Examen de Aprendizaje 1ºF UCM

A hungry rat is exposed to a red light, followed by brief access to food. After several such trials, the ra approaches the light bulb when it is illuminated. In this example, the light is an unconditional stimulus. True. False.

Pavlov's study of classical conditioning began as an extension of his work on digestion. True. False.

Conditional stimulus is to Unconditional Stimulus as unlearned is to learned. True. False.

A rat is trained to press a lever for a small amount of food. While pressing the lever at a steady rate, the rate is presented with a tone-light stimulus that had been previously paired with foot-shock. When the tone-light stimulus is on, the rat decreases its rate of lever pressing. This decrease is an example of unconditioned fear responding. True. False.

The supression ratio equals CS responding/ (CS responding + pre-CS responding). True. False.

A rat makes 30 responses during the CS period. During the same duration pre-CS period the rat made 30 responses. The supression ratio is 0.50. True. False.

The greatest amount of fear is indicated by a supression ration of 1.0. True. False.

No fear is indicated by a supression ratio of 0.0. True. False.

In order for food to be presented in an autoshaping procedure, the pigeon must approach the food hopper before the food is delivered. True. False.

In order for sign tracking to occur, the CS and the US should be presented at random intervals in relation to each other. True. False.

Taste aversion learning can occur after just one CS-US pairing. True. False.

Surveys of human eating behavior suggest that if you know that a food did not cause your illnes, you will not form a taste aversion. True. False.

The interstimulus interval refers to the time period between the start of the CS and the end of the US. True. False.

The most frequently used procedure for pavlovian conditioning is short-delayed conditioning. True. False.

A rat is exposed to a three-second red-light stimulus. A short while later, a food pellet is delivered to the rat. That is an example of short-delayed conditioning. True. False.

In backward conditioning the US begins with the CS and continues after the CS terminates. True. False.

A buzzer sound every time food is made available for a pigeon. The buzzer starts when the food is in the hopper, and stops when food is removed. The food is available for 3 minutes. This is an example of long-delayed conditioning. True. False.

A test trial in classical conditioning consists of presenting the CS alone. True. False.

To conclude that an association has been established in classical conditioning experiment, one must ensure that the subject responds every time the CS is presented. True. False.

Instances in which exposure to the US is sufficient to create CR-like responses ti the CS are called habituation. True. False.

One group of rats receives a standard CS-US pairing on each trial. A second group of rats receives CS and US presentations at varying times and intervals such that the total number of CS and US exposures is equal to that of the dirst group. The second group is a sesitization group. True. False.

You wish to train your cat at the sound of a tone. You are most likely to get the best results with trace conditioning. True. False.

Backward conditioning results in excitation of conditioned responding. True. False.

A sig reading out of gas at a restaurant does not cause the frustation of the same sign at a sevice station because the excitatory context is missing at the restaurant. True. False.

Normally, you eat breakfast every morning at Sam's Diner. For the past three mornings, a large yellow banner has stated that Sam is closed. Now, every time you see a yellow banner you turn away from the banner. Your conditioning is an example of the standard procedure for cinditioned inhibition. True. False.

Evidence for inhibitory conditioning is a summation test comes from an increased suppression ratio when the CS+ and CS- are presented together. True. False.

The rationale for the retardation of acquisition test is found in that the rate of acquisition of an excitatory CR should be retarded if the CS is a conditioned inhibitor. True. False.

A rat is given 20 exposures to a red light cue. Then, the red light is presented paired with food delivery. Compared to a rat that did not receive the initial 20 exposures, this rat took a long time to develop a CR to the red light. The slower learning is due to the Us-preexposure. True. False.

CS-preexposure facilitates later associative learning: US preexposure retrds later learning. True. False.

Increasing CS intensity speeds associative learning, but has little effect on the final level of conditioned responding. True. False.

Accordig to studies of belonginess, rats conditioned with shock learn stronger aversion to taste than to audiovisual cues. True. False.

Your friend is afraid of dogs because he was bitten as a child. One day while he was playing catch in a park, a large pack of dogs wandered into his vie. Now he avoids parks. His change in behavior is likely due to high-order conditioning. True. False.

In higher-order conditioning, after training, a CS can function as a US. True. False.

According to the stimulus-subtitution model, the CS activates the UR via excitation of US center. True. False.

The drug dinitropherol causes increased oxygen consumption. Exposure to cues associated with dinitrophenol will also increase oxygen consumption. True. False.

US-devaluation experiments suggest that the CS activates the UR directly. True. False.

