Examen uro 23-33

101. For empirical treatment of acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis in a non- pregnant woman, the usual prescription is: 1. Nitrofurantoin orally for 5 days. 2. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for 10 days. 3. Amoxicillin for 7 days. 4. Ciprofloxacin for 7 days. 5. Ciprofloxacin for 10 days.

102. Acute complicated pyelonephritis is defined as: 1. Any acute pyelonephritis in a pregnant woman. 2. Acute pyelonephritis in a man. 3. Acute pyelonephritis in a patient with chronic kidney disease. 4. Acute pyelonephritis in a patient with an indwelling urinary catheter. 5. All of the above.

103. A urine culture should be obtained before starting treatment for a urinary tract infection if: We suspect acute uncomplicated cystitis. We suspect acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis. Always, regardless of the complexity of the infection. Always, regardless of the infection site. Never, because the clinical presentation is characteristic.

104. In elderly patients with a permanent urinary catheter: We routinely examine the urine every month. We send a urine sample for culture and antibiogram every month. Urinary tract infections are rare because urine freely drains from the bladder. We conduct a urine test and culture if the person shows symptoms of a urinary tract infection. Leukocyturia or bacteriuria always indicates an invasive infection.

105. Acute prostatitis: Is an uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Is a complicated urinary tract infection that is treated with a 14-day antibiotic course. Is a complicated urinary tract infection that requires at least 4 weeks of antibiotic therapy. Is an extremely rare infection and has no special consequences if left untreated. Is an infection in a patient with an indwelling urinary catheter.

106. Recurrent acute uncomplicated cystitis is characterized by: 1. It affects women of reproductive age. 2. Acute cystitis occurs 3 or more times a year. 3. Morphological tests of the urinary tract are normal. 4. It affects sexually active women. 5. All of the above.

107. Prophylactic measures and therapy for preventing urinary tract infections in women include: A. Taking an adjusted dose of antibiotics after sexual intercourse B. Regularly taking an adjusted dose of antibiotics every evening C. Emptying the bladder after sexual intercourse D. Drinking at least 5 liters of fluid daily E. Taking antibiotics for at least 1 month. A, B, C. B, C, D. C, D, E. A, C, E. B, D, E.

108. Sexually transmitted infections: Are caused only by Chlamydia trachomatis. Are typically accompanied by high fever. Can cause sterility in men and women. Are transmitted in pools and saunas. Can be diagnosed with a urine culture.

109. The nephrotoxic effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) manifest as: 1. Hemodynamically induced acute kidney injury. 2. Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. 3. Nephrotic syndrome. 4. Chronic kidney disease. 5. All of the above.

110. The hemodynamic effect of NSAIDs on the kidneys is a result of: Hypovolemia and vasodilation in the kidneys. Increased diuresis due to stimulated ADH secretion. Acute interstitial nephritis. Reduce prostaglandin production in the kidneys due to inhibition of cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2). Fluid retention and heart failure.

111. Characteristic laboratory findings in acute kidney injury due to NSAID use are: A. Hyponatremia B. Hyperkalemia C. Hypokalemia D. Elevated serum creatinine levels and decreased glomerular filtration rate E. Hypernatremia. B, D, E. A, B, D. A, C, D. C, D, E. A, C, E.

112. For nephrotic syndrome caused by NSAID use, the following is characteristic: Nephrotic syndrome is accompanied by acute kidney injury. Patients always have arthralgia due to an allergic reaction. Kidney.

120. What is not a cause of potassium shift out of cells?. A) Insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, and hyperosmolarity of extracellular fluid. B) Metabolic alkalosis. C) Metabolic acidosis due to excess inorganic acids. D) Tissue breakdown (rhabdomyolysis, massive intravascular hemolysis, gastrointestinal bleeding, treatment of malignant lymphomas with cytotoxic drugs). E) Medications (non-selective beta-adrenergic blockers or succinylcholine or digitalis).

121. What is not a cause of reduced potassium excretion in urine?. A) Renal failure. B) Decreased effective arterial volume (e.g., hypovolemic states). C) Use of loop diuretics. D) Hypoaldosteronism. E) Medications (ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, NSAIDs, spironolactone, eplerenone, amiloride, triamterene, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, heparin, trimethoprim, pentamidine).

122. The cause of death in hyperkalemia is: A) Ventricular fibrillation or arrest. B) Respiratory arrest. C) Ileus. D) Acute cardiac tamponade. E) Pulmonary thromboembolism.

123. Which level of hyperkalemia requires urgent treatment?. A) Serum potassium = 6.0 mmol/L. B) Serum potassium > 6.5 mmol/L. C) Serum potassium > 7.0 mmol/L. D) Serum potassium > 7.5 mmol/L. E) Serum potassium > 8.0 mmol/L.

