interna

In the Dutch Method, which of the following statements about modelling the middle third of the sole is correct?. It is performed in all cows as a therapeutic step, even if no lesion is present. It consists of lowering the abaxial wall until it is level with the axial wall. It allows dirt to escape and transfers weight away from the area of a possible ulcer towards the wall, toe and heel. The heel must be removed to reduce pressure on the sole.

Regarding the White Line Method, what determines when sole trimming should be stopped?. Reaching a fixed heel height established for all breeds. The appearance of the white line in the toe region. The complete removal of all dehydrated and exfoliating horn tissue. Exactly equalising the height of both claws, even if this requires removing more tissue.

A cow has a sole ulcer in one claw. After performing functional trimming, which action corresponds to the therapeutic steps of the Dutch Method?. Trimming the healthy claw until it is exactly level with the affected claw. Removing healthy horn tissue from the affected claw to reduce its thickness. Relieving load on the painful claw by trimming the heel or applying a block to the healthy claw, and removing loose, detached or hardened horn tissue. Modelling only the middle third of the sole without removing detached horn tissue.

What is the main difference between the Dutch Method and the Kansas Method regarding the weight-bearing surface of the claw?. The Kansas Method leaves the axial wall slightly lower than the abaxial wall, creating an inclined sole surface; the Dutch Method seeks to balance the claw axially and abaxially. The Kansas Method aims for a completely flat surface, whereas the Dutch Method maintains an inclination. The Dutch Method does not assess sole thickness, whereas the Kansas Method is based exclusively on toe length. Both methods aim to completely remove dehydrated horn tissue to prevent lameness.

In functional hoof trimming in small ruminants, which of the following actions is most appropriate?. In goats, restraining the animal sitting on its hindquarters, as in sheep, to facilitate access to the hooves. Trimming the inner wall first and then the toe, because the inner wall usually shows the greatest excessive growth. Aiming for a convex weight-bearing surface, as this concentrates weight in the centre of the sole and prevents overload of the walls. Removing excessive growth from the toe, outer wall, heel and, if necessary, inner wall, making progressive cuts and not going below the level of the sole at the heel.

What is the infectious etiological agent most frequently isolated in interdigital dermatitis?. Fusobacterium necrophorum. Bacteroides nodosus. Treponema spp. Bacteroides melaninogenicus.

Which of the following is a characteristic of interdigital dermatitis?. Presents high fever (pyrexia) and systemic involvement. Occurs without deep swelling or pyrexia. Produces a characteristic foul odor due to deep necrosis. Causes significant separation of the claws due to edema.

What sign or typical behavior do cows affected by interdigital dermatitis display?. "Paddling" movement with the hind legs. Continuous walking in circles. Exclusive weight bearing on the anterior aspect of the pastern. Absolute immobility of the forelimbs.

How should the treatment of interdigital dermatitis be performed?. With systemic parenteral antibiotics such as ceftiofur. Exclusively topically after cleaning and scraping the lesion. Through deep resection of the fibroma. With the strict application of a permanent bandage without debride.

After cleaning and scraping the lesion in interdigital dermatitis, what is the treatment of choice?. Topical application of a 50% powder mixture of sulfamethazine and copper sulfate. Administration of systemic parenteral antibiotics (ceftiofur or oxytetracycline). Use of collective footbaths with oxytetracycline at 5-6 g/L. Complete surgical resection of the interdigital mass.

Regarding the location of digital dermatitis lesions, select the correct answer: More than 80% of lesions occur on the dorsal surface of the forelimbs. Between 80% and 90% of lesions are located on the plantar surface of the hind limbs, especially around the coronary band and interdigital space. Lesions are observed exclusively in the hoof horn tissue. Lesion location is random and shows no anatomical predilection.

Regarding the etiology of digital dermatitis, which of the following statements is correct?. It is a disease caused exclusively by Fusobacterium necrophorum. Treponema acts as a secondary opportunistic pathogen. It is a polymicrobial infectious disease in which spirochetes of the genus Treponema are essential for lesion development. Treponema only colonizes the superficial layers of the lesion.

What is the first event described in the pathogenesis of digital dermatitis?. Formation of false soles. Disruption of the skin barrier in the digital region. Development of papillomatous lesions. Inflammatory infiltration of the dermis.

