CONSTRUCTION-S5

An example of paralanguage that uses respiratory sounds is. A. Gasps and sighs.

Why is the IPA a more accurate way to represent sounds than English spelling?. A. English spelling often has multiple letters representing one sound and vice versa.

How is the rhotic liquid /r/ sound typically produced?. By curling or tapping the tongue. A.

What is paralanguage?. Nonverbal elements that accompany speech. A.

Why is paralanguage important in communication?. It clarifies nonverbal meaning in spoken communication. A.

What role does the brain play in speech?. It provides signals to articulators. A.

Which is an example of a lateral liquid sound?. /l/. A.

What is kinesics?. Study of body movements and gestures. A.

Glides, as a sound category, are also known as: Approximants. A.

What is the effect of rising intonation at the end of a sentence?. Implies a question. A.

- Which nasal sound is produced by allowing airflow through the nasal cavity?. /m/. A.

Which of the following is an active articulator?. Lower lip. A.

What is the space between the vocal folds called?. Glottis. A.

Vowels are harder to define than consonants because:. They are defined by their sound in relation to each other. A.

The upper lip is classified as a…. Passive articulator. A.

Stops (plosives) are created by: Completely obstructing airflow momentarily. A.

The main difference between fricatives and affricates is: The manner of air obstruction. B.

The place of articulation for the "l" sound is: Lateral. Frontal.

Which category do the upper teeth and hard palate belong to?. Passive articulators. Completely obstructing airflow momentarily.

Phonemes are: Individual sounds in a language. Passive articulators.

Which of the following is a function of the vocal folds?. Producing vibratory sounds. Individual sounds in a language.

What characterizes fricative sounds?. Partial airflow obstruction. Producing vibratory sounds.

Transfer refers to the influence of: The first language on the second language. Partial airflow obstruction.

How many diphthongs are typically recognized in English?. 8. 6. 4.

The term "approximant" refers to consonants that: Are produced with a partial closure of the vocal tract. The first language on the second language.

Which of the following is a bilabial stop?. /b/. /c/. /i/.

What does a sigh typically communicate in paralanguage?. Sadness or relief. Are produced with a partial closure of the vocal tract.

What does the term “phoneme” refer to?. The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language. Sadness or relief.

The main factor that distinguishes front, back, and central vowels is: The height of the tongue in the mouth. The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language.

Allophones are: Variations of a single phoneme that do not change meaning. The height of the tongue in the mouth.

What is the study of the procedure of making sounds with the mouth called?. Articulatory Phonetics. Variations of a single phoneme that do not change meaning.

Minimal pairs are used to: Identify phonemes. Articulatory Phonetics.

What is the analysis of sound awareness received by the ear and processed by the brain called?. Auditory Phonetics. Identify phonemes.

Which paralinguistic element conveys hesitation or doubt?. Fall-rise intonation. Auditory Phonetics.

What is the name given to the central vowel sound represented by /ə/?. Schwa. Fall-rise intonation.

Affricates are a combination of: A plosive and a fricative. Auditory Phonetics.

Paralinguistic “mhm” sounds often convey: Agreement or acknowledgement. A plosive and a fricative.

What are the sounds produced when the lower lip comes into contact with the upper teeth?. /f/ and /v/. /u/ and /y/.

Which articulator is typically involved in the production of the velar nasal /ŋ/ sound. Soft palate (velum). /f/ and /v/.

How can you feel the vibration of the vocal cords?. By placing your fingertips on your throat while saying certain sounds. Soft palate (velum).

What is phonetics?. Study of speech sounds in human languages. By placing your fingertips on your throat while saying certain sounds.

Negative transfer is also known as: Interference. Study of speech sounds in human languages.

Which articulator is responsible for forming most consonant sounds?. Tongue. Interference.

Which of the following is a minimal pair for affricates?. “jim” and “chin”. Tongue.

A loud voice may indicate: Joy or excitement. Interference.

