dygestive system

consists of the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, and stomach.

is sometimes referred to as the bowels, is made up of the small and large intestines plus the rectum and anus. Here digestion iscompleted and waste material is prepared for expulsion from the body.

include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

surround the opening to the oral cavity (singular, labium). The term labia is also used to describe parts of the female genitalia.

forms the roof of the mouth.

is the anterior portion of the palate.This area is covered with specialized mucous membrane.

is the flexible posterior portion of the palate. During swallowing, it has the important role of closing off the nasal passage to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity.

are irregular ridges or folds in this mucous membrane.

is the third part, and it hangs from the free edge of the soft palate. During swallowing, it moves upward with the soft palate.

is very strong, flexible, and muscular, make it so important for chewing, speaking, and swallowing.

The upper surface of the tongue is:

The dorsum surface has a tough protective covering and in some areas, small bumps known as:

papillae contain ________, which are the sensory receptors for the sense of taste.

The_______ of the tongue and the tissues that lie under the tongue are covered with delicate highly vascular tissues.

The_______ is a band of tissue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits the motion of the tongue.

describes the structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth, This consists of the bone of the dental arches and the soft tissues that surround and support the teeth.

also known as masticatory mucosa or the gums, is the specialized mucous membrane that covers the bone of the dental arches and surrounds the neck of the teeth.

is an area of space between a tooth and the surrounding gingiva. A buildup of food debris and bacteria in it can lead to infection.

are the bony structures of the oral cavity, hold the teeth firmly in position to facilitate chewing and speaking.

is commonly known as the upper jaw and consists of bones of the lower surface of the skull. This arch does not move.

commonly know as the lower jaw, is a separate bone and is the only movable component of the joint.

commonly known as the TMJ, is formed at the back of the mouth where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together.

refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws.

(also known as cuspids). These teeth are used for biting and tearing.

are also known as bicuspids.

These teeth are used for chewing and grinding, (add and between two).

The primary dentition is also known as the:

These 20 teeth erupt during early childhood, are normally lost in late childhood, and are replaced by the permanent teeth. These consist of of eight incisors, four canines, and eight molars but no premolars.

consists of 32 teeth designed to last a lifetime. Of these teeth, 20 replace primary teeth and 12 erupt at the back of the mouth.

The permanent dentition includes: 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars, and 12 molars. 6 incisors, 2 canines, 8 premolars, and 12 molars. 10 incisors, 6 canines, 6 premolars, and 8 molars. 12 incisors, 4 canines, 6 premolars, and 12 molars.

as used in dentistry, describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth.

is the portion of a tooth that is visible in the mouth.

The crown is covered with ________ which is the hardest substance in the body.

hold it securely in place within the dental arch.

The roots are protected by ________. This substance is hard, but it is not as strong as enamel.

also known as the neck of the tooth, is where the crown and root meet.

makes up the bulk of the tooth. The portion that is above the gum line is covered with enamel. The root area is covered with cementum.

is the area within the crown and roots of the tooth that is surrounded by the dentin to protect the delicate pulp of the tooth.

In the roots, the pulp continues in the space known as the _______.

consists of a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves that provide nutrients and innervation to the tooth.

is a colorless liquid that maintains the moisture in the mouth. It helps maintain the health of the teeth, and it begins the digestive process by lubricating food during chewing and swallowing.

Saliva also contains the digestive enzyme _________ and is the first step in chemical digestion.

The three pairs of ________ secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth.

are located on the face, slightly in front of each ear. The ducts for these glands are on the inside of the cheek near the upper molars.

are located on the floor of the mouth under the tongue.

are located on the floor of the mouth near the mandible.

The pharynx plays an important role in ________ , which is commonly known as swallowing.

is a lid-like structure that closes off the entrance to the trachea (windpipe) to prevent food and liquids from moving from the pharynx during swallowing.

is the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach.

also known as the cardiac sphincter, is a muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach. During swallowing, it relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach.

means flowing backward.

