GRAMÁTICA ESTUDIOS INGLESES UNED 2026

Which of the following is a communicative act?. a representational act. a speech act. a textual act.

Which of the following is NOT a speech act?. a statement. a question. a hierarchical sentence.

What type of reality does a state of affairs belong to?. the world. the speaker's mind. none of the above.

Which of the following is NOT a semantic role?. attribute. circumstance. function.

Which of the following types of meaning has to do with the content of the message?. interpersonal. textual. representational.

Which of the following is the basic unit that embodies both representational and interpersonal meaning?. the word. the phrase. the clause.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?. Representational meaning has to do with the content of the message. Interpersonal meaning is encoded in the communicative exchange between two speakers. Textual meaning has to do with the presence of processes in the text.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?. A clause is the linguistic representation of our experience if the world. A clause is a communicative exchange between persons. A clause is an arbitrarily organised message or text.

What type of structure is the following: They (Theme) solved the problem after a while (Rheme)?. Experiential. Interpersonal. Textual.

Which of the following is NOT a concept that can be used for structural ambiguation?. passivization. transitivization. fronting.

Which of the following three lists of linguistic units is the most complete?. clause-group-word-morpheme. language-speech-act-message. sentence-clause-phrase-word.

What is the difference between a finite and a non-finite clause?. A finite clause has a limited number of verbs. A finite clause has a verb with tense or modality. A finite clause has a subject and a verb with aspectual meaning.

What is the difference between an independent and a dependent clause?. An independent clause is complete in itself. A dependent clause is non-finite. An independent clause is not linked to another one by means of juxtaposition or coordination.

What type of clause is a supplementive unit?. An independent clause. A subordinate clause. A non-finite clause.

How can we distinguish a verbless clause from a group?. A verbless clause has a subject. A verbless clause has no verb. The omitted verb of a verbless clause can be recovered from the context.

The following is an example of a verbless clause: Wonderful!. I'll finf you, wherever you are. Terry Wogan.

What does an abbreviated clause typically consist of?. At least one abbreviation. A subject and an operator. A conversation.

The following is NOT a type of group: An adverbial group. An adjectival group. A prepositional group.

What is a finite operator typically for?. The formation of negative and interrogative clause structures. Carrying tense. Carrying modality.

Which of the following is NOT an assertive word?. much. already. still.

What type of concept is "state of affairs" ( = the speaker's conceptualization of reality)?. situational. extralinguistic. strictly linguistic. semantic.

Which of the following is NOT a semantic role (=a component of a state of affairs?. attribute. circumstance. participant. explanation.

Which of the following statements about meanings (=interpretations of clause structure) is NOT true?. Representational meaning has to do with the content of the message. The representational meaning of the clause is encoded through the transitivity structures. The roles adopted as speakers to exchange information, get things done, etc. are those of "questioner" and "informant". The rheme is the point of departure for the message, which in English coincides with the initial element(s) of the clause.

Which of the following statements about meanings (=interpretations of clause structure) is NOT true?. Representational meaning derives from the consideration of the clause as the linguistic representation of our experience of the world. Interpersonal meaning derives from the consideration of the clause as a communicative exchange between persons. Textual meaning derives from the consideration of the clause as an organized message or text. Semantic meaning derives from the consideration of the clause as a structure net of lexical items and function words.

Why are there three types of clause structure?. To show the tripatite nature and analysis of clauses from a functional perspective. Each type of clause structure corresponds to a different ood, i.e., declarative, interrrogative and negative. Each type of clause structure corresponds to the following distinction: simple, complex (subordination) and compound (coordination). To reflect the different conceptualizations of reality by the speakers.

Which of the following is a definition of a non-finite clause?. A clause where the form of the verb chosen reflects the speaker's wish to express tense or modality. A clause which is complete in itself, i.e., it does nor form part of a larger structure. A clause where the form of the verb chosen reflects the speaker's wish not to express tense or modality. A clause which is not integrated into the main clause and adds supplementary information.

What does a verbless clause lack?. A verb and often a subject also. A verb. A subject. Supplementary information, like subject and verbal tense.

