Human Performance and Limitations Test Astana +

A pilot using a checklist is an example of the interaction within the SHELL concept of. L and E. L and L. L and S. L and H.

What is the relationship between stress and performance when plotted on a graph?. There is no relationship. The relationship is linear. The relationship is in the shape of an inverted U|. The relationship is exponential.

You have been scuba diving below 10 m. When can you next fly: Whenever you wish. After 48 hours. After 12 hours. After 24 hours.

What is the residual volume?. 350 ml. 70 ml. 500 ml. 1200 ml.

The Critical Zone of hypoxia begins at. 18000 ft. 23000 ft. 3600 ft. 20000 FT.

The body loses water via: The skin, lungs and kidneys. The skin, liver and kidneys. The skin. The skin, lungs and liver.

Haemoglobin is: In white cells of the blood. Dissolved in the blood. In red blood cells. In the platelets.

If in a state of stress which is impossible to overcome, the pilot will be in a state of: Hypertension. Regression. Distress. Eustress.

Short-term memory impairment occurs at what height?. 12000 ft. 18000 ft. 15000 ft. 8000 ft.

Colour blindness s caused by (a) dysfunctional... Fovea centralis. Cones. Cones and rods. Rods.

Accidents are caused by lack of: Physical and mental skills. Interpersonal relations. Safe maintenance of aircraft. Good judgment.

What is the relationship between stress and fatigue?. All stress and fatigue is good. Stress can be good. fatigue is always bad. No stress and no fatigue is good. No stress and some fatigue is good PM Flag this question 0 View explanation.

A pilot suffering from hyperventilation during final approach in poor weather can combat the effects by: Regulating depth and rate of breathing. Landing regardless of the weather. Going on 100% oxygen and go around. Declaring a Mayday.

Which is the following actions is the most efficient to accelerate the release of Carbon Monoxide from the blood?. Inhalation of a mixture of unpressurized oxygen and air. Inhalation of a mixture of unpressurized carbon dioxide and air. Inhalation of pressurised oxygen. Inhalation of pressurised carbon dioxide.

What actions should a pilot take if suffering from vertigo? 1. Check and cross-check the aircraft instruments 2. Accept and ignore illusions 3. Keep head movements to a minimum 4. Believe the aircraft instruments. 1,3 and 4. 2, 3 and 4. 1, 2, 3 and 4. 1, 2 and 3.

A person is suffering from anaemia when: Lacking haemoglobin. Lacking blood plasma. Lacking white blood cells. Lacking platelets.

What will happen to the body when in situations of extreme heat? 1. Shivering 2. Vasoconstriction of the exterior blood vessels 3. Sweating 4. Vasodilation of the exterior blood vessels. 1 and 2 only. 2 and 3 only. 3 and 4 only. 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Which of the following is correct concerning 02 and blood?. Blood plasma is oxygenated at the heart. Arterial blood is darker than venous blood. Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood is not dependent on the partial pressure. Diffusion from the blood to the cells is dependent on the partial pressure of oxygen (diffusion at both tissue and alveolar levels is related to partial pressure).

What is the normal tidal volume?. 500 ml. 750 ml. 250 ml. 150 ml.

Smoking reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen because: The inspiratory tract becomes obstructed. CO gets trapped in the alveoli and restricts internal respiration. Haemoglobin has a greater affinity for CO. CO2 takes a larger lung volume.

An individual's perception of stress: Depends on the current situation only. Is the subjective evaluation of a situation and the perceived ability to cope with it. Depends on the individual's arousal kg. Is the objective evaluation of a situation and the perceived ability to cope with it.

A pilot should consult an aviation medicine specialist before donating blood because: Donation may lead to a lowering of the body temperature causing unpredictable sleepiness. Donation may lead to a rise in blood pressure (hypertension). Donation may lead to a reduced tolerance of altitude. Donation may lead to a lowering of blood pressure (hypotension).

Which steps within the Aeronautical Decision Making process relate to the "DECIDE" model?. Detect, Estimate, Clarify, Implement, Do, Evaluate. Decide, Estimate, Consider, Identify, Decide, Enable. Detect, Evaluate, Choose, Implement, Decide, Enable. Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate.

Perceptual conflict between the vestibular apparatus and the visual sensory inputs: 1. Can occur when flying IMC and may be compelling 2. Can cause attitude misinformation 3. May occur when taking off bank following a sustained turn 4. Can occur when decelerating. 1, 2 and 3. 1, 2, 3 and 4. 2, 3 and 4. 1, 3 and 4.

TUC (time of useful consciousness) is dependent upon: 1. Rate of decompression 2. Altitude of the occurrence 3. Type of aircraft 4. Activity of the pilot 5. Personal health. All of the above. All except 3. 1, 2 & 3. 2, 3 & 5.

Dalton's Law is associated with: Creeps. Hypoxia. Decompression sickness (DCS). Bends.

When blood pressure is measured during an aviation medical examination, the pressure is: The pressure in all of the blood vessels, being representative of the pressure over the whole body. The pressure of 02 in the blood. The venous pressure. Arterial pressure in the upper arm, being equivalent to that of the heart.

At what altitude is pressure half that at MSL: 18000 ft. 10000 ft. 36000 ft. 8000 ft.

Stimuli must be of a certain strength for the receptors to pick them up. This is called: Sensory volume. Sensory threshold. Sensory strength. Sensory filter.

Circulation of the blood is for: 1. Transportation of oxygen to the cells of the body 2. Withdrawal of the waste products from the cells 3. Convey nutrients to the cells. 2 and 3. 1, 2 and 3. 1 and 2. 1 and 3.

The function of the retina is to: Transport electrical impulses to the brain. Convert light signals into chemical impulses. Convert light images into meaningful information. Convert light signals into electrical impulses.

What law governs the oxygen transfer at the alveoli?. Boyle's. Charles'. Henry's. Gas Diffusion Law - Fick's Law.

The metabolism of alcohol is: Quicker when the body gets used to alcohol. Improved by the use of easy-to-get medication PM Flag this question 0 View explanation. Influenced by time. Accelerated by drinking coffee.

Which Law is relevant to decompression sickness?. Henry's Law. The Combined Gas Law. Boyle's Law. Dalton's Law.

Consider Threat and Error Management (TEM). From the perspective of the flight crew, which of the following is a latent organisational threat?. Proceeding towards a wrong waypoint. Failure to cross-verify automation inputs. Adverse weather en route, including thunderstorms, turbulence, wind shear and icing. Operational pressure resulting from delays, late arrivals, equipment changes.

What is “automation complacency"?. No over-ride facility is available on auto-flight selection as there are enough levels of redundancy to cope with any system failure. The circumstance where monitoring and cross-checking is reduced because of the belief in the infallibility of the automatic systems. The circumstance where the pilot flies the aircraft manually because he is unable to rely on the automatic systems flying the aircraft safely. Automation is now so reliable that the human input is no longer necessary.

Which of the following are defined in the ICAO Standard Atmosphere? 1. Pressure 2. Temperature 3. Density 4. Humidity. 2, 3 & 4. 1, 2 & 4. 1, 2 & 3. 1 & 2.

Having given blood a pilot should see a doctor because of the increased susceptibility to: Hyperventilation. Decompression sickness (DCS). Low blood pressure. Hypoxia.

The most dangerous type of incapacitation is: Insidious. Rapid. Actue. None of the above.

Time of useful consciousness at 25.000 feet with moderate activity and rapid decompression is approximately: 5 to 10 minutes. 2 minutes. 30 seconds to 5 minutes. 2.5 minutes to 6 minutes.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the lungs is: Lower than the pressure of CO2 in the blood. Almost equal to the pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere. Lower than the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere. Higher than the pressure of CO2 in the blood.

Tuned resonance of the body parts, distressing the individual can be caused by: Resonance between 1 - 100 Hz. Resonance between 16 - 18 GHz. Resonance between 150 - 250 Hz. Acceleration along the horizontal flight path.

Boyle's Law has a role to play in: Hypoxia with increased altitude. Gastrointestinal tract barotrauma. Decompression sickness. Night vision.

What chemical substance in tobacco causes addiction?. Tar and nicotine. Nicotine. Tar and carbon monoxide. Nicotine and carbon monoxide.

Even with a small ingestion of alcohol: The brain will be stimulated thereby increasing the resistance to hypoxia. The pilot will be more susceptible to hypoxia. The brain functions will be increased thereby increasing performance at high altitudes. The pilot will remain unaffected.