In the early stages of the disease, lesions are typically: Verrucous from the onset. Painful and prone to bleeding. Painless and dry. Exclusively hyperkeratotic.

Which of the following statements is not correct?. Digital dermatitis can also affect sheep and goats. Treponema represents a high proportion of the bacteria present in the deep layers of the lesions. Lameness is one of the main clinical signs. The disease is restricted exclusively to beef cattle farms.

In ruminants aff ected by DD, which of the following elements has been found to be overexpressed?. TNF-α. IL-6. NOD type receptors. IFN-β.

Regarding how ruminal damage can lead to lameness. Which one is the correct order?. A: hypoxia and malnutrition of the hoof tissue, B: collapse of the ruminal phase, C: suspensory ligament necrosis, D: translocation and systematic vascular damage. A: translocation and systematic vascular damage, B: collapse of the ruminal phase, C: hypoxia and malnutrition of the hoof tissue, D: suspensory ligament necrosis. A: collapse of the ruminal phase, B: translocation and systematic vascular damage, C: hypoxia and malnutrition of the hoof tissue, D: suspensory ligament necrosis. A: collapse of the ruminal phase, B: hypoxia and malnutrition of the hoof tissue, C: translocation and systematic vascular damage, D: suspensory ligament necrosis.

Which of the following mechanisms prevents the development of lameness resulting from a Mg, P and/or Ca defi ciency?. Ensure keratinization. Biotin supplementation protocol. Prenatal anionic diets. A and C are true.

Indicate the true statement: The handling of lameness should be limited only to the animals aff ected by it. The assessment of locomotion scoring is partially subjective. There is only one trimming method for preventing methods. All of them are true.

Which of the following factors infl uences the development of lameness?. Environmental. Handling. Nutritional. All of them are true.

During the periparturient period, what effect does a reduction in digital cushion thickness have on the development of sole ulcers?. It increases keratin production and hardens the sole. It reduces shock absorption, increasing pressure on the corium. It improves blood supply to the corium and reduces the risk of hemorrhage. It causes excessive growth of the third phalanx, protecting the soft tissues.

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the pathogenesis of a sole ulcer?. Bacterial infection → corium inflammation → increased keratinization → loss of sensitivity. Increased digital cushion thickness → vascular compression → necrosis of the third phalanx → hoof regeneration. Weakening of the third phalanx’s supporting structures → increased pressure on the corium → vascular damage → defective keratinization → corium exposure. Excessive hoof growth → increased vascularization → keratinocyte proliferation → formation of horn tissue.

In the treatment of a sole ulcer, what is the main biomechanical purpose of placing an orthopedic block on the healthy claw of the same foot?. To increase pressure on the lesion and stimulate corium regeneration. To completely immobilize the limb and prevent any joint movement. To promote accelerated growth of horn tissue in the affected claw. To redistribute body weight and unload the affected claw, reducing pressure on the corium.

A cow treated for a sole ulcer continues to show lameness and develops swelling and purulent discharge. What would be the most appropriate course of action?. Continue the initial treatment without modifications, as lameness is normal during recovery. Reassess the lesion to rule out secondary infection or involvement of deeper structures and determine whether antibiotic treatment is indicated. Remove the orthopedic block and administer antibiotics preventively for several weeks. Perform deeper trimming until all visible tissue, including the exposed corium, has been removed.

In the clinical case presented, the cow had advanced lesions affecting two limbs, with corium involvement and protrusion. Which combination of therapeutic interventions would be most appropriate?. Placement of an Easy Bloc 95 orthopedic block on the healthy claw and conservative excision of the herniated tissue, preserving viable tissue. Routine administration of antibiotics and complete removal of the exposed corium. Application of a permanent occlusive bandage and complete rest, without performing any trimming. Deep trimming of both affected claws and placement of blocks directly on the lesions.

Which of the following factors is most strongly associated with the development of white line disease in dairy cattle?. Excessive protein intake and reduced water consumption. Mechanical trauma, excessive weight-bearing, prolonged exposure to slurry and alterations in hoof biomechanics. Viral infections affecting the coronary band and interdigital skin. Excessive hoof growth caused exclusively by inadequate preventive trimming.