Which of the following is NOT a syntactic element of a clause?. Circumstantial adjunct. Stance adjunct. Connective adjunct. Subjunctive adjunct.

Identify which of the following is NOT a primary element of function of a group. Agent. Head. Complement. Qualifier.

Which of the following elements are obligatory in a prepositional phrase?. Head. Head and complement. Head, complement and modifier. Head, complement, modifier and qualifier.

What is a finite operator used for?. For expressing tense and modality together. To form finite clauses. To form negative and interrogative clause structures. To describe a fully informative state of affairs.

What type of operator is "do"?. It forms a type of its own. Primary. Modal. Finite.

Which of the following is NOT a way of negating a clause?. Using a finite operator with the particle "not". Using the particle "not" with a non-finite verb in a dependent clause. Using a non-verbal negative word. Using a assertive verb in combination with a non-assertive determiner.

What are non-factual meaning related to?. Positive declarative clauses. Non-fulfillment or potentiality. Assertive units. Negative, interrogative, declarative, comparative and conditional clauses.

What it the Theme in the sentence: "The students were awarded the prize"?. A participant. A circumstance. A process. A beneficiary.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?. A process is an action, event, state or type of behaviour. A circumstance is a type of semantic function. An attribute is a quality or characteristic of a participant. A participant is an animate entity involved in a process.

What is the theme of a message?. Its point of departure. The new information it provides. The initial word of the sentence. An experiential function.

Which is the finite operator in the sentence: "I might give you A+ for your test"?. I. Might. Give. You.

What concept corresponds to the following definition: "Any sequence that constitues a semantic whole and which has a recognized pattern that is repeated regularly in speech and writing"?. Rank-scale. Unit. Structure. Clause.

Which of the following is a non-assertive word?. still. ever. someone. already.

Which would be a typical case of subordination that is not embedding?. a supplementive unit. a prepositional phrase. a nominal group. a subject complement.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?. It is more accurate to talk of transitive and intransitive uses of verbs than of transitive and intransitive verbs. A locative is a type of circumstantial adjunct. Subject complements are required by copular verbs. The more subsidiary an element, the more movable it is in the clause.

How is "most priviledged" in "The most priviledged do not always help the poor as much as they can "best analysed?. An adjectival group. the head of a non-prototypical nominal group. both a and b. neither a nor b.

What does the predicator determine?. the number and type of objects and complements in a clause. the number and type of adjuncts in a clause. the concord with the subject. the position of the rest of the elements in the clause.

What is common in English when the subject is long and heavy?. To extrapose it to the end of the sentence. To turn it into a non-finite clause. To follow the theme-rheme principle. To have a nominal relative clause.

Which non-finite clause cannot function as a subject?. the en-participal clause. the ing-participal clause. the to-infinitive clause. the bare infinitive clause.

What is another term for "prepositional object"?. circumstancial object. suppletive adjunct. prepositional complement. oblique object.

What type of element corresponds to the structure: "lexical verb + particle + preposition"?. phrasal verb. prepositional verb. phrasal prepositional verb. prepositional phrasal verb.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?. Phrasal-prepositional verbs function like prepositional verbs in that they both take a prepositional object. There is a parallelism between intransitive phrasal verbs and single verbs of movement followed by a directional complement in that the former can be analyzed as a elliptic version of the latter. There are three tests that can be performed to establish the difference between a prepositional verb and a transitive phrasal verb: psoition, stress, and adverb insertion. It is hard with transitive phrasal verbs to choose whether to emphasize the noun of the particle.

Which of the following types of adjunct "provides and attitudinal comment by the speaker on subsidiary (time, place, manner, etc.) information of the clause?. circumstancial adjunct. stance adjunct. connective adjunct. none of the above.

What type of adjunct is "just"?. usuality. modality. aspectuality. none of the above.

Which of the following is not a type of stance adjunct?. epistemic. experiential. evidential. evaluative.

Which of the following statements is NOT related to discourse markers?. They mark a new speaker's turn in the conversation. They mark the management of information. They mark uncommon non-institutionalized connective adjuncts. They mark the speaker's attitude to the message.

