Examen Semántica del Inglés

Choose the incorrect one: The relation between sign and meaning is arbitrary in the case of symbols. Semiotics is a subpart of semantics. Linguistic meaning is basically symbolic. We can communicate meaning in non-linguistic ways.

'Plurality’, ‘possession’ and ‘gender’ are meanings associated with: Inflectional morphology. Derivational morphology. Closed-class lexemes. Open-class lexemes.

One of these is not associated with formal approaches to semantics: Modularity. Innateness. Embodiment. Mentalese.

“The meaning of the whole is a function of the meaning of the parts” is an approximate definition of: The formal view of semantics. The Gestalt Law of Perception. The Language Acquisition device. Frege's Principle of Compositionality.

One of these is unrelated to the formal semantics approach: Model-theoretic semantics. Truth-conditional semantics. Cognitive semantics. Logical semantics.

How many of these statements are true? - In priming experiments, a “prime” stimulus may facilitate the processing of the “target”. - Priming experiments have been used to investigate metaphor and polysemy. - The distance between the beginning of the prime and the beginning of the target is called “Stimulus Onset Asynchrony”. - Priming is usually attributed to the automatic spread of activation between related meanings in the lexicon. One. Two. Three. Four.

The fast movements we do with our eyes are called: Fixations. Scans. Saccades. Latencies.

One of these is not a on-line measure: Lexical decision. Naming. Reading times. Feature listing.

Which is not true: binary semantic features ___________. are complementary. started in the structuralist tradition. work with any type of word. can help to describe selectional restrictions.

The two components of ERPs which are more informative for linguistic studies are called ___ and ___, because they are sensitive to syntax and semantics, respectively: P600 & N400. P400 & N600. N600 & P400. N400 & P600.

Choose the correct one: The difference between 'sense' and 'reference' is that: ‘Sense’ is related to the defining properties of an expression, while ‘reference’ has to do with things that populate the world. ‘Reference’ is related to generic concepts, while ‘sense’ is related to specific instances. 'Sense' is physical while 'reference' is mental. 'Sense' is related to extension, while 'reference' is related to intension.

Expressions that depend on context for their reference are called: Deictics. Denotational. Variable. Truth-conditional.

Denotation is very similar to. Connotation. Sense. Extension. both 'sense' and 'extension'.

The notion of ‘family resemblance’ is due to: Labov. Rosch. Aristotle. Wittgenstein.

One of these statements is not consistent with the classical account of categorisation: Categories are objectively defined in terms of “necessary and sufficient features”. Categorisation is a dichotomous matter of inclusion or exclusion. Categories are discrete entities with clearly defined boundaries. Categories have an internal structure, that is, degrees of membership.

One of these is not a “prototype effect”: Order of mention in recall. Order of acquisition. Speed of verification. Categorical boundary fixing.

One of these is not a strategy used by children to learn the meaning of words: Lexical contrast. Specific word-learning biases. Use of syntactic cues. Knowledge of a 'theory of mind'.

Identify the example of lexical ambiguity: 'My grandfather was a cheerful person.'. 'She is a bright student.'. 'They gave him a warm reception.'. 'I gave her a ring.'.

Only one is not structurally ambiguous: 'Cleaning ladies can be fun.'. 'Visiting relatives can be boring.'. The teacher approached the boy smoking a cigar.'. 'I saw the man with a hat.'.

In 'far'-'near',. 'far' is the marked term and 'near' the unmarked one. 'far' is the unmarked term and 'near' the marked one. 'far' is the prototypical term and 'near' the peripheral one. both are unmarked and prototypical.

In semantic networks, ______ is a way of storing information in a more economical way. spreding. activation. inheritance. priming.

One of these is not a relationship between different words: Synonymy. Hyponymy. Antonymy. Polysemy.

One of these is not a feature of basic-level categories: They share a common gestalt. They have shorter names. They are learned later by children. Most of our knowledge is stored at this level.

The word 'furniture' is a _______ of the word 'chair': hyperonym. meronym. hyponym. homonym.

One of these is not a type of figurative language: Oxymoron. Hyperbole. Hyperbaton. Understatement.

Choose the incorrect one: Spatial metaphors are usually based on our experiential basis. The basic mechanism behind metaphor is analogy. Cultural experience is sometimes behind some metaphors. In most metaphors, the target domain is more concrete than the source domain.

In the 'LOVE IS A JOURNEY' metaphor, lovers are seen as travellers due to a: Ontological correspondence. Metaphoric correspondence. Epistemic correspondence. Metonymic correspondence.

In ____ correspondences, knowledge in general about one domain is projected to the second domain: ontological. metaphoric. epistemic. metonymic.

