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What is generative grammar?. In linguistics, generative grammar never refers to the structure and interpretation of sentences that native speakers of a language accept as belonging to their language. In linguistics, generative grammar refers to the structure and interpretation of sentences that native speakers of a language accept as belonging to their language. In linguistics, generative grammar is not refering to the structure and interpretation of sentences that native speakers of a language accept as belonging to their language.

What is deep structure?. Deep structure is not the underlying syntactic structure or level of a sentence in transformational and generative grammar. Deep structure is only the underlying syntactic structure. Deep structure is the underlying syntactic structure or level of a sentence in transformational and generative grammar.

What is Surface structure?. Surface structure is the external form of a sentence in transformational and generative grammar. Surface structure is not the external form of a sentence in transformational and generative grammar. Surface structure is the internal form of a sentence in transformational and generative grammar.

What is phrase structure?. Phrase structure grammar is not a sort of generative grammar in which phrase structure rules or rewrite rules describe constituent structures. Phrase structure grammar is a sort of generative grammar in which phrase structure rules or rewrite rules describe constituent structures. Phrase structure grammar is a sort of social factor in which phrase structure rules or rewrite rules describe constituent structures.

What is a complement phrase?. A complement clause is a subordinate phrase in English grammar that does not completes the meaning of a noun or verb in a sentence. A complement clause is not a subordinate phrase in English grammar that completes the meaning of a noun or verb in a sentence. A complement clause is a subordinate phrase in English grammar that completes the meaning of a noun or verb in a sentence.

What is a morpheme?. A unit of sound without meaning. The smallest unit of meaning in a language. A sentence structure used in syntax. A collection of words in a language.

What is the process of creating new words by adding prefixes or suffixes to a base called?. Reduplication. Derivation. Clipping. Blending.

Which of the following is a free morpheme?. "un-" in "undo". "re-" in "replay". "dog" in "dogs". "-ed" in "walked".

What is the main difference between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme?. Free morphemes can stand alone, while bound morphemes cannot. Bound morphemes are always prefixes. Free morphemes do not carry meaning. Bound morphemes are only used in formal language.

What is an example of a compound word?. Happiness. Unhappiness. Sunflower. Bookshelf.

What does the term "allomorph" refer to?. Different spellings of the same word. Variations of a morpheme that have the same meaning. A change in the meaning of a word. A root morpheme in a compound word.

What is the term used when a single word has multiple meanings?. Lexical ambiguity. Phonetic ambiguity. Syntactic ambiguity. Structural ambiguity.

Which of the following sentences contains a derivational morpheme?. "She is a quick learner.". "He drives to work every day.". "The cat's toy is under the couch.". "She quickly learned the rules.".

What is the role of affixes in word formation?. They combine two free morphemes. They change the grammatical function or meaning of a word. They shorten long words. They combine root words into sentences.

Which of the following is an example of lexical ambiguity?. "She was unable to have children.". "The man quickly ran to the store.". "John likes apples and oranges.". "The dog barked loudly.".

What is affixation in morphology?. The process of adding new words to a language. The morphological process where bound morphemes are attached to roots or stems. The use of free morphemes to form new words. The alteration of word meanings through changes in syntax.

Which of the following is an example of compounding in word formation?. Unhappiness. Blackboard. Talked. Walking.

What does the term "allomorph" refer to?. The smallest unit of meaning in a language. A variant form of a morpheme that does not change its meaning. The syntactic structure of a sentence. A grammatical error in word formation.

Which of the following words demonstrates the process of reduplication?. Unhappy. Rumahrumah. Bookshelves. Rested.

Which word formation process involves changing the internal structure of a word to indicate a grammatical function?. Affixation. Symbolism. Compounding. Suppletion.

What is the difference between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme?. Free morphemes can stand alone, while bound morphemes must be attached to other morphemes. Bound morphemes are prefixes, while free morphemes are always nouns. Free morphemes cannot carry meaning, but bound morphemes do. Free morphemes are used only in compound words, while bound morphemes are not.

Which of the following is an example of suppletion in morphology?. Walk to walked. Good to better. Happiness to unhappiness. Table to tables.

What is an example of a plural allomorph in English?. The use of -s in cats. The change in vowel sounds in goose to geese. The transformation of book to books. All of the above.

In the word "McDonaldization," which process is used to form the word?. Affixation. Reduplication. Compounding. Suppletion.

What is the term for a set of all forms that contain a common element, especially the set of all inflectional forms of a word?. Allomorph. Lexeme. Paradigm. Morph.

What does "morpheme-based morphology" primarily focus on?. The study of words as complete units. The analysis of word forms as arrangements of morphemes. The classification of words based on their meanings. The relationship between syntax and morphology.