Which type of adjunct provides experiential details about the action or state described by the verb?. Circumstantial adjuncts. Supplementive adjuncts. Adjunctive adjuncts. Operator-related adjuncts.

How can we identify a direct object?. By trying to put it as the subject of an active sentence. By trying to put it as the attributive of a cleft sentence. By trying to put it as an indirect object of an active sentence. By trying to put it as the identifier of a cleft sentence.

Which of the following verbs is NOT an operator?. do. can. go.

Which of the following words can be considered "assertive"?. ever. much. still.

What does a compound sentence involve?. a superordinate clause and embedded clauses. two or more coordinated clauses. a superordinate clause and supplementive clauses.

Which of the following sentences does NOT have and embedded clause?. Sorry for pulling your leg like that. It shocked them that she was so blunt about her experience. Having being in danger, I have a whole new perspective of life.

Which function encodes the primary participant in a clause?. the object. the subject. the verb.

What is the main difference between and object and a complement?. Objects encode constituents that sematically are participants and complements do not. Complements can be the subject of a passive structure and objects cannot. Objects characterize or identify a subject or an object, as the case may be.

Which of the following statements about locative elements is correct?. Locative elements occur with transitive verbs only. Locative elements are a type of place adjunct. The locative element is necessary syntactically and sematically for the sentence to be complete.

Which of the following statements about copular verbs is correct?. Copular verbs are a type of transitive verb. Copular verbs are a type of instransitive verb. Copular verbs are a type of predicative verb.

Which of the following sentences contains a stance adjunct?. I like red meat but, on the other hans, it is fattening. They might be going there for an evening out. Frankly, dear, I don't give a damn.

What is the syntactic structure of the sentence "They called the child a liar"?. Suject - Predicate - Direct Object - Indirect Object. Subject - Predicate - Direct Object - Object Complement. Subject - Predicate - Direct Object - Adjunct.

Which of the following features is NOT relevant for the identification of the subject of a given sentence?. concord. the presence of pre- / post-modifiers. reflection in question tags.

Which of the following sentences contains a stranded preposition?. She is very difficult to talk to. From where is she travelling?. The person on whom you can rely the most is your partner.

What type of verb is "switch off" in "You switched the hoover off"?. phrasal verb. prepositional verb. none of the above.

Which of the following statements about phrasal verb is correct?. Phrasal verbs normally admit an adverb between the verb and the particle. A pronoun precedes the particle of a phrasal verb. The particle in phrasal verbs is unstressed.

Which of the following sentences does NOT contain an object complement?. The Americans elected Obama president. The police had the robber locked up. My friend made me realize I was mistaken.

Which is the direct object in the following sentence: "She pushed the window open to get in"?. the window open to get in. the window open. the window.

The following is NOT a type of verbal complementation: complex-transitive. copular. objective.

What is the syntactiv valency of the verb "to wait"?. one. two. three.

What is the semantic valency of the verb "to wait"?. one. two. three.

What type of element cannot be found in intransitive constructions?. locative complements. subject complements. oject complements.

What is "to talk to" in: He became grumpy and difficult to talk to?. Adjectial complement. Supplementive clause. An attributive.

Which of the following sentences does NOT contain a linking verb?. The laces came undone. That proved to be a bad idea. He ran a marathon.

Which two functions are played by the same elements in an ergative pair?. subject and predicate. subject and direct object. direct object and indirect object.

Which of the following sentences has NOT undergone valency reduction?. I am. You eat. He sighs.

What is the correct analysis of the predicate in: I believe in peace?. V (believe) + adjunct (in peace). V (believe in) + PO (peace). V (believe) + in peace (Locative complement).

What is the analysis of the predicate in: "I gave an ultimatum to the enemy"?. DO + PO. DO + IO. DO +OC.

What is NOT useful to conclude that an element such as "the meal" in "She thanked me for the meal" is a PO?. It can be made subject in a passive clause. It encodes a participant that can be questioned by who/what. It can occur in a wh-cleft.

When is an OC attributive?. When it adds information about its referent. When it occurs in post-verbal position. When it occurs with a copular or linking verb.

What is "The girl asked me" in "The girls asked me what time it was"?. The superordinate clause. The matrix clause. The embedded clause.