A researcher can determine whether conditioned responding is due to S-S or S-R learning changing the value of CS. True. False.

In the second phase of a blocking experiment, the experimental group receives exposure to a compound stimulus; the control group does not receive any further training. True. False.

the blocking effect demostrates that contiguity and CS-US pairings, when they occur together, are sufficient fo associative learning. True. False.

According to Kamin, the blocking effect occurs because stimulus A does not predict the US, and the animal is startled by the arrival of the US in later trials. True. False.

According to Kamin, surprisingness of the US is important in classical conditioning procedures because it startles the subject and blocks new learning about stimulus A and stimulus B. True. False.

Kamin's blocking experiment demostrates tha classical conditioning occurs only when the CS is unexpected. True. False.

Each of two stimuli fully predicts the presentation of a food pellet when presented alone. When the two stimuli are presented together followed by a food pellet, the associative value of both stimuli decrease. True. False.

Accordig to Recorla -Wagner model, extinction is a process of habituation. True. False.

In a discrete trial procedure, the researcher can measure response rate. True. False.

This is typical of a discrete trial procedure: A hungry rat makes a choice between plain food and food enhanced with a sweetener in a T-maze. True. False.

This is true of an operant respose: pushing a lever with a paw and pushing a lever with the snout are equivalent. True. False.

Magazine training involves classical conditioning. True. False.

Shaping depends on the variability of behavior. True. False.

When shaping the behavior of an organism, you must set each criterion so that most of the existing responses are reinforced. True. False.

The major advantage of free-operant methods over discrete trial procedures is that free-operant methods involve S-S learning, but discrete trial procedures involve S-R. True. False.

Turning off the radio when the DJ plays a song you dislike is an example of positive reinforcement. True. False.

A positive contingency between a response and an appetitive stimulus is also known as reward. True. False.

This is an example of punishment. Dora is sent to her room without dessert because her poor manners. True. False.

A positive contingency between a response and an aversive stimulus is also know as omission training. True. False.

This is an example of escape avoidance: Mark hits his little brother because the brother broke Mark's bike. True. False.

A negative contingency between a response and an aversive stimulus is also known as punishment. True. False.

This is an example of omission training: Robert takes out the garbage to stop his roommates nagging. True. False.

A negative contingency between a response and an appetitive stimulus is also known as omission training. True. False.

Lyle leaves the theater because the music in the show he is watching is to loud. This is an example of omission. True. False.

Brenda steals Kelly's car because Kelly went to Europe without her. This is an example of avoidance. True. False.

The difference between punishment and avoidance is: punishment increases the target response, while avoidance decreases the target response. True. False.

Sometimes, removing a stimulus after some response increases the occurrence of that response. This is an example of omission training. True. False.

In some instance, removing a stimulus after some response decreases the occurrence of that response. This is an example of punishment. True. False.

This is true of the nature of the instrumental reinforcer in conditioning procedures: The quality of the reinforcer is important, but not the quantity. True. False.

Two groups of rats were trained to navigate a runway for food. One group earned a single food pellet, the other received three pellets. When they are both shifted to a situation in which they earned the alternative reward rats that initially received the large reward will run faster for the small reward then the rats that initially received the small reward did. True. False.

The elevated responding for a favorable reward resulting from experience with less attractive outcome is called positive contrast. True. False.

The decreased responding for an unfavorable reward becuse of prior experience with a better outcome is called negative contrast. True. False.

Suzie thought that earning $6.00 an hour for flipping burgers was great money when she was in high school. Now, after she lost her $20.000 a year job as a flight technician, she isn't even considering returning to her old job at Burguers R Tasty. She is demostrating a positive contraste. True. False.

Graduate students are barely given enough money to buy noddle soup. When they finifh their degrees they jump at the chance to work for a university for paupes wages. The universities are able to keep the salaries low and still have plenty of applicants because of positive contrast. True. False.

This is an example of a response reinforcer relationship with good contingency but weak temporal contiguity: mailing three cereal box tops to receive a plastic toy. True. False.

A delay in the delivery of a reinforcer after the target response is likely to disrupt coditioning because animals keep responding during the delay. True. False.

Saccharin is a conditional reinforcer. True. False.

Keeping someone warm is not a conditioned reinforcer. True. False.

Rats in a box were reinforced for rearin behavior. One group received a food pellet 60 seconds following each rear. For another group, each rear was followed immediately by a tone, and then 60 seconds after the rearing, a food pellet was delivered. The tone groups learning was disrupted in comparison to the non-tone groups learning. True. False.

Jeff always wears red socks on test days because he believes they allow him to earn good grades. Skinner would attribute this behavior to a positive response-reinforcer contingency. True. False.

In the triadic design of learned helplessness expriments, subjects in group R that are restricted to the apparatus in the exposure phase show slow avoidance learning in the conditioning phase. True. False.

For 30 ten-minute trials, a rat received a food pellet every other lever press. This rat was on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. True. False.

The following describes the behavior reinforced on a fixed ration schedule: cheking a washing machine to see if the clothes are done. True. False.

A gambler is most likely to be on a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. True. False.

Your roommate is taking a self.paced course that requires three papers over the semester. He expected to finish all three papres in the first two weeks but, after quickly finishing the first paper three weeks ago, he has done nothing. This behavior pattern is due to the variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. True. False.

If a ratio requirement is increased from a FR 100 schedule to an FR 500 schedule, the subject will often pause perodically before completion of the ratio requirement. These pauses are due to the post-reinfocement pause. True. False.

A pigeon in a Skinner box periodically access to food after pecking on a key, sometimes the pigeon has to peck 3 or 4 times, sometimes 5, and sometimes more. On average; the bird was reinforced every 5th peck. This pigeon was on a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. True. False.

The following describes behavior reinforced on a variable ratio schedule: pulling the arm of a slot machine. True. False.

The following individual is most likely to be on a variable ratio schedule f reinforcement: a baker with a cake in the oven. True. False.

You notice that the pigeon in the laboratory you just entered has a particular way of pecking at the key in its cage. The pigeon seems to increase its rate of pecking towards the end of a two minute period, food is made available, and then pecking slows until the end of the next two minutes. You surmise that the pigeon is on a fixed ratio schedule. True. False.

The following describes behavior reinforced on a fixed interval schedule: cheking the refrigerator to see if the jelly is done. True. False.

The following individual is most likely to be on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement: a student waiting for her grades to come in the mail. True. False.

A cumulative recorder marks a scalloped pattern of responding when subjects are on a fixed ratio schedule. True. False.

Your friend is taking a class with exams scheduled every three weeks. You expect that he will study at a low steady rate throughout the semester. True. False.

A hungry pigeon is in a Skinner box and is pecking a key for access to food. The first food delivery occurs fo the first peck after 1 minute has elapsed. The second occurs for the first peck after 3 minutes has elapsed. The third food delivery occurs fo the first peck after 2 minutes has elapsed. All other pecks went unrewarded, but the pigeon did not receive access to food unless it pecked the key. The pigeon is most likely on a VR schedule of reinforcement. True. False.

The following describes behavior reinforced on a variable interval schedule: flipping burguers for $5.00 an hour. True. False.

The following individual is most likely to be on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement: a student in a class with many unexpected quizzes. True. False.

When a VI schedule was yoked to a VR schedule so that pigeons on the VI schedule had the same opportunity to ear reinforcement as birds on the VR schedule subjects in both groups showed similar rates of responding. True. False.

A rat is reinforced only if it waits 30 seconds from its last keypeck before it pecks again. This is an example of a VI schedule. True. False.

A concurrent schedule is typically used to examine choice behavior in a Skinner box with two manipulanda. True. False.

Concurrent schedules of reinforcement are used to measure choice behavior with commitment. True. False.

A pigeon responds more on a key A than on a key B. The relative rate of responding to key A could be 0.79. True. False.

The relatiove rate of responding on key A is 0.5. From this, you know the animal is responding to A and B at the same rate. True. False.

A pigeon pecks at key A 10 times a minute. It pecks key B 5 times a minute. The relative rate of responding to key B is 0.33. True. False.

The relative rate of responding to key B is 0.6. According to the matching law, the relative rate od reinforcement on key is very likely 0.4. True. False.

Concurrent-chain schedules of reinforcement are used to measure choice behavior with commitment. True. False.

In studies of self control, researchers have found that pigeons are more likely to choose a small reward over a large reward if there is a long delay for the small reward and a short delay for the large reward. True. False.

The following is the corrct way to express the value discounting function mathematically: V=M/(1+KD). True. False.

According to the hyperbolic decay function of value discounting when the delay is 2, the value of the reinfocer is M/(1+2K). True. False.

According to the hyperbolic decay function of value discounting when the reinforcer is delayed the value of the reinforcer decrease. True. False.

When waiting for a small reward vs waiting for a larger reward, the value of the small reward decreases, while the value of the large reward remains largely unchanged. True. False.

According to Premarck's theory, the likelihood of all instrumental responses is the same. True. False.