What is an example of a bound morpheme?. Happy. Dog. Un-. Sing.

What is the "single morpheme" hypothesis proposed by Baudouin?. Roots and affixes should be considered as separate elements. Roots and affixes have the same status as morphemes. Morphemes do not interact with one another. Affixes are not part of the word's structure.

According to Hockett, what are morphemes considered to be?. Only forms of a word. Meaning elements, not form elements. A grammatical construct that changes word meaning. A part of syntax.

In morpheme-based morphology, which of the following is considered an affix?. The root word "book". The suffix "-ness" in "happiness". The plural form "s" in "cats". Both b and c.

What does "lexeme-based morphology" focus on?. The derivation of words by adding prefixes and suffixes. The analysis of words as collections of free morphemes. The interaction between lexemes and affixes in the lexicon. The classification of words into grammatical categories.

What is an example of compounding in morphology?. Unhappiness. Blackboard. Walked. Writing.

Which of the following theories is associated with lexical affixes?. Sign-Based Morphology (SBM). Lexical Affix Hypothesis (LAH). Both a and b. None of the above.

What is a key feature of word-based morphology?. It treats surface word forms as the basic constituents of the system. It is based on the assumption that words are always formed through prefixes. It correlates grammatical features with morphemes only. It primarily deals with phonological rules.

In morpheme-based morphology, how are words viewed?. As simple structures formed only by roots. As arrangements of morphemes strung together. As complex syntactic units. As lexicographical entries without any grammatical function.

What is "clipping" in word formation?. The process of creating new words by blending parts of existing words. The process of shortening a word by removing some of its letters without changing its meaning. The process of borrowing words from another language. The process of creating new words by adding prefixes or suffixes.

Which of the following is an example of a compound word?. Happiness. Bookstore. Unhappiness. Fastly.

What is "backformation" in morphology?. The process of adding an affix to a word to change its grammatical category. The process of removing an affix to create a simpler word. The combination of two words to create a new word. The modification of a word to form its plural or past tense.

What does "conversion" refer to in word formation?. The addition of affixes to create a new word. The shortening of a word by removing parts. The process where a word changes its grammatical category without altering its form. The creation of new words by blending parts of existing words.

Which of the following is an example of a "blend" word?. Brunch (breakfast + lunch). Donate (donation + donate). Access (noun to verb). Thermometer (thermo + meter).

What is a "loanword"?. A word borrowed from one language into another. A new word formed by adding affixes to a root word. A word formed by blending parts of two words. A word that imitates the sound it represents.

What is an "acronym"?. A word formed by using the first letters of each word in a phrase. A term created by shortening a long word. A word formed by adding prefixes to a base word. A word formed by combining parts of different words.

What does the term "nonce formation" refer to?. A word formed by combining parts of two existing words. A word created for a specific, temporary purpose that becomes widely used. A word that imitates the sound it describes. A borrowed word that is used in a new context.

What is "onomatopoeia" in linguistics?. The creation of a word by combining two existing words. The formation of words that imitate the sounds they represent. The modification of a word's grammatical category. The borrowing of a word from another language.

Which of the following is an example of "calque" in word formation?. Pineapple (from Spanish piña). Skyscraper (from English grattacielo in Italian). Murder (from French meurtre). Television (from tele + vision).

What is the primary focus of generative grammar?. It focuses on prescriptive rules of language use. It examines the unconscious knowledge that allows a speaker to produce and understand sentences. It studies the historical development of language rules. It is concerned with the study of phonetic variations in language.

What is the key feature of descriptive grammar?. It seeks to impose rules about how language should be used. It examines the structure of language as used by speakers without labeling it as correct or incorrect. It focuses only on written language. It studies ancient languages and their influence on modern grammar.

Which of the following best defines deep structure in transformational and generative grammar?. The actual sentence that is spoken or written. The underlying syntactic structure that represents the abstract meaning of a sentence. The specific rules that govern the pronunciation of sentences. The level of sentence structure that is closest to surface grammar.

What does surface structure refer to?. The underlying rules that govern sentence formation. The abstract, theoretical form of a sentence. The external form of a sentence, which is spoken or written. The syntax used to describe how ideas are communicated across different languages.

What is the difference between generative and prescriptive grammar?. Generative grammar is concerned with rules that describe how language is actually used, while prescriptive grammar enforces "correct" language usage. Prescriptive grammar explains how languages have evolved, while generative grammar focuses on language history. Generative grammar defines syntax, while prescriptive grammar focuses on semantics. Generative grammar is concerned with written language, while prescriptive grammar focuses on spoken language.

Which theory was proposed by Noam Chomsky and focuses on the idea that humans have an innate linguistic capacity?. