics. Cognitive linguistics. Forensic linguistics.

According to this theory, the explanation to knowledge is that it is an internal process governed by rules. Cognitivism. Behaviourism. Constructivism. Pragmatics.

This theory is based on the principle of stimulus-response. Behaviourism. Cognitivism. Constructivism.

A course of _____________ will focus on one occupation or profession, such as Scientific English, English for Medicine, etc. ESP (English for Specific Purpose). ELT (English Language Teaching). EFL (English as a Foreign, Language).

Implementing the key competence in a Spanish curriculum is optional. False (The implementation of key competences in a Spanish curriculum is mandatory, not optional). True.

A syllabus design should only consider one methodology. False (A syllabus design should consider various methodologies and approaches to meet the diverse needs of learners and learning objectives). True.

When designing a didactic programme, it is not mandatory lo follow the national and regional regulations. False. (When designing a didactic programme, it is essential to follow national and regional regulations to ensure compliance with, educational standards and requirements.). True.

CLIL development has been inspired by the communicative approach. True. False.

CLIL is not a new form of language education nor a new form of subject education. It is a fusion of both. True. False.

The 4CS Conceptual Framework by Do Coyle (1999) refer to: content, cognition, communication and culture. content, creation, cooperation and criticism. critical thinking, competence, curriculum and comprehension.

This theory focuses on the processes happening inside the learner's brain. Cognitivism. Constructivism. Behaviourism.

It refers to how people use different registers depending on where they are and whom they are addressing. Code-switching. Dialect. Linguistic register.

A register is a variety of language used for a specific purpose with a group of language characteristics whose boundaries are usually defined by the context in which that language is used. True. False.

Which of the following registers is used in English for Specific Purposes?. Technical register. Formal register. Neutral register. Bench-level register.

The ______ register is used in a teacher-learner conversation. Consultative. Frozen. Casual. Fromal.

The capacity of creating and spreading knowledge that humanity has at present thanks to information sharing tools like social media is called ______. Knowledge society. Lingua franca. Cultrual diversity.

The need to communicate is present since birth. True. False.

What is the primary focus of Cognitivism in learning?. Internal processing of information. External performance in class. Stimulus-response association. Reinforcement of responses.

What is the primary characteristic of Behaviourism in learning?. Reactive learner role. Proactive learner role. Emphasis on cognitive processing. Collaborative learning approach.

What is the primary principle of Constructivism in learning?. Lerners create personal interpretations of the world. Learners transfer knowledge from the external world. Learners strive to achieve an objective reality. Learners build knowledge based on prior experiences.

What is the focus of Constructivism?. Problem solving and critical analysis. Memorization. Listening skills. Reading comprehension.

What is the cooperative principle in pragmatics?. A principle that must be fulfilled for effective communication. principle of language development. A principle of language comprehension. A principle of language change.

What does sociolinguistics study?. The influence of society on language. The influence of language on society. The history of language development. The structure of language systems.

What is the basis for Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)?. Interaction as the means and the ultimate goal of study. Grammatical knowledge. Digital competence. Discursive competence.

What does the term 'register' refer to in language use?. A variety of language used for a specific purpose with a group of language characteristics. The ability to use language effectively in communication situations. The development of cultural mediation competence. The characteristics of context which determine which statements are appropriate in certain situations.

What is the purpose of the 'Consultative' register according to Joos (1961)?. A little less interruptions are allowed. Used in formal situations like political speeches in the UN. A variety of language used for a specific purpose with a group of language characteristics. An approach to language teaching that emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of study.

What is the meaning of the term 'lingua franca'?. A language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different. A language spoken by the people coming from the same place. A language that is spoken only in diplomatic relationships. A language that is spoken by a specific social class.

Why did English become the lingua franca?. As a result of the expansion of the British Empire and the role of the USA and the Commonwealth in the formation of the United Nations. Due to the expansion of the French Empire. Because of the influence of American films and TV series. Because of the influence of information technology and the industry.

What are the key principles proposed by UNESCO to address the issue of information sharing?. Cultural diversity, equal access to education, universal access to information, freedom of speech. Cultural assimilation, restricted access to education, limited access to information, censorship of speech. Cultural preservation, unequal access to education, restricted access to information, suppression of speech. Cultural integration, universal access to education, open access to information, regulation of speech.

What is the main difference between the Deductive and Inductive approaches?. Deductive: Starts with specific examples and leads to a general rule. Inductive: Starts with a general rule and leads to specific examples. Deductive: Starts with a general rule and leads to specific examples. Inductive: Starts with specific examples and leads to a general rule. Deductive: Presents specific examples first, leading to the discovery of a general rule. Inductive: Provides a clear rule or concept first, followed by examples. Deductive: Provides a clear rule or concept first, followed by examples. Inductive: Presents specific examples first, leading to the discovery of a general rule.

What is the main advantage of using a flipped classroom approach?. Very learner centered. Increased interaction. Access to resources. Flexible scheduling.

What should teachers consider when choosing texts for language learning?. The relevance and interest of the text. The length of the text. The complexity of the text. The cultural and social context of the text.

What is one of the key benefits of using ICT tools in the EFL classroom?. Improved engagement. Maximizing opportunities for learning outside class. Promoting digital literacy. Addressing multiple skills at the same time.

What are the five recommended steps before using ICT tools in the classroom?. All of the above. Selecting technologies that complement your language learning approach. Ensuring equitable access to devices and internet connectivity for all learners. Creating quality digital content tailored to language learning needs.

What is the benefit of discussions and debates in language learning?. Improving fluency and vocabulary. Learning grammar rules. Enhancing reading comprehension. Developing writing skills.

What is the purpose of jigsaw listening tasks in language learning?. Encouraging collaboration and peer teaching. Improving reading comprehension. Enhancing speaking skills. Developing writing prompts.

What is the main objective of dictogloss tasks in language learning?. Promoting language comprehension, grammar awareness, and vocabulary retention. Enhancing listening skills. Improving pronunciation. Developing conversation skills.

What is the main difference between a game and gamification?. Gamification uses game mechanics and dynamics, while games do not. Games are free and voluntary, while gamification is not. Games are focused on learning, while gamification is not. Gamification involves earning points, while games do not.

What are common characteristics of dyslexia?. Challenges in organizing thoughts coherently and expressing them in writing. Difficulty sustaining attention and impulsivity. Restlessness and excessive motor activity. Acting without thinking and interrupting others.

What are common characteristics of ADHD?. Difficulty sustaining attention on tasks and impulsivity. Difficulty with accurate and fluent reading. Struggles with spelling words correctly. Restlessness and excessive motor activity.

How should teachers approach students with high capacities?. Engage them in projects and provide advanced materials. Provide extra time in written exams. Incorporate activities and group discussions. Collaborate with support services and involve parents.

What kind of knowledge do we resort to when we are able to express and verbalise the rules of the language?. Explicit knowledge. Implicit knowledge. Both explicit and implicit knowledge. Paralinguistic knowledge.

What is the main problem related to providing our students with comprehensible input (i+1)?. The fact that some students might want to receive more difficult input (i+2, i+3, etc.). The fact that we need to motivate our students because none of them want to receive input at all. The fact that it is difficult to know the current level of language development of our students, and therefore, difficult to adjust the difficulty of the input we provide them with. Input is not necessary for learning.

Which of these are characteristics of "tasks" in the context of TBLT/TBL?. They can involve any language skill. There is a connection to real-world activities. Meaning is primary. That is, the focus is on communication. All the answers are correct.

What approach to language teaching involves presenting learners with examples and allowing them to infer grammatical rules or language patterns through exploration and guided discovery?. Deductive approach. Focus on meaning approach. Inductive approach. All the answers are incorrect.

When learners are producing language and notice that they do not have sufficient knowledge to express themselves, ... they notice a hole in their linguistic repertoire. they notice a gap. they notice both a hole and a gap. they notice neither a hole nor a gap.

What is the main disadvantage of direct oral error correction?. Students might not notice they have made a mistake. It stops the flow of communication. Students prefer indirect oral error correction. Direct oral error correction, as opposed to indirect oral error correction, has no disadvantages.

Which of the following characteristics apply to learning a language in a Foreign Language setting?. The language is typically learned in a formal setting. The language learned is not the student´s mother tongue. Students learn the language because of academic requirements, for traveling purposes, or for cultural enrichment. All the answers are correct.

What is the main difference between oral and written corrective feedback?. While oral corrective feedback can be either explicit or implicit, written corrective feedback is always explicit, which makes it easier to identify for the students. The fact that oral corrective feedback can be either direct or indirect, while written corrective feedback is only direct. The fact that students tend to prefer written corrective feedback. The fact that oral corrective feedback is much more effective, and that is why we should prioritise it in the classroom.

Which of the following characteristics is not part of Communicative Language Teaching?. Authentic language use. Interaction and Collaboration. Cultural Awareness. Emphasis on accuracy over communication.

In what order do these linguistic development processes usually take place when learners are learning a Foreign Language?. Output - Intake - Input - Uptake. Input - Intake - Uptake - Output. Input - Output - Intake - Uptake. Uptake - Intake - Output - Input.