In order to determine if one response will reinforce another, Premarck suggested that you need to know the probabilities of each response. True. False.

A major contribution of the Premarck principle is that it focused attention on the homeostatic mechanism of behavior. True. False.

This is considered a contribution of the Premarck principle: it pointed ot that any activity could be used as a reinforcer. True. False.

According to the response deprivation hypothesis, an organism will work to gain access to a reinforcer response if the baseline probability of making that response is greater than that of making the instrumental response. True. False.

A child who chewed very little gum was fitted with braces and cannot chew gum at all. Now, the child's friens can reward mischievous behavior in the child by sneaking the child pieces of gum. The Premarck principle can account for the ability of gum chewing to reinforce other behavior in this child. True. False.

According to the Premarck principle, it is the instrumental conditioning procedure itself responsible for the creation of a reinforcer. True. False.

The focus of behavioral regulation theories is the extent to wich an instrumental cotingency disrupts behavioral stability. True. False.

According to behavioral regulation theories, when a rat is hungry, it pushes a lever to get food in order to reduce a physiological drive state. True. False.

The behavioral bliss point is best defined as a behavior that is the most likely to occur. True. False.

The distribution of responses that is most comfortable to an organism is referred to as the behavioral deprivation point. True. False.

A researcher expresses the behavioral bliss point for two behaviors, drinking and running as a simple ratio of running/drinking. The initial bliss point is give the value of X. After several weeks, in which the animal in question is allowed to remain in the environment, the research should expect that the bliss point will be grater than X. True. False.

The bliss point can be identified by the relative frequency of behavior in an unconstrained situation. True. False.

A rat spends equal amounts of time running and drinking. In a graph of this behavior, time spent running is represented on the x axis. The y axis represents time spent drinking. When running is restricted by an instrumental constrain, the slope of the line representing the new instrumental contingency is teeper than the slope of the line through the bliss point. True. False.

According to the behavioral bliss point approach, imposing a instrumental contingency establishes a new physiological drive state. True. False.

The response deprivation hypothesis views an instrumental contingency as a disruption of the most comfortable distribution of responses. True. False.

In some cases, imposing an instrumental contingency makes it impossible for an organism to return to the free-baseline behavioral bliss point. In these circumstances, the animal is motivated to defend against challenges to its most comfortable distribution of responses. True. False.

When responses allocation cannot return an organism to its bliss point, the response allocation between instrumental and contingent behaviors becomes a matter of compromise. The Premarck principle suggests that the new distribution of behaviors is the least different from bliss point. True. False.

According to the minimum deviation model, when an instrumental contingency is imposed that will not allow an animal to achieve its behavioral bliss point, the animal will compromise and perform more of the instrumental response and less of the contingent response. True. False.

A child would normally eat candy for 20 minutes of each hour an play pinbal for 40 minutes. According to the minimum deviation model, if the child is required on average to play pinball for 50 minutes in order to eat candy for 20 minutes, the child will most likely distribute its behavior to play pinball 50 minutes to gain acces to 20 minutes of candy. True. False.

According to the bliss point approach, reinforcement effects occur because an animal tries to earn as many reinforcers as posible. True. False.

An instrumental contingency results in increased performance of a target instrumental response. According to the bliss point approach, this increase is due to change in the physiological drive state of the organism during response deprivation. True. False.

The elasticity of demand for candy is likely to be less than elasticity of demand for gasoline. True. False.

In ecnomic concepts of response allocation, prices are equivalent schedules. True. False.

If you wanted to increase the Price in an instrumental procedure, you could increase the size of the reinforcer. True. False.

If you wanted to study spending in an instrumental procedure, you would be interested in the instrumental behavior. True. False.

Prices range is not considered a determinant of the elasticity of demand. True. Fasle.

The number of responses required to earn a reinforcer will not have much of an effect on the demand group of rats has for food pellet reinforcers. True. False.

You normally like to read about 20 hours a week. Yout english professor has assigned 20 hours of reading per week and you find that you now want to read less. This shift is a challenge to the response deprivation theory. True. False.

One contribution of the bliss point approach was that it moved us toward considering instrumental conditioning as strengthening an instrumental response. True. False.

The bliss point approach moved us away from thinking about reinforcers as a special class of stimuli. True. False.

Stimulus control of instrumental behavior is demostrated by differential in the presence of similar stimuli. True. False.

A training stimulus of a red square inside of a yellow circle was used in a keypack experiment with pigeons. In a follow-up experiment, one trained pigeon was found to respond more to a red square than a yellow circle. Another trained pigeon responded more to the yellow circle. This demostrates that stimulus control developed only in the subject responding more to the red square. True. False.