The alveolar stop sounds are represented by: /t/ and /d/. /g/ and /w/.

Which of the following illustrates the difference between a glide and a fricative sound?. “wine” and “vine”. “jim” and “chin”.

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is based on what principle?. One-to-one correspondence between symbols and sounds. “wine” and “vine”.

What is the place of articulation for the sounds /p/, /b/, and /m/?. Bilabial. entrelabial.

Which articulator is involved in producing fricative sounds?. Lips, teeth, or tongue. Bilabial.

Consonants are characterized by: The obstruction of airflow during pronunciation. Lips, teeth, or tongue.

Which statement best describes the airflow in producing the /r/ rhotic liquid sound?. Air flows smoothly as the tongue curls or taps. The obstruction of airflow during pronunciation.

What process is essential for articulation in phonetics?. The movement and coordination of speech organs (articulators). Air flows smoothly as the tongue curls or taps.

What is the symbol used in IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) to denote vowel length?. /:/. The symbol /:/ is used in IPA to denote vowel length. Vocal cord vibration.

What differentiates voiced from voiceless fricatives?. Vocal cord vibration. The /m/ sound is nasal, allowing airflow through the nose.

An example of a nasal sound in English is: The /m/ sound is nasal, allowing airflow through the nose. “She’s arriving tomorrow, isn’t she?”.

What is the place of articulation for the sounds /t/, /d/, /n/, /l/, /s/, and /z/?. Alveolar sounds are produced by the tongue tip or blade making contact with the alveolar ridge. “She’s arriving tomorrow, isn’t she?”.

Where is the passive articulator typically located in the vocal tract?. On the upper surface of the vocal tract. Alveolar sounds are produced by the tongue tip or blade making contact with the alveolar ridge.

What are the parts of the body used in speech called?. Articulators. Partial airflow obstruction.

What characterizes fricative sounds?. Partial airflow obstruction. Articulators.

Errors are different from mistakes because errors are: Repetitive due to misunderstanding. Partial airflow obstruction.

Why do cognates sometimes lead to errors?. They look and sound similar but have different meanings. Negative transfer.

Laura translates “Tengo calor” as “I have heat.” Why might this be incorrect?. Negative transfer. Overreliance on familiar L1 structures.

What is a common cause of negative transfer?. Overreliance on familiar L1 structures. When L1 knowledge facilitates L2 learning.

What is a positive transfer?. When L1 knowledge facilitates L2 learning. False friend.

Sara translates “Estoy embarazada” as “I am embarrassed.” What type of error is this?. False friend. Direct translation errors from L1.

Which is an example of negative transfer?. Direct translation errors from L1. Pronouncing “pizza” in both languages.

Which of these is an example of positive transfer?. False cognate confusión. Pronouncing “pizza” in both languages.

ohn often mixes up “assist” with “attend” when talking about school events. Why?. False cognate confusión. Language transfer.

What term refers to the influence of a native language on learning a second language?. Language transfer. Long-term negative transfer errors.

What leads to “fossilization” in language learning?. Long-term negative transfer errors. I have 20 years.

Which sentence contains an error due to negative transfer?. I have 20 years. Different word orders between L1 and L2.

Why do some learners make errors related to sentence structure?. Different word orders between L1 and L2. Influence of L1 on L2 learning.

What is language transfer?. Influence of L1 on L2 learning. After a nasal consonant in the same syllable.

HOW IS VOWEL NASALIZATION GENERALLY APPLIED IN ENGLISH?. After a nasal consonant in the same syllable. Negative transfer.

6. CASE:__YOU’RE OBSERVING A STUDENT WHO IS STRUGGLING TO IDENTIFY THE FUNCTION OF THE ALVEOLAR RIDGE IN SPEECH. THEY KNOW WHERE IT IS BUT ARE UNSURE ABOUT HOW IT CONTRIBUTES TO SOUND FORMATION. * QUESTION: What methods could you use to help this student understand the role of the alveolar ridge?. Show how the tongue touches the alveolar ridge to create sounds like /t/ and /d/. Negative transfer.