124. Which of the following five measures for urgent treatment of hyperkalemia should be done first?. A) Calcium i.v. B) Insulin and glucose i.v. C) Sodium bicarbonate i.v. D) Cation-exchange resin. E) Acute hemodialysis.

125. How long can one survive with chronic hemodialysis?. A) Up to 10 years. B) Up to 15 years. C) More than 40 years. D) Up to 20 years. E) Up to 30 years.

126. The most important and common complication during hemodialysis is: A) Arrhythmia. B) Bleeding. C) Cramps. D) Hypotension. E) Chest pain.

127. The main characteristics of continuous dialysis methods are: A) They are used in patients with end-stage renal failure B) They are used in critically ill patients in intensive care units C) They are usually performed 24 hours a day D) They are suitable for treating hyperkalemia because they have high clearance for small molecules E) They allow for greater circulatory stability compared to conventional hemodialysis. b, c, e. a, d, e. c, d, e. b, d, e. b, c, d.

128. What are the main advantages of peritoneal dialysis compared to hemodialysis? A) No need for vascular access B) It can be done at home C) It has high clearance for small molecules D) Residual kidney function is preserved for a longer time E) It is suitable for rapid correction of electrolyte disturbances. a, b, c. b, d, e. a, b, d. b, c, d. a, d, e.

129. What are the most common causes of end-stage renal failure and the need for replacement therapy in the developed world? A) Chronic pyelonephritis B) Diabetic nephropathy C) Glomerulonephritis D) Hypertensive kidney disease E) Obstructive nephropathy. a, b, c. a, c, d. b, c, d. c, d, e. a, d, e.

130. The best permanent vascular access for chronic hemodialysis is: A) Jugular catheter. B) Subclavian hemodialysis catheter. C) Native arteriovenous fistula. D) Arteriovenous fistula using synthetic graft. E) Femoral dialysis catheter.

131. The most common chronic complications of hemodialysis catheters are: A) Bleeding B) Poor catheter function C) Sepsis D) Acute thrombosis of the vein where the catheter is inserted E) Infection at the catheter exit site. b, c, e. a, d, e. c, d, e. b, d, e. b, c, d.

132. The most important complication of peritoneal dialysis is: A) Edema around the peritoneal catheter. B) Peritonitis. C) Hemoperitoneum. D) Abdominal hernia. E) Breathing difficulties.

133. In hemodialysis for patients with a high risk of bleeding, we most often perform: A) Hemodialysis with prostacyclin B) Citrate hemodialysis C) Heparinized hemodialysis D) Hemodialysis with low molecular weight heparin E) Heparin-free hemodialysis with dialysis system flushing. a, b. a, e. b, c. b, e. b, d.

134. What is true about the disequilibrium syndrome: A) It occurs due to too rapid correction of metabolic disturbances during the first hemodialyses B) Cerebral edema occurs during or after hemodialysis C) We prevent it with longer first hemodialyses D) We prevent it by reducing the efficiency of the first hemodialyses E) It can occur in patients on peritoneal dialysis. c, d, e. a, d, e. b, c, e. b, d, e. a, b, d.

135. Contraindications for peritoneal dialysis include: A) Previous major abdominal surgeries B) End-stage renal failure in children C) Unresolved abdominal hernias D) Inability to perform exchanges of dialysis solution E) End-stage renal failure in patients older than 65 years. a, c, d. a, d, e. b, c, e. b, d, e. a, b, d.

136. At what glomerular filtration rate (or creatinine clearance) in an asymptomatic patient with end-stage renal failure should dialysis treatment be started?. A) Less than 20 ml/min. B) Less than 10 ml/min. C) Less than 5 ml/min. D) Between 10 and 15 ml/min. E) Between 20-25 ml/min.

137. Peritoneal dialysis can be performed for: A) 30 years. B) 20 years. C) 15 years. D) Up to 10 years or less. E) A maximum of 3 years.

138. Dialysis solution composition is similar to: A) Physiological solution. B) Plasma water. C) Glucose in physiological solution. D) Plasma. E) Serum.

139. For hemodialysis, the following is true: A) The main mechanism of blood purification is diffusion B) There is significant loss of albumin during hemodialysis C) The usual blood flow during hemodialysis is 250-300 ml/min D) Regular tap water can be used for dialysis solution preparation E) Only purified water can be used for dialysis solution preparation. a, c, d. a, c, e. b, c, e. b, d, e. a, b, d.

140. For dialysis amyloidosis, it is true that: A) It occurs shortly after the start of dialysis treatment B) After 20 years of dialysis treatment, almost all patients have it C) It is caused by the deposition of amyloid resulting from the polymerization of beta- 2-microglobulin D) The most common clinical manifestation is carpal tunnel syndrome E) Corticosteroids are used for treatment. a, c, d. a, c, e. b, c, d. b, d, e. a, b, d.