Your professor tells you that your dog is demostrating stimulus discrimination. This means that your dog is responding differently to two or more stimuli. True. False.

The following is a true statement about stimulus control: Stimulus control cannot occur without stimulus discrimination. True. False.

Your roommate gets excited every time he receives mail. Even junk mailings bring him joy. His behavior towards the mail demostrates stimulus discrimination. True. False.

An animal demostrates stimulus generalization when it responds in a different fashion to two or more stimuli. True. False.

A colorblind dog is trained to press a lever in the presence of a 590 nm wavelength colored light. The stimulus generalization gradient when the dog is tested in the presence of other colors will rise steeply just before the 590 nm mark, then drop shortly after. True. False.

Your friend has enrolled in a course in music training. The first part of the course involves learning to recognize different tones. Every time the students hear a middle C, they are to raise their right hands. Early in training you expect the stimulus generalization gradient to rise to a high at middle C and remain there. True. False.

A flat stimulus generalization gradient indicates that subjects are responding similarly to several stimuli. True. False.

A steep stimulus generalization gradient indicates that the subjects are demostrating stimulus generalization. True. False.

Assume you would like your therapeutic treatments to generalize to outside settings. You should conduct session in your office so the client comes to associate the cues of the office with preparing for treatment. True. False.

The extent to which an organism learns about a stimulus depends on how easily other stimuli in the environment can become conditioned. This phenomenon is called overshadowing. True. False.

You are attempting to train your dog to sit. Every time you say the word sit and raise your hand, a friend pushes the dog into a sitting position. After a week of training, yor dog sits when you speak the command, but still does nothing when you raise your hand. There may be a problem with generalizationing this training. True. False.

When pigeons are trained to earn access to food in the presence of a combined light/tone stimulus, the tone is most likely to control the instrumental behavior. True. False.

When pigeons are trained to respond to avoid shock in the presence of a combined light/tone stimulus, the light is most likely to control the instrumental behavior. True. False.

In the presence of a tone/light cue, pigeons were trained to press a foot treadle to gain access to food or to avoid footshock. Subsequent investigations determined that responding in appetitive situations is more likely to be controlled by visual cues; respinding in aversive situations by auditory cues. This demostrates that the type of reinforcement is a determinant of stimulus control. True. False.

Dogs trained on a go/no-go discrimination rather than a right-left discrimination learned to respond mainly to the quality of the cues. True. False.

When dogs were trained to lift their right or left legs in response to an auditory cue, the element that controlled the instrumental behavior was the reinforcer location. True. False.

The instrumental behavior of dogs trained on a go/no-go discrimination task was controlled by the stimulus quality. Dogs trained to lift a right or left leg learned to respond to the location of the cue. This demostrates that the type of response required plays a role in determing stimulus control. True. False.

In a stimulus discrimination procedure, subjects are repeatedly exposed to a single stimulus as a cue for the availability of a reinforcer. True. False.

In driving school, you are reinforced for driving into an intersection when the light is green, but not reinforced when the light is red. This is an example of a stimulus discrimination procedure. True. False.

Other students take advantage of the professor's absence to look on each others' papers. When the professor periodically returns, this behavior stops, only to start again when the professor leaves. This is an example of overshadowing. True. False.

The following conditioning procedure will result in a very steep stimulus generalization gradient: S+= 950 Hz tone; S- = 900 Hz tone. True. False.

The following conditioning procedure will result in a very flat stimulus generalization gradient: S+ = 1000 Hz tone; S- = 900. True. False.

Suppose you want your goldfish to swim to the top of the tak only when you shine a red light, and no other color, into the water. Assuming the fish ca see most colors, to condition the fish you should use red, orange, and purple lights, and only reward the fish for swimming to the surface when the red light is used. True. False.

According to Spence's theory of discrimination learning, discrimination training results in the development of an excitatory generalization gradient around the S+, but an inhibitory generalization gradient around the S-. True. False.

A cat is trained to hit a suspended ball in the presence of a red light. Presentation of other lights were not followed by any reinforcers if the cat hit the ball. According to Spence, the cat learned to respond only when the S+ is present. True. False.

According to Spence, discrimination training results in either excitatory or inhibitory conditioning. True. False.

When the S+ and S´differ only in terms of one stimulus feautre, the training procedure is called interdimensional discrimination. True. False.

The following stimuli could be used in an intradimensional discrimination procedure: S+ = bright red light: S- = tone. True. False.