What is the typical syntactic function of "that" as a subordinator?. Pronoun. Direct object. Complementizer.

Which of the following three elements cannot control clausal complements?. noun. adjective. determiner.

Which factors favor the omission of "that" as subordinator?. verb like "think" and "say" as main verbs. when the subject in the main clause is different from that in the that-clause. when there is a noun rather than a pronoun as subject of the that-clause.

What is a recursive embedding?. When there are several embedded clauses in a sentence. When there is a non-prototypical case of embedding. When there are several embedded clauses, each within the previous one.

What is a catenative verb?. A verb that controls a finite-complement. A ver that controls a non-finite complement. A verb that can control either a finite or a non-finite complement with no significant semantic change.

Which of the following verbs does NOT control past participial clauses?. need. have. write.

What do ing-clauses tend to express?. potential situations. factual situations. events in which the end-point is included.

Which of the following is in itself a non-finite verbal form?. locks. locked. will lock. locking.

What type of unit is a supplementive unit?. A matrix clause with subsidiary information. A subordinate clause but not embedded. An embedded clause but not subordinate. An independent clause with no main verb.

What does an abbreviated clause typically consist of?. A subject and a finite operator. A subject, a finite operator and a pronoun. A pronominal subject and abbreviated verb. Yes/no plus the subject and an elliptic clause.

Which of the following is NOT a clause element?. predicator. prepositional object. goal complement. prepositional complement.

Which are the primary verbs?. be, have and do. modals and semi-modals. every single verb except lexical verbs. be and have.

Which of the following is an assertive word?. anything. still. ever. much.

Transferred negation consists in... Displacing the negative element from its logical place in the reported clause to negate the verb in the main clause. Displacing the negative element from its logical place in the main clause to negate the verb in the reported clause. Transferring the negative element to an informationally relevant position. Transferring the negative element to the theme position.

What types of verb may require locative elements?. Transitive verbs. Copular verbs. Intransitive verbs. All of the above.

Which of the following is a prototypical realization of the subject function?. A nominal group. An adjectival group. A prepositional phrase. A clause.

What is anticipatory “it”?. It is a structurally empty subject. It is a semantically empty pronoun. It is a linguistically empty object. It is a dummy constituent of the predicate.

Which of the following general statements is true?. A pronoun follows a preposition of a prepositional verb. A pronoun follows the particle of a phrasal verb. A particle in phrasal verbs is unstressed. A preposition of a prepositional verb is stressed.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?. In idiomatic phrasal verbs the particle is usually analyzed as part of the verb. In free combinations in which the adverb particle is directional, the particle is analyzed as Complement. With non-directional meanings, the adverbial particle is inseparable from the verb. With non-directional meanings, the adverbial particle can be fronted.

Which of the following verbs do NOT typically lead us to specify some characteristic of the Direct Object?. stay. find. make. appoint.

Which adjuncts reflect the subjective or objective attitude of the speaker towards the content and sometimes also towards the addressee?. Epistemic stance adjuncts. Evaluative adjuncts. Evidential adjuncts. Style and domain adjuncts.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?. A clause consists of one or more groups. A group consists of one or more phrases. A group consists of one or more words. A word consists of one or more morphemes.

What is the typical realization of a PP modifier?. Adjective. Noun. Adverb. Preposition.

What is “towards Toledo” in “I rode a horse all night towards Toledo”?. A prepositional complement. An adjunct. A locative complement. A goal complement.

Which clause function largely determines its structure?. The subject. The predicator. The operator. The set of object and complements.

What is “You” in “You were bought a lot of drinks last night”?. Attribute. Circumstance. Recipient. Beneficiary.

“Supplementives” are: Units that are set off from the main clause by a comma or a pause. Reduced clauses of means, time or location. Another term for verbless clauses. Non-finite clauses which are subsidiary in meaning to the matrix clause.

Which of the following is NOT a way to consider a clause in systemic functional grammar?. the linguistic representation of our experience of the world. a communicative Exchange between persons. an organised message or text. a structure of syntactic processes and participants.