CASE:______A LEARNER FROM CHINA FINDS IT HARD TO DIFFERENTIATE “HE” AND “SHE” IN ENGLISH. THIS DIFFICULTY LIKELY STEMS FROM: Negative transfer. Show the student that /z/ requires vocal cord vibration, making it a voiced sound, while /s/ does not.

CASE:__Imagine you are instructing a student learning to differentiate between the sounds /s/ and /z/. The student is confused about voicing.__QUESTION: How would you help this student understand the role of vocal cord vibrations in distinguishing these sounds. Show the student that /z/ requires vocal cord vibration, making it a voiced sound, while /s/ does not. Negative transfer.

WHAT IS MEANT BY "NEGATIVE TRANSFER" IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION?. C. A. B.

WHAT DOES IT MEAN IF TWO SOUNDS ARE ALLOPHONES OF THE SAME PHONEME?. They can be used interchangeably without changing meaning. Describe how the vocal cords vibrate as air passes from the lungs, creating voiced sounds.

WHAT IS PHONOLOGY PRIMARILY CONCERNED WITH?. Sound patterns in language. Describe how the vocal cords vibrate as air passes from the lungs, creating voiced sounds.

CASE:A STUDENT IS PREPARING A PRESENTATION ON HOW SOUND IS PRODUCED IN THE VOCAL TRACT. THEY NEED TO EXPLAIN WHAT HAPPENS WHEN AIR FLOWS FROM THE LUNGS AND THE ROLE OF VOCAL CORDS IN CREATING VOICED SOUNDS.QUESTION: How would you guide this student in explaining voiced sound production?. Describe how the vocal cords vibrate as air passes from the lungs, creating voiced sounds. Tongue height.

WHICH TERM REFERS TO THE OPENING OR HEIGHT OF THE MOUTH IN VOWEL PRODUCTION?. Tongue height. The glide between sounds.

CASE:______MIRA STRUGGLES WITH DIPHTHONGS, ESPECIALLY WHEN SAYING "NOW" AND "TOY." WHICH ASPECT OF DIPHTHONGS SHOULD SHE FOCUS ON?. The glide between sounds. By enclosing them in slashes.

IN PHONETICS, HOW ARE PHONEMES TYPICALLY INDICATED?. By enclosing them in slashes. /tʃ/ and /dʒ/.

WHICH PAIR OF SOUNDS REPRESENTS THE ONLY TWO AFFRICATES IN ENGLISH?. /tʃ/ and /dʒ/. /R/ and /u/.

CASE:______Emily is learning English and struggles to distinguish between "bit" and "beat." What could help her understand the difference?. Listening for a longer sound in "beat". By enclosing them in slashes.

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INTONATION IN LANGUAGE?. To change word meanings entirely. To add prosodic features and emotion. To add extra syllables to words. To structure paragraphs.

WHY ARE FOREIGN ACCENTS CONSIDERED A RESULT OF NEGATIVE TRANSFER?. They result from difficulty with sounds not found in the native language. Vocal cords.

WHAT ARE THE MUSCULAR BANDS AT THE BASE OF THE LARYNX CALLED?. Vocal cords. A stage with predictable errors that all learners pass through.

WHAT IS INTERLANGUAGE?. A stage with predictable errors that all learners pass through. Negative transfer.

CASE:______A JAPANESE-SPEAKING STUDENT STRUGGLES TO PRONOUNCE ENGLISH “R” SOUNDS. WHAT TYPE OF TRANSFER IS AT PLAY?. Negative transfer. Dipthong.

IN ENGLISH, HOW IS THE VOWEL /ƆꞮ/ CATEGORIZED?. Dipthong. It often sounds like the vowel's letter name.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A FEATURE OF A LONG VOWEL IN ENGLISH?. It often sounds like the vowel's letter name. A glide between two vowel sounds.