A pigeon is trained to peck in the presence of a 500nm wavelength light and is not reinforced for pecking in the presence of a 510 nm wavelenght light. After training, most performance will be demostrated in response to a 500 nm light. True. False.

In the peak-shift phenomenon, the peak performance shifts from the training S+ away from the training S-. True. False.

The following pairs of stimuli will result in a great peak-shift phenomenon: S+ = bright red light: S- = no light. True. False.

The following tones will result in a great peak-shift phenomenon: S+ = 1000 Hz; S- = 990 Hz. True. False.

The peak-shift phenomenon is important because it demostrates that the greates level of performace may occur in response to an untrained stimulus. True. False.

The blocking effect demonstrates that the greatest level of instrumental performance may occur in response to a novel stimulus. True. False.

The following pair of stimuli is likely to resut in a peak-shift effect: S+ = red square; S- = blue triangle. True. False.

According to Spence's theory, the peak shift phenomenon occurs because the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients summate. True. False.

Spence's theory suggests that the peak shift phenomenon will only occur when the excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients do not overlap. True. False.

Stimulus equivalence trining refers to procedures in which two different stimuli are trained to elicit different responses. True. False.

The fact that you are less likely to cheer in class than at a football game is an indication that blocking effects occur across contexts. True. False.

Context is an important determinant of learned behavior performance only when the contingency requires the subject to attend to the context. True. False.

Dogs are trained with a red-light S+ and a yellow-light S- in context 1. Then, in context 2, the same dogs receive training with a yellow-light S+ and a red-light S-. Assuming they receive the same number of reinforcers in each context during training, the contexts will not appear to control behavior because the reinforcers delivered in each context were the same. True. False.

Modulators serve to indicate when discrimination training has begun. True. False.

In an instrumental discrimination procedure, the S+ serves as a modulator. True. False.

A tone signals that a red light will be followed by food delivery. Without the tone, foods does not follow the red light presentation. After some training, the tone is repeatedly presented alone. You expect that its ability to facilitate the CR will be unchanged. True. False.

A modulator signals a CS-US relationship. True. False.

When a modulator is presented alone, the facilitory properties gradually extinguish. True. False.

A stimulus can be a modulator without itself eliciting visible conditioned responding. True. False.

Modulator effects require that an organism treat the stimulus compound as independent cues. To ensure that this occurs, researchers present the stimuli one after another in what is called a serial compound. True. False.

Your friend checks her shoes before riding on the escalator, to make sure they are tied and will not get caught between the moving steps. You recognize her behavior as an escape response. True. False.

Bechterev had human subjects place their fingers on a shock plate, signaled with a warning CS, and then delivered a brief shock. He noticed that after a few trials, subjects were lifting their fingers from the plate in response to the CS, thus reducing the shock US. This experiment is best characterized as an investigation of aversive classical conditioning mechanisms. True. False.

One group (Classical Conditioning) of guinea pigs was placed in a running wheel, a tone CS was presented, and 2 seconds later a brief shock was administered. Another group (Avoidance) also was placed in a running wheel, a tone CS was presented, and a brief shock was administered only if the subjects did not move the wheel during the CS presentation. After several trials, the classical conditioning group ran more than the avoidance group. True. False.

In a discriminated avoidance procedure, the CS is never followed by the aversive US. True. False.

The difference between an escape trial and an avoidance trial is that the aversive US is delivered during an avoidance trial but not in an escape trial. True. False.

A rat is placed in a test arena. When a two-second tone sounds, the rat must push a lever in the arena to prevent a mild footshock from being delivered. If the rat does not push the lever, the shock is delivered periodically until the lever is depressed. On early trials, the rat often fails to push the lever until the shock is delivered. These early trials are reffered to as escape trials. True. False.

A guinea pig can prevent mild footshock by turning a running wheel during brief tone CS. Early in training, the guinea pig receives several shocks because it fails to spin the wheel in time. However, over several trials the guinea pig successfully learns to prevent the shock. These later successful trials are most correctly referred to as avoidance trials. True. False.

The first component of the two-process theory of avoidance is conditioning fear to the US. True. False.

The two-process theory of avoidance asserts that the reinforcing propierties of avoidance trials are due to punishment. True. False.

The second component of the two-process theory of avoidance is reinforcement of the escape response through termination of fear. True. False.

The goal of acquired drive experiments is to examine the role of conditioned reinforcers in the control of appetitive behaviors. True. False.

