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The world is now warmer than at almost any time since the end of the last ice age and, on present trends, it will continue to reach a record high for the entire period since the dawn of civilization. A study aims to give a global overview of Earth’s temperatures over the past 11,300 years- a relatively balmy period known as the Holocene that began after the last major ice age ended and encompasses all of recorded human civilization. Their data looked back over 1,500 years. Scientists say there is further evidence that modern-day global warming isn’t natural, but the result of rising carbon dioxide emissions that have rapidly grown since the Industrial Revolution began roughly 250 years ago. a) The Industrial Revolution. b) The Holocene. c) 1500 years ago.

A study published in the journal Science aims to give a global overview of Earth’s temperatures over the past 11,300 years- a relatively balmy period known as the Holocene that began after the last major ice age ended and encompasses all of recorded human civilization. Their data (compiled by studying such things as ice cores, fossils and ocean sediment) looked back over a much longer era than previous research, which went back 1,500 years. a) The study covers a longer time period than previous research. c) Previous research covered 11300 years. b) The study looks back only 1500 years.

Shaun Marcott, a geologist at Oregon State University, says “global temperatures are warmer than about 75 percent of anything we’ve seen over the last 11,000 years or so.” The other way to look at that is, 25 percent of the time since the last ice age, it’s been warmer than now. Scientists predict the earth will freeze over because of increased greenhouse gases. b) Scientists predict the Earth will soon freeze over due to greenhouse gases. a) Global temperatures are currently warmer than about 75% of the last 11000 years. d) The last ice age caused current warming trends.

It’s taken just 100 years for the average temperature to change by 1.3 degrees, when it took 5,000 years to do that before. By the end of the century, climate warming models predict an additional increase of 2 to 11.5 degrees, due largely to carbon emissions, the study noted. a) It previously took 5000 years for temperatures to rise by 1.3 degrees. b) The temperature will increase by exactly 1.3 degrees in the next 100 years.

A new ‘super-Earth’ that could have a life-supporting climate and water has been discovered. The planet, given the catchy name HD 40307g, was discovered in a multi world solar system 42 light years from the Sun and lies at exactly the right distance from its star to allow liquid surface water. It orbits well within the star’s ‘habitable’ or ‘Goldilocks’ zone – the region where temperatures are neither too hot nor too cold to sustain life. 5. Where is this “super-earth” located?. b) At the exact distance from the sun. c) In an accurate distance to permit liquid surface water. d) Beyond the ‘habitable’ zone.

Because of the profound effects that tornadoes have on communities and their inhabitants, safety measures are of paramount importance during adverse weather conditions. Drivers often attempt to outrun tornadoes in their cars, but it is extremely unsafe to do so. Automobiles offer very little protection when twisters strike, so drivers should abandon their vehicles and seek safe shelter. Mobile homes offer little shelter, so residents of these homes should go to an underground floor of the sturdiest nearby building. In the case of a building having no underground area, a person should go to the lowest floor of the building and place him or herself under a piece of heavy furniture. 6. What is the safest place to be when a tornado strikes?. a) An abandoned vehicle. c) The basement of a building. b) Mobile terms.

People who are in poor health or over sixty-five years of age are being advised to stay indoors as the weather reaches record temperatures. A temperature of 105F, which is a record for this time of year, was reported in Chicago yesterday, and in some areas, it climbed even higher. If the apartment where you live is not air conditioned, you might consider staying for a few days with a neighbour whose home is cooler. There are certain basic things which you can do to stay safe: drink plenty of liquids, and stay indoors! 7. What people are not being advised to stay indoors?. a) Senior people. c) Young people. b) Ill-looking people.

Well for those of you who went out today, I don’t have to tell you it was clear, but muggy for most of the state, with the high temperatures in the low to mid 90s. The city of Elkview had the high for the day of 97 degrees. And that’s hot. I’m glad I’m working indoors today! 8. What was the weather like?. a) Fair and humid. c) Hot and partly cloudy.

For those of you planning outdoor activities tomorrow, you can expect fair skies for most of Saturday with temperatures in the high 90s. However, things might change by Saturday evening with a storm front moving in. We can expect light scattered showers over the northern part of the state bringing slightly cooler temperatures in the eighties, but this rain should taper off by mid Sunday morning. It will be partly cloudy for most of the morning, but these clouds should move out by midafternoon. 9. What is Saturday evening’s weather forecast for the state?. a) Light rain over the entire state. c) Some rain in parts of the state. b) Heavy showers over the northern part.

The summer is generally hot and very humid and quite uncomfortable. It’s often overcast too and there is no breeze to cool things down. It’s very different in the winter, when it’s cool and the sky is clear. 10. Summer is. a) cloudy. c) cool. d) windy.

The North Sea floods of 1953 were one of the worst natural disasters to affect the UK. A combination of storms and high tides caused sea levels to rise over three meters above normal levels. Three hundred people died and the flooding damaged 1,600 kilometers of coastline and 24,000 properties. 11. What led to the severe flooding along the UK coast?. b) Structural failure of coastal defenses. c) Extreme weather conditions coinciding with unusually ocean currents. d) Gradual sea-level rise over several decades.

Polish the inside of the lid to make a mirror-like reflecting surface and seal it to be waterproof, with a strip of adhesive tape which can be easily removed and replaced. Regularly check the contents, changing any which deteriorate, such as matches and medicine tablets. Mark all drug containers with use and dosage and a run-out date when they should be replaced. Pack spare space in the tin with cotton wool which will keep the contents from rattling and can be used for fire lighting. 12. You should check that every item of the kit is in good condition and ready to use, but for the tablets and other drugs, what extra precautions should we take?. a) Wrap all the medicines in cotton wool to keep them dry and safe. b) Label all medicine containers.

Several needles, including at least one with a very large eye that can be threaded with sinew and coarse threads. Choose strong thread and wrap it around the needles. They can be used for repairing or making clothes in an emergency. 13. What kind of special needle do we need to carry in our survival kit?. a) A sturdy needle with a large eye. c) A curved needle that can be used for repairing clothes. b) A delicate needle for precision work.

In late afternoon of 24 January, the patrol was discovered by a herd of sheep and a young shepherd. Believing themselves compromised, the patrol decided to withdraw, leaving behind excess equipment. As they were preparing to leave, they heard what they thought to be a tank approaching their position. The patrol took up defensive positions, prepared their LAW (light anti-tank weapon) rockets, and waited for it to come into sight. However, the vehicle turned out to be a bulldozer, which reversed rapidly after seeing the patrol. Realising that they had now definitely been compromised, the patrol withdrew from their position. Shortly afterwards, as they were exfiltrating, a firefight with Iraqi armoured personnel carriers and soldiers began. After expending most of their ammunition, the Brits were able to break contact with the enemy forces. 14. What was the reason why the patrol decided to change their position?. a) Because they were spotted by the enemy. c) Because they were spotted by a herder and a bulldozer. d) Because they were spotted by a tank.

1,600 Iraqi soldiers, as well as the entire local population, had been dispatched to look for coalition soldiers on the run. For the next three days and nights, Ryan followed the course of the Eufrates river, hiding on ridgelines and inside tunnels and culverts in the daytime and walking at night, until he reached what he believed was the Iraqi border town of Krabilah. But it turned out that Syria was still miles away. He walked through Iraq until he reached the Syrian border, where Syria – then a coalition ally – took him into custody and released him to the United Kingdom. After his long trek through the dry desert, he had lost 36 pounds and suffered radiation poisoning after drinking contaminated water. He was awarded the Military Medal for his evasion, the longest in SAS history (290km). 15. Which statement best summarizes the outcome of Ryan’s escape attempt?. b) He survived a prolonged evasion despite severe physical consequences and was later formally recognized for it. a) He successfully reached Syria quickly but was detained due to suspicion of espionage. ) He avoided capture by local forces but failed to reach a coalitioncontrolled area.

Although McCain was seriously wounded and injured, his captors refused to treat him. They beat and interrogated him to get information, and he was given medical care only when the North Vietnamese discovered that his father was an admiral. His status as a prisoner of war (POW) made the front pages of major American newspapers. McCain spent six weeks in the hospital, where he received marginal care. He had lost 50 pounds (23 kg), he was in a chest cast, and his gray hair had turned white. In December 1967, McCain was placed in a cell with two other Americans, who did not expect him to live more than a week. In March 1968, McCain was placed into solitary confinement, where he remained for two years. 16. When did McCain receive medical treatment?. a) After they learned that his father was a high-ranking admiral. b) Immediately after his capture, as his injuries were life-threatening. d) After the American newspapers reported his capture.

Eventually, McCain made an anti-U.S. propaganda "confession". He had always felt that his statement was dishonorable, but as he later wrote, "I had learned what we all learned over there: every man has his breaking point. I had reached mine". Many U.S. POWs were tortured and maltreated in order to extract "confessions" and propaganda statements; virtually all of them eventually yielded something to their captors. McCain received two to three beatings weekly because of his continued refusal to sign additional statements. 17. Did McCain sign and/or write any documents against his will?. a) No, he resisted completely and never gave in to his captors’ demands. d) Yes, he gave in.

McCain was a prisoner of war in North Vietnam for five and a half years, until his release on March 14, 1973, along with 108 other prisoners of war. His wartime injuries left him permanently incapable of raising his arms above his head. After the war, McCain, accompanied by his family and his second wife Cindy, returned to the site on a few occasions in efforts of trying to come to terms with what had happened to him there during his capture. 18. After he was freed from the Hanoi Hilton, why did he return there?. a) He visited the place to participate in a memorial service. c) He and his wife were invited there. d) He went there to make peace with his past experiences there.