HOW ARE 'DIPHTHONGS' DEFINED IN ENGLISH PHONETICS?. A glide between two vowel sounds. To translate language sounds to written symbols for clarity across languages.

WHICH BEST DESCRIBES THE PURPOSE OF THE IPA?. To translate language sounds to written symbols for clarity across languages. It often sounds like the vowel's letter name.

CASE: Ravi is learning English and wonders why "cat" and "bat" have different meanings. What can he learn about English phonemes?. A. B. C.

WHAT IS A FRICATIVE SOUND?. A. B. C.

WHICH SYMBOL SYSTEM IS TYPICALLY USED FOR PHONETIC SOUNDS?. International Phonetic Alphabet. Complementary distribution.

WHICH TERM DESCRIBES ALLOPHONES THAT CANNOT OCCUR IN THE SAME PHONETIC CONTEXT?. Complementary distribution. The total phonemes used in a language.

What does the term “phoneme inventory” refer to?. The total phonemes used in a language. The smoothness of airflow.

WHAT IS THE PRIMARY FACTOR THAT DISTINGUISHES VOWELS FROM CONSONANTS IN PRONUNCIATION?. The smoothness of airflow. The total phonemes used in a language.

CASE:______A SPANISH-SPEAKING LEARNER QUICKLY LEARNS ENGLISH WORDS LIKE “FAMILY” AND “CLASS” BECAUSE OF SIMILARITIES IN BOTH LANGUAGES. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF: Positive transfer. Negative transfer.

CASE:______AHMED STRUGGLES WITH THE SOUNDS IN "JOKE" AND "CHOKE." WHAT SHOULD HE FOCUS ON?. The voicing difference, as /tʃ/ is voiceless and /dʒ/ is voiced. A nonverbal utterance indicating emotion.

WHAT IS A SIGH CLASSIFIED AS IN PARALINGUISTICS?. A nonverbal utterance indicating emotion. The voicing difference, as /tʃ/ is voiceless and /dʒ/ is voiced.

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE ALVEOLAR RIDGE IN SPEECH PRODUCTION?. It forms the sounds associated with the tongue touching the roof of the mouth. A nonverbal utterance indicating emotion.

CASE: Talia switches between different /s/ sounds in English. Why might this not affect meaning?. A. B. C.

WHICH OF THESE VOWELS IS PRODUCED WITH THE LIPS IN AN UNROUNDED POSITION?. /i/. /a/. /e/.

39. WHICH PART OF THE MOUTH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CREATING PLOSIVE SOUNDS?A) B) C)D). Uvula. Hard palate. Nasal cavity. Lips.

WHY DOES THE INFLUENCE OF THE NATIVE LANGUAGE DECREASE AS LEARNERS PROGRESS?. Transfer impacts lessen as target language competency increases. It reveals differences and similarities, helping learners address diversity in languages.

WHY IS CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS USEFUL IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION?. It reveals differences and similarities, helping learners address diversity in languages. Transfer impacts lessen as target language competency increases.

WHICH LANGUAGE EXPERIENCES CHALLENGES WITH PHONEME AND SPELLING ALIGNMENT?. English. Transfer impacts lessen as target language competency increases.

WHICH DIPHTHONG IS COMMONLY FOUND IN WORDS LIKE "COW" AND "HOW"?. A. B. C.

CASE:______Carlos says "caught" and "cot" the same way. WHICH SOUND ELEMENT COULD CLARIFY THE DIFFERENCE?. Vowel rounding. State that the IPA provides a one-to-one match between sounds and symbols, making pronunciation consistent.

CASE________A student is analyzing how the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) could help in accurately learning the pronunciation of words in a foreign language._ *QUESTION: How would you explain the value of the IPA in representing sounds unambiguously, specially in a language they are unfamiliar with?. State that the IPA provides a one-to-one match between sounds and symbols, making pronunciation consistent. Vowel rounding.