What is “for Mary’s birthday” in “Peter bought a bunch of flowers for Mary’s birthday”. Indirect object. Prepositional object. Adjunct. Goal.

What type of clause is “can you?”: an indirect question. an verbless clause. an abbreviated clause. a direct declarative question.

What is necessary in English to ask a question and negate a clause?: a predicate. a finite operator. a process. an action.

Which of the following is an assertive word?: still. yet. ever. any.

Which of the following transitive verbs don’t passivize?: some common verbs which take untypical direct objects. all transitive verbs passivize. some common verbs with clausal direct objects. transitive verbs never passivize.

What do phrasal-prepositional verbs consist of?: a lexical verb followed by a prepositional phrase. a lexical verb followed by a phrase and a preposition. a lexical verb followed by an adverbial particle and a preposition. a lexical verb followed by a prepositional object.

What do object complements do?: characterise direct objects by a qualitative attribute. characterise direct objects by a substantive attribute. characterise direct objects by a complementary attribute. Characterise direct objects by a qualitative or a substantive attribute.

Which of the following is NOT a connective adjunct?: of course. in other words. first. nevertheless.

Which of the following is NOT a connective adjunct?: Indirect object + direct object. Prepositional object. Direct object. Indirect object.

Which of the following is NOT a material process?: doing. happening. causing. making.

What happens in a causative process?: An Agent or Force causes something to happen. An Agent transfers an Affected Participant to a Recipient. An Agent causes an action intended or a Beneficiary. An Agent expresses the facility of a participant to undergo a process.

What two major patterns of “being” (as a relational process) are there in English?: Possessive and circumstantial. Identifying and attributive. Value and token. Carrier and Sayer.

What is NOT a name for the clause in which a subordinate clause is embedded?. Matrix clause. Main clause. Complex clause. Superordinate clause.

Which is NOT one of the main types of dependent complement clause?: that-clause. wh-clause. to-infinitive clause. –en or past participle clause.

Which participants take part in a process of transfer?: an agent, a process, an affected, a recipient and a beneficiary. an agent, a process, and a recipient or a beneficiary. an agent, an affected, and a recipient or a beneficiary. a process, an affected, and a recipient or a beneficiary.

What is the name of the agent in a mental process?: doer. thinker. experiencer. phenomenon.

What is the “transitivity hypothesis”?: It views transitivity as a matter of gradation. It argues does transitivity does not exist at a deep level of abstraction. It considers transitivity the defining element of the verbal group. It establishes the patterns of the verbal group and its components.

What is the effect of nominalisation?: The text becomes less narrative and more descriptive. There is an abundance of nouns, which makes the text less dynamic and more static. It raises the representation of a situation to a higher level of abstraction. It raises the register of the text and its level of literariness.

What happens in grammatical metaphors?: the expected semantic functions in a state of affairs are transferred in relation to the syntactic functions. words are given unexpected attributes that do not correspond to the canonical state of affairs. there is a pragmatic change in the conceptualization of the state of affairs. The syntactic event is “perspectivised” in an imaginary way.

Which of the following is NOT a highly common circumstantial element in English?: contingency. degree. matter. mood.

What is “for Mary’s birthday” in “Peter bought a bunch of f lowers for Mary’s birthday”. Indirect object. Prepositional object. Adjunct. Goal.

What type of clause is “Did he?”: an indirect question. a verbless clause. an abbreviated clause. a direct declarative question.

Which of the following sentences is copular?. The situation got nasty. He appeared at the door. They began to consider the problem. I didn’t do it.

Which of the following is NOT a type of transitive complementation?: Indirect object + direct object. Prepositional object. Direct object. Indirect object.

What is the effect of nominalisation?: The text becomes less narrative and more descriptive. There is an abundance of nouns, which makes the text less dynamic and more static. It raises the representation of a situation to a higher level of abstraction. It raises the register of the text and its level of literariness.

What happens in grammatical metaphors?: the expected semantic functions in a state of affairs are transferred in relation to the syntactic functions. words are given unexpected attributes that do not correspond to the canonical state of affairs. there is a pragmatic change in the conceptualization of the state of affairs. The syntactic event is “perspectivised” in an imaginary way.