Among the symptoms of hypoxia are: 1. Impaired judgment 2. Fast and heavy breathing 3. Impairment of vision 4. Muscular impairment. 1, 2, 3 and 4. 1, 3 and 4. 1 & 3. 1, 2 and 4.

Who is responsible for Air Safety?. Aircrew only. Aircrew and Groundcrew. Everyone involved. Aircrew, Groundcrew and Management.

With a pulse rate of 72 beats a minute and a stroke volume of 70 ml, what is the cardiac output?. 7 litres a minute. 6 litres a minute. 8 litres a minute. 5 litres a minute.

The composition of the atmosphere at 33000 ft is approximately: 78% N, 21% 02 and 1% CO + traces. 78% He. 21% 02 and 1% CO. 78% He, 21% 02 and 0.003% CO2 + traces. 78% N. 21% 02 and 1% CO2 + traces.

The following are features of hypoxia: 1. blue discolouration of the lips and fingernails 2. shortness of breath and light-headedness 3. flatulence 4. impaired night vision. 1, 2 and 3 are correct. 2, 3 and 4 are correct. 1, 2 and 4 are correct. 1, 3 and 4 are correct.

The blood of the pulmonary vein is: Lacking in oxygen and lacking in CO2. Rich in oxygen and rich in CO2. Lacking in oxygen and rich in CO2. Rich in oxygen and lacking in CO2.

Blood pressure depends on the: Cell output and the thinness of the blood. Resistance and the efficiency of the cells. Cardiac output and the resistance of the capillaries. Cardiac input and the resistance of the capillaries.

6 Time of useful consciousness (TUC) following loss of pressurization at 35000 ft is: 3 - 4 minutes. 30 - 60 seconds. 5 minutes upwards. 10 - 15 seconds.

At height cockpit humidity can be between: 20 - 25 %. 5 - 15 %. 30 - 60%. 40 - 60 %.

A person suffering from glaucoma will have: Colour blindness. Cloudiness of the tens. Increased pressure of the eye. Cloudiness of the cornea.

Which of the following factors decrease resistance to decompression sickness? 1. Body height 2. Scuba diving 3. Obesity 4. Age. 1, 2 and 4. 3 and 4. 2, 3 and 4. 1, 2 and 3.

100% oxygen without pressure can be used up to: 50000 ft. 40000 ft. 70000 ft. 60000 ft.

Vertigo causes the illusion when flying of: Descending with a decrease of speed Flag this question 0 View explanation. Climbing while turning. Flying straight while in a spin. A tumbling or turning sensation associated sometimes with dizziness.

DCS symptoms can occur: When flying from an area if high pressure to an area of low pressure in an unpressurized aircraft. When cabin pressure surges below 18000 ft. Emergency descent following decompression below 10000 ft. Following loss of cabin pressure at altitudes higher than 18000 ft.

A person suffering from extreme cold will stop shivering and thereafter become colder and colder when the internal body falls to about: 25°C. 35°C. 20°C. 30°C.

Performance can be increased by: Ignoring stress as all good pilots leave stress on the ground. Putting a student pilot under stress. No stress at all if possible. A moderate amount of stress.

Stressors are: Internal factors only. Both external and internal factors. External factors only. Neither external nor internal factors.

When the visual image is focused in front of the retina the condition is: Myopia. Presbycusis. Hypermetropia. Astigmatism.

Which of the following is true with respect to the cause of decompression sickness?. Climbing at more than 500 ft/min to altitude greater than 18000 ft. Temperatures greater than 24°C at altitudes of over 2000 ft. Altitudes above 5000 ft. Altitudes above 18000 ft in an unpressurized aircraft.

What is the carcinogenic substance in cigarettes that can modify cells and cause cancer?. Carbon monoxide. Nicotine. Tar. Lead.

Carbon Monoxide: Has no effect on the human body. Is not toxic. Can have a severe affect on a pilot's abilities when receiving exposure for a relatively short period of time. Does not have an effect when the body becomes used to the gas over a long period of time.

Which of the following statements are correct: Decompression sickness can be avoided by: 1. Staying below 18000 ft 2. Maintaining cabin pressure below 8000 ft 3. Breathing 100% oxygen 30 minutes prior to and during flight 4. Exercising before and during flight. All wrong. All correct. 1, 2, & 3 correct. 2, 3 & 4 correct.