CASE: Arjun is learning English and finds he hears the same sound for “tap” and “tab” in his language. What might explain this?. /p/ and /b/ are allophones in his native langua. State that the IPA provides a one-to-one match between sounds and symbols, making pronunciation consistent.

WHAT IS TYPICALLY THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONSONANT AND VOWEL PHONEMES?. A) Consonants block airflow; vowels do not. B) Vowels block airflow; consonants do not. C) Vowels always sound the same across contexts. D) Consonants are always voiced.

WHICH BEST DESCRIBES THE PURPOSE OF THE IPA?. A) To translate language sounds to written symbols for clarity across languages. B) To study the impact of sound waves on hearing. C) To help distinguish between voiced and voiceless sounds. D) To aid in memorizing English spelling conventions.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEST DESCRIBES THE FUNCTION OF THE PHARYNX IN SPEECH?. A. Divides nasal and oral cavities. B. Produces the vocal sound. C. Connects the larynx to the lungs. D. Produces nasal resonance.

WHAT IS LANGUAGE TRANSFER?. A. A method to quickly learn a new language. B. The effect of the native language on learning or using a second language. C. A technique used by teachers to correct pronunciation. D. A tool to translate phrases between languages.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A PRIMARY GOAL OF TRANSLATION STUDIES?. A) Eliminating all grammatical differences between languages. B) Establishing universal linguistic categories for comparison. C) Focusing only on phonological aspects of language. D) Translating idiomatic expressions directly.

IN WORDS LIKE "BEET" AND "BIT," WHAT MAIN FEATURE DIFFERENTIATES THESE VOWELS?. A) Lip rounding. B) Tenseness. C) Tongue height. D) Tongue backing.

WHAT IS THE MAIN FUNCTION OF THE VOCAL CORDS IN SPEECH PRODUCTION?. A. Filter sounds from the trachea. B. Vibrate to create voicing. C. Direct air to the pharynx. D. Separate nasal and or.

WHAT DISTINGUISHES VOICELESS SOUNDS FROM VOICED SOUNDS?. A) Voiceless sounds are produced with open vocal cords. B) Voiced sounds do not involve vocal cord vibration. C) Voiceless sounds occur when vocal cords are closed. D) Voiceless sounds are generated in the nasal cavity.

WHAT DISTINGUISHES VOICELESS SOUNDS FROM VOICED SOUNDS?. A) Voiceless sounds are produced with open vocal cords. B) Voiced sounds do not involve vocal cord vibration. C) Voiceless sounds occur when vocal cords are closed. D) Voiceless sounds are generated in the nasal cavity.

WHY DO APPLIED LINGUISTS FOCUS MORE ON NEGATIVE TRANSFER?. A) Because it is more interesting to study than positive transfer. B) Because negative transfer causes issues in education and language training. C) Because negative transfer helps students learn faster. D) Because positive transfer is irrelevant to language learning.

CASE: Maria notices that English speakers do not pronounce /t/ the same in "top" and "stop." What explains this variation?. A) It’s a dialectal variation. B) /t/ has complementary allophones in different contexts. C) /t/ changes to /p/ in longer words. D) /t/ sounds the same in all cases.

Emphasize that the lips, teeth, and tongue do not affect sound production. A. B. C.

Describe how the lips can stop or shape airflow, the teeth assist with certain sounds, and the tongue moves to various positions. A. B. C.

Suggest that the tongue and lips work solely for vowel sounds. A. B. D.

IN TRANSLATION STUDIES, WHY MIGHT SOCIO-CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS INFLUENCE THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LANGUAGES?. Because socio-cultural factors determine linguistic rules. Because translation must adapt language for different cultural contexts. Because socio-cultural backgrounds prevent accurate translation. Because bilingual texts are not influenced by cultural context.