Which of the following mechanisms best explains the progression of white line disease from an initial lesion to abscess formation?. Primary bacterial proliferation causes necrosis of the corium, followed by secondary separation of the hoof wall and sole. Mechanical shearing causes laminar damage and separation of the horn tissue, allowing foreign bodies and bacteria to penetrate towards the corium. The infection begins at the coronary band and progresses distally until it reaches the white line. Excessive mineralisation of the horn tissue causes it to fracture, followed by bacterial infection.

In a cow diagnosed with white line disease and a localised abscess, which would be the most appropriate therapeutic approach?. Administering systemic antibiotics as the sole treatment and maintaining weight-bearing on the affected claw. Debriding detached or necrotic horn tissue, facilitating drainage and applying an orthopaedic block to the healthy claw of the same foot. Completely removing the hoof wall in all cases and applying a compressive bandage without offloading the affected claw. Applying topical antiseptic products exclusively and restricting the animal's movement.

A dairy cow presents with weight-bearing lameness, an arched back and an increased digital pulse. During hoof examination, severe pain is detected when hoof testers are applied to the abaxial region of the white line. Which pathological finding is most consistent with this clinical presentation?. A superficial proliferative lesion without involvement of the corium. An isolated subsolar haemorrhage without loss of cohesion of the horn tissue. A white line fissure containing impacted organic material, bacterial colonisation and possible subcorneal abscess formation. A primary lesion of the coronary band with complete separation of the dorsal hoof wall.

A cow presents with advanced white line disease and ascending purulent drainage through the coronary band. Involvement of deeper structures of the foot is suspected. Which diagnostic test would be most appropriate to assess the extent of the lesions and detect possible bone abnormalities?. Infrared thermography. Ultrasonography of the interdigital region. Digital radiography of the foot. Hoof tester examination as the only complementary diagnostic test.

Which of the following is considered an important predisposing factor for interdigital hyperplasia in cattle?. Excessive exposure to sunlight. Chronic irritation of the interdigital skin due to poor hygiene. Calcium deficiency in the diet. Insufficient protein intake.

Which histological feature is characteristic of interdigital hyperplasia?. Epidermal atrophy and dermal calcification. Malignant proliferation of epithelial cells. Epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis and fibrous connective tissue proliferation in the dermis. Extensive necrosis without inflammatory infiltration.

What is the role of bacteria in interdigital hyperplasia?. It is mainly caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum. It is always caused by Treponema bacteria. It is caused by one specific type of bacteria. No specific bacteria cause the disease, but secondary infections can happen.

Which surgical technique helps to stop bleeding when removing a large interdigital mass?. Electrocauterization. Cryosurgery. Hoof trimming. Salicylic acid treatment.

What is the best approach for treating small lesions that do not cause symptoms?. Surgery is always necessary. Antibiotics must always be given. Regular checks, cleaning and proper hoof trimming can help. Cryosurgery is the only treatment.

Which virulence factor of Fusobacterium necrophorum plays a major role in leukocyte destruction and contributes to tissue necrosis. Lipopolysaccharide endotoxin alone. Leukotoxin (leucocidin). Bacterial flagella. Bacterial endospores.

What is the main mechanism responsible for the development of liver abscesses in feedlot cattle infected with Fusobcaterium necrophorum?. Direct bacterial penetration through the intestinal mucosa into the liver. Ascending infection from the urinary tract. Rumenitis caused by ruminal acidosis, allowing bacteria to enter the bloodstream and reach the liver. Transmission of bacteria through insect bites.

A calf presents with progressive respiratory distress, inspiratory stridor, coughing and foulsmelling breath. Which clinical form of necrobacillosis is most likely responsible?. Interdigital necrobacillosis. Hepatic necrobacillosis. Necrotizing laryngitis (calph diphteria). Necrotizing enteritis.

Which statement about the two main subspecies of Fusobacterium necrophorum is correct?. Both subspecies produce DNAse in equal amounts. F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum is the only one that produces DNase. F. necrophorum subsp. funduliforme is the only one capable of producing leukotoxin. Both subspecies are facultative anaerobes.

Which management strategy is particularly effective in reducing the risk of hepatic abscess formation in feedlot cattle?. Increasing concentrate intake rapidly to improve weight gain. Maintaining animals in continuously wet environments. Introducing high-concentrate diets gradually to prevent ruminal acidosis and rumenitis. Administering antifungal drugs routinely.