What is the communicative effect of a declarative used as a directive?. Extremely politeness. Neutral, indifferent. It invokes authority.

When are imperatives most acceptable at a social level in English?. To indicate rudeness. To indicate indirect politeness. To benefit the addressee.

What is crucial with ellipted yes/no questions?. Polite formulae like “please”. Accompanying gestures and non-verbal language. An appropriate rising tone.

What is the effect of an assertive form in a negative interrogative?. An originally positive assumption. A positive bias. A contradiction.

What is the effect of an assertive form in a negative interrogative?. They are not performatives any more. They become less explicit but still count as performatives. It is indifferent.

Which of the following statements is true?. There is transferred negation with some performatives. In English a past subjunctive can be identified in the form of “to have been”. Vocatives fulfil a key representational and textual function.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?. There is no one-to-one correspondence between clause type and speech-act function. Explicit performatives in the declarative carry out acts by naming them. Exclamations are clause types with special intonation and their own syntactic structure.

What does “let’s” typically convey?. A joint action. An explicit order. A catenative sequence of events.

Which clause types typically have subject+finite ordering?. Declaratives, negatives, and interrogatives. Declaratives and exclamatives. Imperatives.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?. Question tags can be attached to declaratives, exclamatives and imperatives. “–ever” attached to a wh-interrogative word (as in “whoever” “wherever”) results in an intensifier expressing such things as surprise or disbelief. Echo questions are not used for responding to other questions.

Which of the following syntactic roles/functions can be played by the interrogative wh-word “whom”?. direct object. subject. object complement.

What is the status of ellipted responses like “Yes, I do; No he isn’t”?. Supplementive clauses. Abbreviated clauses. Verbless clauses.

Which of the following is a direct speech act?. A declarative with the illocutionary force of a statement. A declarative with the illocutionary force of a question. A declarative with the illocutionary force of a directive.

What is the indicative?. A declarative structure used to point at objects or abstract concepts, either literally or figuratively. A grammatical category typically used for the exchange of information. A grammatical category typically used for the exchange of information.

Which of the following participants are typical of verbal processes?. Existents. Sayer + said. Experiencer + Phenomenon.

Which of the following participants correspond to material processes?. Force + Affected. Carrier + Token Identified. Existent.

Which process usually involves a volitional experiencer and a phenomenon?. Mental. Material. Behavioural.

Where is the circumstantial meaning of “instrument” in the sentence “He elbowed his way through the crowd”?. In the verb. In the direct object. In the adjunct.

What are the main types of relational processes?. Attributive and identifying. Stative, possessive and dynamic. Identification, token and value.

What is NOT an analysis of the sentence “My dog had a wart removed”?. Subject + verb + direct object + complement of the object. Agent + process + affected + resulting attribute. Agent + auxiliary (finite operator) + object + main verb.

What is one of the purposes of discontinuous units?. Convey a deeper level of meaning. Avoid long, heavy units. Show the correspondence between the interpersonal and the textual levels.

Which of the following subject clauses can be shifted to the end of the sentence in order to follow the end weight principle?. Finite that- clauses. Finite that- clauses and wh- nominal clauses. Finite that- clauses and wh- nominal clauses and to- infinitive clauses.

What is the main difference between the get-passive and the be-passive?. The former is dynamic and the latter static. The former grammaticalises the speaker’s involvement and the latter is objective. The former is a transitive passive and the latter is a copular passive.

Which of the following principles is related to end-focus?. End-weight. Informativeness. Both of them.

What does: “What we want is a pay rise” suggest?. Contrast. Exclusiveness. Presupposed information.

What is thematisation?. Bringing an element to initial position. Swapping Given-New information for Theme-Rheme information. Extraposing the theme towards the end of the clause.

Which of the following is NOT a type of thematic progression?. simple linear. complex continuous. derived.

What type of ellipsis is there in “To let”?. Textual ellipsis. Situational ellipsis. There is no ellipsis strictly speaking.

Where does unmarked (end-)focus typically fall?. On the last non-anaphoric lexical item. On the last anaphoric lexical item. When the tonic is placed on any other syllable than the topic syllable of the last non-anaphoric lexical item.