On April 1, 2003, U.S. Marines from 3rd Battalion 4th Marines, as well as members from the Navy SEALs under the command of the U.S. Army, staged a diversionary attack, besieging nearby Iraqi irregulars to draw them away from Saddam Hospital in Nasiriyah. Meanwhile, an element from the Joint Special Operations Task Force 121 formed up by Air Force Parajumpers (PJs) executed a hostage release operation (HRO), and successfully retrieved Lynch and the bodies of eight other American soldiers. The rest of the soldiers were rescued later. 19. Were all 507th prisoners rescued at the same time?. b) No, Lynch was rescued a few days earlier than the rest of them. a) No, Lynch was rescued a few days later than the rest of them. d) There is not enough information in the text to answer this question.

Do I want a signalling mirror or do I want a flashlight? I didn’t have to use a flashlight a lot during training. So, the signalling mirror is good, given that I can still somewhat send a signal. The sun is going down a little bit, it is pretty hazy out, but you can still see this reflection from a distance. There are stories of people being picked up almost a hundred miles an hour away via signalling mirror. 20. According to the text, a signalling mirror... a) is worse than a flashlight. d) can work with very little light. c) doesn’t work during the day.

On my, coming to the last few days, I hadn't eaten and had very little sleep, for seven days. I was actually lying during the day not moving and moving at night under the cover of darkness. Well, obviously with moving after seven days and seven nights without any sleep and very little, little to eat I started to hallucinate and saw my daughter. But that, that's what gave me the strength to escape. It was the longest escape-and-evasion in SAS history and I covered two hundred miles and no food, very little water and it took seven days and eight nights. 21. How long did the evasion last?. b) Seven days and eight nights. d) Eight days and eight nights. c) Eight days and seven nights.

There are some people that still like to go back and you know talk about who didn't you do and didn't … but the news said you did this and I'm like no, this is this is what really happened but I don't have to do that too often to be honest, you know, it’s been 10 years so. I think now it's getting to the point where everyone is okay, well you're a veteran, let's just talk about your story. 22. The speaker is now mostly recognized as …. d) a veteran with a story to tell. b) somebody who did this or that. c) an honest person.

Those days when I was having back pain because of my back was broken it was hard. But never do I really blame the military or have that regret appointment, because I wouldn't be where I am today, and it has given me the opportunity to pursue college, which is one of my biggest thankful. I can't even describe how thankful I am to have that education and it's all because of the military so I definitely don't regret it. 23. According to the text... d) She thanks the military. a) She hates the military. b) She hates college.

As a Flight Engineer working for the 803th Squadron, you are flying a SAO (Special Air Operation) and CSAR mission in a NH-90 helicopter, that is acting as recovery vehicle for an F-18 pilot downed behind enemy lines. Said pilot has been surviving for days at the hole-up site and she is now waiting to be picked-up at the HLZ. However, once the recovery vehicle is over the HLZ, heavy jamming makes radio contact impossible and while trying to get back to base the lack of GPS coordinates causes errors in navigation so that the helicopter runs out of fuel, behind enemy lines, and you, and the rest of the crew, become ISOP. But all is fine and dandy, before flying out you had sanitized your uniform and the documents you might be carrying. Also, on the day to day of your unit you had time to learn the TTPs and all you have to do now is to proceed according to the EPA . 24. What is the most appropriate course of action for th. c) Follow previously learned survival and recovery procedures, relying on training rather than equipment. b) Remain at the crash site and wait for friendly forces to initiate a search without taking further action.

The SARNEG is a 10-letter code word, with no repeating letters, that corresponds to the numbers 0 through 9. It allows an individual to pass his or her encrypted location over an unsecured radio net without compromising their position. Normal procedures are to pass latitude and longitude without regard for the directional indicators. The SPINs will normally direct coordinate format and SARNEG reporting procedures. 25. What is the primary purpose of using a SARNEG instead of standard coordinates when transmitting location information. a) To simplify navigation by replacing latitude and longitude with letters. b) To allow location details to be shared securely over open communications. d) To reduce transmission time by omitting numerical data altogether.

A SARDOT is a geographic location known only to friendly forces, which allows the ISOP to pass his or her location over an unsecured radio net without compromising their location. The SPINs lists SARDOT locations, coordinate format, map datum, and GPS programming procedures, including bearing and distance formats. 26. Why is a SARDOT used when an isolated person needs to transmit their position over an unsecured radio network?. a) It replaces GPS systems when satellite reception is unavailable. c) It enables location reporting without revealing precise position details to hostile listeners. d) It simplifies navigation by eliminating the need for bearings and distances.