The stomach is a sac-like organ composed of the: 1 (upper, rounded part), 2 (main portion), and 3 (lower part). USE COMMAS TO SEPARATE THE WORDS IN ORDER.

are the folds in the mucosa lining of the stomach. These folds allow the stomach to increase and decrease in size. Glands located within these folds produce gastric juices.

made up of enzymes and hydrochloric acid aid in the beginning of food digestion.

is the ring-like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine.

is the narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine.

extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine. This coiled organ is up to 20 feet in length and consists of three sections where food is digested and the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream.

is the first portion of the small intestine. The duodenum extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the jejunum.

which is the middle portion of the small intestine, extends from the duodenum to the ileum.

which is the last and longest portion of the small intestine, extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine.

extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus. It is about twice as wide as the small intestine; however, it is only one-fourth as long. It is here that the waste products of digestion are processed in preparation for excretion through the anus.

is a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen. It extends from the end of the ileum to the beginning of the colon.

is the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine.

commonly called the appendix, hangs from the lower portion of the cecum.

refers to a worm-like shape.

is the longest portion of the large intestine and is subdivided into four parts.

travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver.

passes horizontally across the abdominal cavity from right to left toward the spleen.

travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon.

is an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins the rectum below.

means upward.

means across.

means downward.

means curved like the letter S.

is the widest division of the large intestine. It makes up the last 4 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus.

is the lower opening of the digestive tract.

The flow of waste through the anus is controlled by the. internal anal sphincter. external anal sphincter. uppward anal sphincter. transverse anal sphincter.

refers to the anus and rectum as a single unit.

is the largest organ in the body (Figure 8.8). It has several important functions related to removing toxins from the blood and turning food into the fuel and nutrients the body needs.

is a form of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles. When the blood sugar level is low, the liver converts ________ back into glucose and releases it for use by the body.

is a pigment excreted into the digestive fluid called bile, giving it a yellow to green color.

aids in the digestion of fats, is a digestive juice secreted by the liver that is necessary for the digestion of fat. It travels from the liver to the gall bladder, where it is concentrated and stored.

chol/e refers to.

________ provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine, small ducts in the liver join together like branches to form:

The trunk, which is just outside the liver, is known as the:

The bile travels from the liver through the common hepatic duct to the gallbladder where it enters and exits through the narrow.

The cystic duct leaving the gallbladder rejoins the common hepatic duct to form the:

The common bile duct joins the _________ ,and together they enter the duodenum of the small intestine.

is a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver. It stores and concentrates bile for later use.

The term cholecystic means:

is a soft, 6-inch-long,oblong gland that is located behind the stomach .This gland has important roles in both the digestive and endocrine systems.

The pancreas produces and secretes ______________ that aid indigestion and contain digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate to help neutralize stomach acids.

is the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use.

are responsible for the chemical changes that break foods down into simpler forms of nutrients for use by the body.

is a substance,usually from food, that is necessary for normal functioning of thebody.

The primary or macronutrients are: minerals. Vitamins. proteins. carbohydrates. fats.

are essential micronutrients,which means they are required only in small amounts. minerals. Vitamins. proteins. carbohydrates. fats.

includes all of the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients.

is the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients.

is the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide.

is the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body.

The mucosa that lines the small intestine is covered with finger-like projections called.

which are specialized structures of the lymphatic system,absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins that can not be transported directly by the blood stream.

also known as chewing,breaks food down into smaller pieces,mixes it with saliva,and prepares it to be swallowed.

is a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed.

is a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system.

is the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter,and into the small intestine.

In the duodenum, chyme is mixed with pancreatic juice and bile.The bile breaks apart large fat globules so that enzymes in the pancreatic juices can digest the fats.This action is called:

also known as solid body wastes or stool, are expelled through the rectum and anus.

also known as a bowel movement (BM) is the evacuation or emptying of the large intestine.

refers to the billions of normal bacteria present in the large intestine to protect against infection and help maintain the immune system.

is the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine.

also known as flatus, is the passage of gas out of the body through the rectum.

is the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases.