Examen Uro 2026

22. What is true for transplanted kidney? T1. Usually only one kidney is transplanted T2. The kidney is implanted in the right or left iliac fossa T3. The kidney is implanted extraperitoneally T4. The kidney is implanted intraperitoneally T5. Vascular anastomoses are followed by implantation of ureter of the transplanted kidney with the bladder of the recipient. a) T1, T3, T4, T5. b) T1, T2, T4, T5. c) All of the listed above. d) T2, T3, T4, T5. e) T1, T2, T3, T5.

23. An increased anion gap is expected in: T1. ketoacidosis T2. laktacidosis T3. salicilate (aspirin) poisoning T4. compensated respiratory acidosis T5. methanol poisoning Select a combination of correct answers: a) T2, T3, T4, T5. b) none of the above. c) T1, T2, T3, T5. d) T1, T2, T4, T5. e) all of the above.

24. What is true for renal biopsy performed in diagnosing parenchymal renal disease? T1. Both kidneys are punctured T2. Only one kidney is punctured, usually left T3. Recommended hemoglobin concentration before renal biopsy is > 100 g/L T4. Normal hemostasis is necessary for safe performance of renal biopsy T5. Level of blood pressure is not important for safety of renal biopsy. a) T1, T3, T4. b) T2, T4, T5. c) T2, T3, T4. d) T1, T3, T5. e) T1, T2, T4.

25. A common cause of pulmo-renal syndrome is: a) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome. b) Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. c) Wegener’s granulomatosis. d) Renal vein thrombosis with pulmonary embolism. e) Purpura Henoch-Schönlein.

26. Grade 1 kidney trauma is always treated surgically, because often urinoma is present in grade 1 kidney trauma. a) first sentence correct, second sentence wrong. b) both sentences wrong. c) both sentences correct and causally connected. d) first sentence wrong, second sentence correct. e) both sentences correct.

27. Glomerular or parenchymal origin of hematuria is indicated by: a) Renal colic, macroscopic hematuria. b) Erythrocyte casts, proteinuria, usually > 500 mg/day, dysmorphic erythrocytes, acanthocytes. c) Dysuria, macroscopic hematuria. d) Suprapubic pain, dysuria, clots in urine, normal erythrocytes in urine. e) Incontinence of urine, macroscopic hematuria.

28. Modern definition of chronic kidney disease is: a) Functional kidney damage with decreased glomerular filtration rate for at least 3 months. b) Functional or structural kidney damage with normal or decreased glomerular filtration rate for at least 3 months. c) Structural or functional kidney damage requiring renal replacement therapy by dialysis. d) Structural kidney damage with normal glomerular filtration rate for at least 3 months. e) Structural kidney damage with decreased glomerular filtration rate for at least 3 months.

29. Diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma (TCC – transitional cell carcinoma) of the upper urinary tract is difficult. Which diagnostic tests are NOT part of the selection? T1. CT urography, intravenous urography T2. Cytopathological examination of urine - cytology T3. Flexible uretero-renoscopy T4. Transrectal ultrasound T5. Renal angiography. a) T4, T5. b) T1, T2, T3. c) T1, T3, T5. d) T2, T5. e) T3, T4, T5.

30. Which agent is used in intravesical immunotherapy of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer?. a) Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). b) Targesin. c) Gemcitabine. d) Hydrocortisone. e) Mitomycin C.

31. Chronic glomerulonephritis or chronic nephritic syndrome are characterized by: a) Hypertension, proteinuria, enlarged kidneys on ultrasonography. b) Hypertension, proteinuria, hematuria, enlarged or normal kidneys on ultrasonography, increased creatinine clearance. c) Fever, renal colic, frequent hematuria and pyuria. e) Hypertension, proteinuria <3 g/day, glomerular erythrocyturia, decreased kidney size with reduced parenchyma and increased resistance index.

32. Prostate cancer: a) hereditary prostate carcinoma presents about 11 % of all prostate cancers. b) all answers are correct. c) more common in African-American. d) patient with prostate cancer can have PSA < 2ng/L. e) is more common in men 80 years or older.

33. Characteristics of IgA nephropathy are: T1. Kidney biopsy is not necessary to make a diagnosis T2. Respiratory infection and macrohematuria appear together T3. There are no specific markers in blood or urine T4. Most patients are treated immediately with corticosteroids T5. IgA nephropathy is the most common among primary glomerular diseases, manifesting as macrohematuria or microhematuria or as chronic nephritic syndrome, and rarely as nephrotic syndrome or rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis Select the combination of correct answers: a) T1, T2, T5. b) T2, T3, T5. c) T3, T4, T5. d) T1, T2, T3. e) T2, T3, T4.

34. Euvolemic hyponatremia occurs with: T1. Heart failure T2. Hypothirosis T3. Liver cirrosis T4. Treatment with diuretics T5. Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) Select the combination of correct answers: a) T1, T2,. b) T2, T5. c) T3, T5. d) T1, T3. e) T1, T4.

35. At which level of hyperkalemia emergency treatment is indicated?. a) Serum potassium > 7.5 mmol/L. b) Serum potassium > 8.0 mmol/L. c) Serum potassium = 6.0 mmol/L. d) Serum potassium > 7.0 mmol/L. e) Serum potassium > 6.5 mmol/L.