One of these examples does not involve an argument: 'I've got a flat tyre.'. 'In America, they still have the death penalty.'. 'The university professors are on strike.'. 'The kettle is boiling.'.

In metonymy, one entity, the ____ provides mental access to another entity, the ____: vehicle - target. target - referent point. reference point - vehicle. vehicle - reference point.

Words that indicate relationships and are thus inherently dependent on other words are called ____, while the independent individuals are called ______: arguments – predicates. relations – predicates. predicates – semantic roles. predicates – arguments.

A semantic role is... the semantic relation that holds between an argument and its predicate. the role that an entity plays in an event. the element that indicates the relationship between individuals and arguments. the relationship existing between verbs and nouns in a sentence.

The double-tier is a solution proposed by Jackendoff to solve the case of motion events, in which we specify: Spatial and action tiers. Motion and time tiers. Motion and space tiers. Obligatory and optional tiers.

The association between a semantic role and a grammatical function is called: Biding. Bounding. Linking. Association.

One of these verbs would not be used in a perlocutionary act: 'deceive'. 'intimidate'. 'threat'. 'persuade'.

Choose the incorrect one: In many cases, context is necessary to fix reference. Most of the meanings we construct are explicitly contained in the forms of language itself. The communicative intention of the speaker is basic in the correct recovery of meaning. A strict separation of semantics and pragmatics is very difficult or even impossible.

The Speech Act Theory was initiated by: John Searle. Paul Grice. Sperber & Wilson. John Austin.

Which of these is not a strategy for linking anaphors with antecedents: Recency and salience. Gender and number. Derivational morphology. Grammatical role.

Conversational implicatures are due to: John Searle. Paul Grice. Sperber & Wilson. John Austin.

The breaking of a conversational maxim receives the name of: Flouting. Flagging. Flunking. Flushing.

The word apple is a ____ of the word fruit: hypernym. meronym. hyponym. homonym.

One of these verbs would not be used in perlocutionary act: 'deceive'. 'irritate'. 'promise'. 'persuade'.

Sense is similar to: Reference. Connotation. Intension. Both 'connotation' and 'intension'.

Which of these pairs are not converses: 'teacher' - 'student'. 'above' - 'below'. 'friend' - 'enemy'. 'monarch' - 'subject'.

The word nose is a _______of the word face: Hypernym. Meronym. Hyponym. Homonym.

One of these syntactic categories is not normally used as a predicate: Verb. Preposition. Noun. Adjective.

A hand with the 'thumb up' to indicate approval would be an example of: A symbol. An icon. An index. A signal.

One of these is not a type of meaning normally associated with derivational morphemes: pertaining to X. the one that does X. without X. the possessor of X.

'The Evening Star' and 'The Morning Star': Have the same sense and the same reference. Have different sense and different reference. Have different sense but the same reference. Have the same sense but different reference.

In 'strong' - 'weak',. 'strong' is the marked term and 'weak' the unmarked one. 'strong' is the unmarked term and 'weak' the marked one. 'strong' is the prototypical term and 'weak' the peripheral one. both are unmarked and prototypical.

The study of meaning communication in all its modes is carried out by: Semantics. Pragmatics. Semiotics. Both 'semantics' and 'semiotics'.

“Size, possession and gender" are meanings associated in English with: Inflectional morphology. Derivational morphology. Closed-class lexemes. Open-class lexemes.

One of these is not associated with formal approaches to semantics: Modularity. Innateness. Embodiment. Mentalese.

‘Eye-glasses’ can be considered _____ of ‘short-sightedness”: a symbol (arbitrary). an icon. an index (cause-effect). a signal binary.

The waveform measured by ERPs, which is more informative for semantic studies, is: P600. P400. N600. N400.

In 'young' - 'old',. 'old' is the marked term and 'young' the unmarked one. ‘old’ is the unmarked term and ‘young’ the marked one. 'old’ is the prototypical term and ‘young’ the peripheral one. both are unmarked and prototypical.

In George Clooney is known for his many conquests, 'LOVE' is the _____ and 'WAR' is the ____: reference point – target. target – reference point. target domain – source domain. source domain – target domain.

One of these examples does not involve a metonymy: 'Buses are on strike this week.'. 'Obama is the new president of America.'. 'Taxis are hard to find when it rains.'. 'The kettle is boiling.'.

Obligatory and optional elements in a predication are called, respectively: predicates and arguments. arguments and predicates. theta roles and arguments. theta roles and adjuncts.

The appropriate circumstances that have to be present for a given speech act to be performed are called: Contextual prerequisites. Felicity conditions. Pragmatic assumptions. Utterance inferences.