Decompression sickness (DCS) is caused by: Oxygen coming out of solution. Carbon dioxide coming out of solution. Carbon monoxide coming out of solution. Nitrogen coming out of solution.

The eye can adjust to: High levels of illumination in 10 minutes and darkness in 30 minutes. High levels of illumination in 30 minutes and darkness in 10 seconds. High levels of illumination in 30 minutes and darkness in 10 minutes. High levels of illumination in 10 seconds and darkness in 30 minutes.

The contents of exhaled air contain: More CO2 than the inhaled air. More oxygen than the inhaled air. More nitrogen than the inhaled air. Less water vapor than the inhaled air.

The ossicles (the malleus, incus and stapes) are situated in: The inner ear. Semicircular canals. Outer ear. Middle ear.

As a result of hyperventilation the blood becomes: More alkaline. More acid. More saturated with CO2. Less saturated with oxygen.

One major component of an SMS is. Safety risk management. Quality control. Quality assurance. Threat and error management.

The sequence of GAS (General Adaptation Syndrome) is: Resistance exhaustion alarm. Alarm resistance exhaustion. Exhaustion resistance alarm. Alarm flight exhaustion.

Blood from the pulmonary artery is?. Rich in oxygen and tow in carbon dioxide. Low in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide. Rich in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide. Low in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide.

On expiration there is: Higher CO2 content than on intake. Less water vapor content than on intake. The same CO2 content as on intake PI Flag this question 0 View explanation. More oxygen content than on intake.

The oxygen-carrying capacity of a smoker who smokes 20 to 30 cigarettes a day is reduced by approximately: 0.2 - 2%. 8 - 10%. 12 - 18%. 20 - 25%.

Concerning hypoxia. why is it more hazardous if flying solo?. There is no one to take control once the symptoms of hypoxia appear. The effects are increased. It is difficult to recognize the first symptoms of hypoxia for a pilot in initial training. It is more difficult to manage the oxygen systems on your own.

Night flying at 10000 ft you find that your acuity decreases. What can you do about it to improve your acuity?. Use your peripheral vision. Switch on or turn up the cabin heat. Go onto oxygen. Turn up the instrument lights.

What is a stereotype and involuntary reaction to a stimulation?. Data control. Automatic stimulation. Stimulation control. A reflex.

Symptoms of air sickness include: Hyperventilation. Shivering. Heavy-headedness. Hyperactivity.

If someone is hyperventilating, the blood contains too much: Haemoglobin. Acid. Alkaline. CO2.

Should a pilot fly with a bad cold, he/she could suffer from: Chokes. Bends. Sinus pain. Blurred vision.

The pressoreceptors have signaled low blood pressure. The body's response is to: 1. Increase rate of breathing 2. Increase cardiac output 3. Increase heart rate 4. Relax of the blood vessels 5. Decrease heart rate 6. Tighten of the blood vessels. 1, 3 and 4. 2, 3 and 6. 4 and 5 only. 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Which of the following are correct? 1. Scuba diving imposes no restriction on flying 2. Use of some medication can affect flying 3. One should drink sufficient water during flight to prevent dehydration 4. Diet does not have an effect on health. 1,2,3 & 4. 2 & 3. 1,2 & 3. 2.3 & 4.

Under normal conditions which gas diffuses from the blood to the alveoli?. Nitrogen. Carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide. Oxygen.

Human factors have been statistically proved to contribute approximately: have not played a significant role in aircraft accidents. 50% of aircraft accidents. 70% of aircraft accidents. 90% of aircraft accidents.

On initiating recovery from a spin, the pilot may have a strong sensation of turning: Quickly upwards. Slowly upwards. In a direction the same as the spin. In a direction opposite to that of the spin.

In an ascent, where is the greatest pressure differential?. 40000 - 45000 ft. 0 - 5000 ft. 5000 - 10000 ft. 10000 - 15000 ft.

Good quality sunglasses provide: No distortion of aircraft windscreens. Good luminance characteristics, avoidance of glare and harsh shadows, protection against UV and IR and equal absorption of colours. For the pilot's individual needs. The ability to react to varying light levels automatically.