How are information units represented in speech?. By discourse segments. By tonic syllables. By tone units.

The following is NOT an adjunct of stance: epistemic. evidential. appellative.

What is a local topic?. A topic which coherently organises a whole piece of language. A topic which typically contributes to the episode (in talk) and helps to build up the discourse as a whole. A topic which typically contributes to the paragraph or section (in writing) and helps us to build up the text as a whole.

What is an explicit performative?. A clause type that carries out a certain act by naming it. An overt directive with no politeness constraint. A dynamic thematised declarative.

What is the subjunctive in English?. A common expression of non-factual meaning. A clause type that denotes a certain mood. A verb form with a few marginal roles.

What type of verb is an imperative from a functional point of view?. A finite verb. A non-finite verb. It shares functions with finite and non-finite verbs.

What is “how” in “How dark it is!”?. A determinative. A degree adverb. A manner pronoun.

What is the basic speech act of imperatives?. Making a exclamatory request. Issuing a directive. Making a statement of instruction or prohibition.

Which of the following processes is borderline between mental and material processes?. Behavioural. Relational. Happening.

What type of process is illustrated by “want”?. affective. desiderative. perceptual.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a material process type?. The glass got broken. They made the garden neater. She remembered his face.

Which syntactic function has been chosen as Theme in the following sentence: “Less than a week ago, there stood a magnificent hotel in this site”?. Subject. Direct object. Indirect object. Adjunct.

What type of clause is the following: “Yes, I am.”?. Abbreviated. Verbless. Supplementive. Independent non-finite.

Which of the clause constituents is non-essential: “He was appointed Secretary of State”?. appointed. Secretary of State. of State. none.

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for direct object identification in a sentence like “An audience never interrupts a good actress”?. Its position in relation to the verb in an active structure. Its potential realisation via an objective pronoun. Its concordance with the verb. Its essential role in the clause.

Which of the following sentences contains an object complement?. He always finds me busy when he comes to ask me out. She became quite and miserable after I broke the news on her. They are capable of climbing all the way up in no time. It appears that they have nothing else.

What is NOT a difference between “me” in “He lent me a bike to go to the excursion” and in “He bought me a bike for my anniversary”?. The first one contains a prototypical verb of transfer, the second one does not. The first one is expected, the second one is optional and not inherent. The first one is the Recipient, the second one the Beneficiary. The first one can be the subject in passivization, the second one cannot.

Which is the superordinate clause in: “According to his latest news, he might be considering to move abroad as soon as he finds a new job, which he is really looking forward to”?. According to his latest news. He might be considering to move abroad. As soon as he finds a new job. Which he is really looking forward to.

Which of the following entails a process of being?. I went to school. I went to tell her inmediately. I went wild. I went into all sorts of details.

Which of the following sentences contains the least prototypical direct object?. They think they have the solution to that problem. They can do what they like all the time. I miss so much from my old life!. Exercising takes a little bit of my time everyday.

What type of element is “to Rome” in “We finally went to Rome for our summer holidays.”?. Locative complement. Manner complement. Goal complement. Adjunct.

Which of the following complementation patterns corresponds to “Don’t let me go"!?. V + IO + DO. V+NG + inf. V + DO + IO. V + DO.

Which of the following clauses does not contain a Phenomenon?. We love skying. I thought you were right. They saw what we were trying to tell them. You wrote up a brilliant thesis.

What is the result of: “The news confirm the need to evacuate”?. A reported statement. A reported questions. A reported enquiry. A reported directive.

What is “everybody” in: “Come here, everybody, it’s time for you to go!”?. Subject. Vocative. Subject and vocative. Neither subject nor vocative.

What illocutionary force does the following utterance have: “What would I do without my agenda?”. polar question. rhetorical question. wh - interrogative. declarative as leading question.

Which of the following sentences has an unmarked theme?. Off he went without saying goodbye. In our house we tend to have tea with no sugar. Tell us what’s going on. You’re not kidding?.

Which of the following units is most likely to have an unmarked focus?. I don’t think you love them. Give it back to her now!. Tell us what you’re up to. You’re always nagging me.