CASE:____________A FRENCH-SPEAKING STUDENT CONSISTENTLY SAYS, “I TAKE OFTEN THE BUS,” IN ENGLISH. WHAT IS CAUSING THIS?. A. Pronunciation difficulties. B. Vocabulary limitations. C. Negative transfer of French syntax. D. Positive transfer of English grammar.

WHICH TRIPHTHONG IS FOUND IN THE WORD "PLAYER"?. /ɑʊə/. /ɑɪə/. /eɪə/. /ɔɪə/.

WHAT TERM DESCRIBES SOUNDS PRODUCED BY AIR EXITING THROUGH THE NOSE?. A. Voiceless. D. Voiced. C. Alveolar. B. Nasalization.

WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A PHONEME IN ENGLISH?. A) The written letter "c". B) The sound of /k/ in "cat". C) An orthographic symbol. D) A morphological pattern.

THE ALVEOLAR RIDGE IS INVOLVED IN PRODUCING WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SOUNDS?. A. /p/. D. /v/. C. /m/. B. /s/.

CASE:____________ MARCUS HAS DIFFICULTY DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN /V/ AND /F/ SOUNDS IN ENGLISH. WHICH APPROACH MIGHT HELP HIM?. A) Practicing words with only vowel sounds. B) Focusing on words with /v/ at the end. C) Listening for the vibration in /v/ compared to /f/. D) Speaking faster to blur the difference.

What is the term for the study of the physical aspects of sounds produced by the articulators?. Auditory Phonetics. Vocal cord vibration.

WHAT DISTINGUISHES VOICED FROM VOICELESS SOUNDS?. Vocal cord vibration. Translation.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS AN INAPPROPRIATE STEP IN CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS. Translation. Vocal cord vibration.

WHAT IS A MINIMAL PAIR?. A pair of words differing by one phoneme. Lips.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A PRIMARY GOAL OF TRANSLATION STUDIES?. Linguistic categories for comparison. They vibrate to create sound waves.

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE VOCAL CORDS IN SPEECH PRODUCTION?. They vibrate to create sound waves. Pharynx.

IN ENGLISH, WHERE IS THE TONGUE PLACED WHEN PRODUCING A FRONT VOWEL LIKE /I/ AS IN "SEE"?. A) Middle of the mouth. B) Back of the mouth. C) Front of the mouth. D) Lower part of the mouth.

CASE:___________A language learning app is trying to incorporate lessons on the different functions of the oral cavity, specifically how the lips, teeth, and tongue create different sounds. You are tasked with creating a brief introduction to guide new users through these articulators._ * QUESTION: What information would you include to help users understand the role of each part in sound production?. Emphasize that the lips, teeth, and tongue do not affect sound production. Describe how the lips can stop or shape airflow, the teeth assist with certain sounds, and the tongue moves to various positions. Suggest that the tongue and lips work solely for vowel sounds. Mention that sound is mainly shaped by vocal cord movement and not by the lips, teeth, or tongue.

CASE:____________A YOUNG CHILD MISPRONOUNCES WORDS WITH NASALIZED VOWELS. WHY MIGHT THIS NOT CHANGE THE MEANING?. A) Nasalization isn’t used to distinguish meaning in English. B) Only vowel height affects meaning. C) Consonant sounds determine meaning. D) Young children don’t influence language patterns.

CASE:____________A STUDENT IS PRACTICING THE PLURAL FORMS IN ENGLISH AND SAYS THE WORD “DOGS” WITH A FINAL /S/ SOUND. WHAT RULE SHOULD THEY REMEMBER?. A) Add /z/ after all final sounds. B) Use /s/ only with words ending in vowels. C) Use /z/ when a word ends with a voiced sound. D) Always add /əz/.

WHAT IS A PARALINGUISTIC FEATURE?. A) Only spoken words. B) Meta-communicative signals like pitch and tone. C) Grammar structures. D) Sentence patterns.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION TOOL?. A) International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). B) Grammar Rules of English. C) Standard Language Code. D) Dialect Frequency Guide.