Twenty dogs are initially presented with numerous CS-tone/Us-footshock pairings. These dogs are then placed in a shuttle box, and movement from one side of the shuttle to the other terminates periodic presentation of the CS tone. No shock are delivered in the shuttle box. This is an example of a conditioned suppression procedure. True. False.

As avoidance training continues, fear of the avoidance CS remains constant. True. False.

Conditioned fear and avoidance responding are higly correlated. True. False.

During early stages of avoidance training, most of the trials are escape trials. True. False.

Genrally, one-way shuttle avoidance is easier to learn than two-way. True. False.

During avoidance training, subjects are also given periodic conditioned suppression test with the shock-avoidance CS. With extended avoidance training, response suppression remains constant. True. False.

The reduction of fear to the shock-avoidance CS that accompanies extended avoidance training has little effect on avoidance responses. True. False.

With extended avoidance training, fear to the shock-avoidance CS decreases. True. False.

The two-process theory predicts that with extensive avoidance training, a subject's performance of the avoidance response should decrease due to extinction. True. False.

Timmy is afraid of snakes and runs away whenever he sees one. To cure him of his fear, his older brother places Timmy in a box along with three harmless garter snakes. This treatment is an example of habituation. True. False.

In a flooding procedure, the subject is exposed to the US but unable to make the UR. True. False.

The most important factor contributing to the extinction of an avoidance response in a flooding procedure is the number of response prevention trials. True. False.

Two way avoidance is carried out to determine if an organism can learn to avoid a non-signaled aversive stimulus?. True. False.

If you wish to quickly and permanently suppress a behavior through the use of punishment, you should use mild aversive stimulation and progress to stronger stimuli. True. False.

Criminal Bob just spent 5 months in jail for robbing a store. Criminal Sally spent 1 week in jail for the same crime. The next time they were caught, each eas sentenced to 3 months in jail. This second sentence is most likely to suppress the later criminal behavior of Sally more than Bob. True. False.

More response supression will be achieved if the shock that is administered in a punishment situation is response noncontigent, mild and of short duration. True. False.

An aversive stimulus is administered following a response in the presence of a tone. When the tone is not present, the same response does not bring about the aversive stimulus. This procedure is called discriminated punishment. True. False.

one problem with using punishment to alter behavior is that parents will often pay less attention to a child when it is reading quietly than when he or she is enganging in a behavior that is unacceptable. When this happens, a discriminated punishment procedure is being used. True. False.

According to Premack, shock punishes lever pressing behaviors because lever pressing is a higher-valued activity than undergoing shock. True. False.

One problem with using punishment outside the laboratory to modify behavior is that punishment is usually introduced at low intensities. True. False.

Learning is not possible without memory. However, studies of learning do differ from those of memory. For example, in most studies of learning, retention intervals vary. But in srudies of memory, the retrieval phaseis varied. True. False.

In studies of learning, the acquisition stage of an experiment is uasually varied. True. False.

Your friend has volunteered for a psychology demostration. She will be taught a list of words while wearing SCUBA gear at the bottom of a pool, and then she will be asked to remember the words when she returns to class. This demostration is most likely exploring acquisition. True. False.

Steve is taught to work a difficult maze. The time it takes for him to work the maze is tested one day, three days, and ten days after training. This is likely a study of retrieval. True. False.

Susan, Debra, and Sally are serving as subjects in a psychology experiment. Each will be taught to ride a bicycle.Susan will be taught by an expert instructor, Debra will be taught by a video demonstration, and Sally will be given a book on bicycles. The amount of time it takes each student to learn to ride will be recorded. This is likely a study of retention. True. False.

Items in working memory are held only for a short (10-25 seconds) time. True. False.

Reference memory is long term retention of information necessary for succesful use of incoming and recently acquired information. True. False.

This is the order stimuli are usually presented in a delayed matching to sample task: sample stimulus; delay; test stimuli. True. False.

In a tipical delayed matching to sample task, a delay interval immediately precedes presentation of the test stimuli. True. False.

To receive reinforcement in a delayed matching to sample task, an organism must select a test stimulus that is identical to the sample stimulus. True. False.

A simultaneous matching to sample task differs from a delayed matching to sample task because in a simultaneous matching to sample task, there is no test stimuli presentation. True. False.

The nature of the stimulus to be remembered is not a factor that determines performance in a delayed matching to sample task. True. False.

To increase the likelihood that your subjects will make correct responses in a delayed matching to sample task, you should present the sample for a long period followed by a short delay. True. False.

According to the trace decay hypothesis, decreasing the delay interval is not likely to increase the duration of memory in a delayed matching to sample task. True. False.