141. In case of the need for hemodialysis in a patient who has no vascular access, a femoral catheter would be chosen in the following cases: A) In bedridden patients B) In ambulatory patients C) In patients with hemostasis disorders D) In patients who require immediate hemodialysis E) In incontinent patients who wear diapers. a, c, d. a, c, e. b, c, d. b, d, e. a, b.

142. For hemodialysis catheters: a. Between two dialysis sessions, they are closed and filled with citrate or heparin b. Between two hemodialysis sessions, they are filled with physiological solution c. They are used only for performing dialysis procedures d. Hemodialysis catheters can be used indefinitely for infusions or parenteral nutrition e. Subclavian vein catheter insertion is avoided due to frequent stenosis or occlusions. a, c, d. a, c, e. b, c, d. b, d, e. a, b, d.

143. For arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis: a. It can be constructed in all dialysis patients b. Before construction, an ultrasound assessment of the arteries and veins of the upper limbs is required c. A good arteriovenous fistula ensures a blood flow of 300 ml/min or more d. The same arteriovenous fistula can be used for up to 10 years e. The same arteriovenous fistula can be used for several decades. a, c, d. a, c, e. b, c, e. b, d, e. a, b, d.

144. Most hemodialysis patients dialyze: a. Once a week for 4-5 hours. b. Three times a week for 4-5 hours. c. Twice a week for 6 hours. d. Three times a week for 8 hours. e. Once a week for 8 hours.

145. The longest survival of hemodialysis patients is expected in those treated with the dialysis regimen of: a. Long, overnight, 8-hour hemodialysis. b. Short daily dialysis. c. 4-5 hour dialysis. d. Twice-weekly dialysis. e. Four times-weekly dialysis.

146. For plasmapheresis: a. It is the separation of plasma from blood cells b. It is used in the treatment of electrolyte disturbances c. It is used in the treatment of some immune-mediated diseases d. It is used in the treatment of some infections e. The removed plasma must be replaced with albumin mixture or fresh frozen plasma. a, c, d. a, c, e. b, c, e. b, d, e. a, b, d.

147. When performing plasmapheresis in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, the removed plasma is replaced with: a. A mixture of albumin and hemofiltration infusion. b. A mixture of albumin and physiological solution. c. Fresh frozen plasma. d. Albumin. e. Physiological solution.

148. Which of the following diseases is NOT treated with plasmapheresis?. a. Anti-GBM disease (Goodpasture syndrome). b. Rheumatoid arthritis. c. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. d. Myasthenia gravis. e. Guillain-Barré syndrome.

149. For the "dry" dialysis weight in a chronic hemodialysis patient: a. The patient is dehydrated and urgently needs infusions b. It is a weight determined empirically, where the patient is normotensive c. It is a weight where the patient feels well d. It is a weight where the patient has no cramps during the dialysis procedure e. It is a weight where the patient is hypotensive. a, c, d. a, c, e. b, c, d. b, d, e. a, b, d.

150. Acute hypotension during hemodialysis is treated with: a. Stopping the hemodialysis procedure b. Stopping fluid removal during hemodialysis c. Vasopressors d. Rapid infusion of physiological solution e. Positioning the patient in the Trendelenburg position. a, c, d. a, c, e. b, c, d. b, d, e. a, b, d.

151. For uremic symptoms: a. It is a condition when urea levels exceed 50 mg/dL b. It leads to a diminished appetite and weight loss c. It causes itching due to the accumulation of waste products d. It is mainly caused by hyperkalemia e. It can lead to encephalopathy and asterixis. a, b, c. a, b, e. b, c, d. a, c, e. b, d, e.

152. The primary cause of death in dialysis patients is: a. Infections. b. Cardiovascular disease. c. Malnutrition. d. Accidental trauma. e. Hepatitis.

153. Which of the following is NOT a complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?. a. Hyperphosphatemia. b. Anemia. c. Hyperkalemia. d. Hypocalcemia. e. Hypercalcemia.

154. What is the best marker for assessing the progression of chronic kidney disease?. a. Serum creatinine. b. Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio. c. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN). d. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR). e. Hemoglobin.

155. A 55-year-old male with diabetes mellitus and hypertension is found to have microalbuminuria. The next step in management should be: a. Initiate ACE inhibitors or ARBs. b. Begin diuretics. c. Initiate insulin therapy. d. Begin statin therapy. e. Recommend weight loss and exercise.

156. The primary objective of dialysis in end-stage kidney disease is to: a. Correct electrolyte imbalances. b. Eliminate waste products. c. Improve blood pressure control. d. Correct fluid overload. e. All of the above.

100. For empirical treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis in a non-pregnant woman, the usual prescription is: 1. Nitrofurantoin orally for 5 days. 2. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for 7 days. 3. Amoxicillin for 10 days. 4. Ciprofloxacin for 1 day. 5. Ciprofloxacin for 14 days.