Which of the following symptoms marks the beginning of hyperventilation?. Cyanosis. Dizzy feeling. Slow heart beat. Slow rate of breath.

Glaucoma is caused by: Excess pressure within the eye. Damage to the cornea. Damage to the retina. Clouding of the lens.

A person that is exposed to extreme or prolonged stress factors can perceive: Eustress. Coping stress. Distress. Stressors.

The body gets its energy from: 1. Minerals 2. Carbohydrates 3. Protein 4. Vitamins. 2 & 3 only. 1, 2 & 4. 1 & 4 only. 3 & 4 only.

Having donated blood aircrew should: Rest supine for about 15 - 20 minutes, drink plenty of fluids and not fly for 24 hours. Aircrew are not encouraged to give blood. Rest supine for at least 1 hour, drink plenty of fluids and not fly for 48 hours. Aircrew are prohibited from donating blood.

According to the "General Adaptation Syndrome" which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? 1. During the alarm phase adrenalin will cause a large release of glucose into the blood, a raised heartbeat and blood pressure plus an increase in the rate and depth of breathing 2. During the resistance phase the parasympathetic system releases cortisol helping in the conversion of fat into sugar 3. During the exhaustion phase the body has to be given time to eliminate the waste products which have been generated excessively. 1, 2 & 3 are correct. only 1 is correct. 1 & 2 only are correct. 2 & 3 only are correct.

Under normal conditions, external respiration is a subconscious process that occurs at a rate of: 15 to 25 breaths/min, averaging 20 breaths/minute. 30 to 40 breaths/min. averaging 35 breaths/minute. 20 to 30 breaths/min, averaging 25 breaths/minute. 12 to 20 breaths/min, averaging 16 breaths/minute.

Vertigo can be caused by a blocked eustachian tube. True. False.

A few hours after landing a pilot feels pain in his/her joints. The correct action is: Ignore it since is probably due to common after-effect of height. See an aviation medical specialist as soon as possible. Take exercise which will cause the pain to disappear. Take physiotherapy.

Disorientation is most likely to occur when: 1. flying IMC 2. the pilot is distracted (using FMS for example) 3. flying from IMC to VMC 4. the pilot is unwell or fatigued. 1, 2, 3 and 4. 1, 2 and 3. 1,2 and 4. 2, 3 and 4.

Consider training and assessment of pilots. Which of the following is one of the eight core competencies described by ICAO?. Judgement and determination. Synergy. Captaincy. Workload management.

Which instrument, which was introduced in the 1980s, led to the greatest reduction of accidents?. TCAS. GPWS. DME. SSR.

While turning the aircraft the pilots moves his/her head. What effect might the pilot be exposed to: Coriolis Effect. Flicker Effect. Somatogravic Effect. Oculogravic Effect.

Extreme cold may be associated with: Aggression. Aggression and anxiety. Anxiety. Contentment or apathy.

Hyperventilation can cause: Feeling of euphoria. Bluish tinge under the nails of the fingers and the lobes of the ears. Spasms in the muscles and possible unconsciousness. Too much oxygen to the brain.

What is the purpose of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)?. SOPs help crew to have a shared mental model, describing tasks and duties for normal and non-normal events, in order to help ensure safe operations. They are a set of rules published by aircraft manufacturers that must be followed by pilots in order to avoid threats and errors in flight, and for this reason, the SOPs cannot be changed by operators. They are an alternative to CRM and are developed by Operators with poor CRM in order to provide crew with simple and clear instructions. SOPs are established specifically for abnormal and emergency situations. They are drafted by aircraft manufacturers and must be modified and implemented by operators in order to ensure standardised behavior of the crew.

As the body ascends, the partial pressure of oxygen within the lungs: Decreases at a rate of 3 times the atmospheric rate. Increases. Decreases at the same rate as that of the atmosphere. Stays the same.

Which of the following statements, if any, are correct? 1. Euphoria is a possible result of hypoxia 2. Euphoria can lead to degraded decisions in flight. 1 only. Neither. 1 & 2. 2 only.

If a pilot in an unpressurized aircraft suffers from severe flatulence in flight. He/she should: Descend. Climb. Descend rapidly and seek medical advice. Descend rapidly and seek medical advice.