The trace decay hypothesis is challenged by findings that suggest that performance on a delay matching to sample task can improved by increasing the exposure time to the sample. True. False.

Radial mazes are used primarily to test performance in delayed matching sample trials. True. False.

Stimulus coding is primarily a task that occurs during retention. True. False.

Stimulus coding refers to creating a neural representation of an experience. True. False.

Restrospective memory refers to memory of events that have happened in the past. True. False.

If a hamster in a radil maze is keeping in mind where it has been, it is using prospective memory. True. False.

Prospective memory refers to memory for events that must happen in the future. True. False.

After three right-hand turns, Sally remembers that to get to Bet's house she must next make a left-hand turn. To remember the left-hand turn, Sally is using prospective memory. True. False.

Animals have been found to use different coding strategies depending on the task demands. For example, at the beginning of a long series of behaviors, an animal would likely use prospective memory whereas near the end of the series it would likely use restrospective memory. True. False.

In a 12-arm radial maze, a rat makes a correct response if it visits an arm it has not previously explored. After 10 arms have been explored, the rat is most likely using prospective memory. True. False.

To keep memory load at a minimum while performing a long list of tasks, you should use prospective coding strategies near the beginning of the task list and restrospective strategies near the end. True. False.

Directed forgetting studies support the conclusion that rehearsal processes in animals can be brought under stimulus control. True. False.

Infants were trained to kick in order to move a mobile. 24 hours later, one group of these infants was tested in the presence of the same contextual cues; another group was tested in the presence of a context familiar to them, but different from the training situation. The infants tested in the training context performed much better, probably because of retrieval cues. True. False.

Monkeys are presented with a seres of stimuli in a delayed matching to sample task. First a white light signals the start of the trial. Then a green light is presented, followed by the red sample light, a delay, an then the tesst stimuli of a green light and a red light. This experiment is designed to explore proactive interference. True. False.

The retrieval failure hypothesis of retrogade amnesia results from retention failure. True. False.

Evidence to support the retrieval failure hypothesis of retrogade amnesia comes from studies in which memory deficits can be overcome by reminder treatments. True. False.

The important difference between the memory consolidation and retrieval failure hypotheses of retrogade amnesia is that the memory consolidation hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects memory loss, whereas the retrieval failure hypothesis assumes that amnesia reflects altered coding of new memories. True. False.

The contents of memory for hidden food items in scrub jaays is closely analogous to human episodic memory. True. False.

A task in which the discriminative stimulus is the lenght of time of an event is referred to as a duration estimation task. True. False.

A pigeon is used in a modified matching-to-sample experiment. If the birds is presented with a 3 second long sample, it must peck a red key. If the sample is 10 seconds long, the pigeon must peck a green key. This type of experiment is called a time conditioning task. True. False.

Results from duration estimation task suggest that neither pigeons nor rats van base their behavior on duration estimation. True. False.

A trial begins with presentation of a discriminative stimulus. If the stimulus is a light, a food pellet reinforcer will be set up after 20 seconds and can be earned with a lever press. If the stimulus is a tone, a food pellet reinforcer will be set up after 40 seconds and can be earned with a lever press. Test trials involve recording the subject's responses over 80 non-reinforced seconds. This procedure is called a peak procedure. True. False.

Internal clocks of rats can be stopped and restarted without much loss of information. True. False.

In order to correctly perform the behavior required of a response chain, a subject must learn S-R associations. True. False.

In an ordered behavioral task, a response to stimulus A results in the presentation of stimulus B. Responding to B results in C, and so forth. This type of task is called paired associated learning. True. False.

A simultaneous stimulus array cannot be solved by learning stimulus-response associations. True. False.

Monkeys were trained to press five buttons, A through E, in alphabetical order. When presented with smaller subset of keys B D they were able to press these keys i order also. This siggest the monkeys learned serial representations. True. False.

After learning to press five keys, A through E, in alphabetical order, monkeys were given tests in which subsets of two keys were presented. A comparison of the latencies to press the second key revealed that as the number of letters missing between the two test keys increased, (BD) versus (BE) for example, the latency to press the second key increased, suggesting that the monkeys were using mental scanning to perform the task. True. False.

Perceptual concepts involve generalization within category. True. False.

In order to respond correctly in the tests of perceptual concept learning, a dolphin must respond similarly to members of the same category even if they have different elements. True. False.

Studies of perceptual concept learning suggest that many species, including pigeons, form true perceptual concepts. True. False.

Evidence of generalization to novel examplars is used to support a paired associate learning interpretation. True. False.