Which of the following options gives better topic continuity to “Who took the book from the shelf”?. Margaret took the book from the shelf. The book was taken from the shelf by Margaret. From the shelf took Margaret the book. It was Margaret who took the book from the shelf.

Which of the following clauses is causative?. She increased the pressure of the machine. I pressed the button to go up. Spoiling your kids may have consequences later on in life. We cleaned the whole house.

Which is the theme in “Celebrating her victory here today is downhill ski champion Danielle Read from the UK.”?. Celebrating. Celebrating her victory. Celebrating her victory here. Celebrating her victory here today.

Which of the following semantic roles is least associated with a direct object?: Instrument. Phenomenon. Affected. Experiencer.

Which of the following realizations of the direct object is not possible?: Prepositional Phrase. Finite Clause. Adjectival group. Non-finite clause.

How can a recipient and a beneficiary be subjects?: They cannot be subjects. In existential processes. In material processes. In passive structures.

Which of the following statements about indirect objects is incorrect?: An indirect object has to be a Recipient or a Beneficiary. The indirect object cannot easily be omitted from the sentence. Indirect objects are typically realized by NGs or wh-nominal relative clauses. Indirect objects only occur with ditransitive verbs.

Which of the following is not a main type of prepositional verb?: The verb and the preposition work as a lexical unit, and the resulting meaning is different from that of each word. The verb is not used without the specific preposition. The verb can be used on its own or with the preposition. The verb can be used with the same preposition to fulfill different syntactic roles.

What do the following utterances share: “Before noon we’ll reach Toledo” and “We’ll reach Toledo after noon”: The experiential meaning. The experiential and the interpersonal meanings. The experiential, the interpersonal, and the textual meanings. The experiential, the interpersonal, the textual and the representational meanings.

Having the Direct Object as Theme in a declarative clause is: An unmarked choice. A marked choice. A topical choice. Incorrect.

What is the effect of a negative adverb at the beginning of a declarative clause?: An emphatic, marked effect. A thematical effect. A subject-like effect. The inversion of the predicator.

What is the difference between a dislocation and an absolute theme?: The dislocated element is a constituent of the clause. The dislocated element appears on the right or left of the central subject. Absolute themes occur only in spontaneous speech. Absolute themes do not occur in formal writing.

What is an information unit?: The equivalents of speech units. The “chunks” or segments into which messages are divided in order to be understood. The focus of information of a clause. The distribution of information into Given and New.

What falls on the last non-anaphoric lexical item of the information unit?: marked focus. tonic syllable. unmarked focus. tonic prominence.

What is the principle of end-focus about?: The tendency to start messages with the Given and progress towards the New. The tendency to include the Topic in the most prominent function. The tendency to include the tonic syllable at the end of the sentence. The tendency to include information that is recoverable by the hearer/ reader.

What do we typically leave out in ellipses?: Elements that have been mentioned earlier in the test / speech. Elements that do not provide cohesion or coherence. Elements which are unnecessarily heavy and complex. Elements of the clause that are recoverable.

What types of element do you leave out in conversation and writing that imitates speech?: Stressed pronouns and determiners. Key non-functional items and lexical words. Non-recoverable material. Elements which are recoverable from the interactional context.

Which of the following is NOT a basic type of thematic progression?: Simple linear. Complex linear. Continuous. Derived.

What does clefting consist of?: The reorganization of the context of a single clause into two related parts. The reorganization of one element, the Given, which always follows a form of to be. The reorganization of thematic progression on the basis of topic referent chains. The reorganization of new information in the Rheme of the main clause.

Which clause type can NOT be extraposed to the end of the clause?: Finite that-clause. Wh-nominal clause. To-infinitive clause. En-participle clause.

What is necessary for textual ellipsis to occur?: Common processes. Common function words. Common informational patterns. Elements in common.

What is thematisation involve?: Talking an element to the end of the sentence. Altering the syntactic function of the main participants. Modifying the information pattern of the clause. Bringing an element to initial position.

How do we take one or other participant as Subject and Theme/Topic?: The active-passive voice alternative. The unmarked declarative-clefting alternative. The extraposition-postponement alternative. The end-focus/end-weight alternative.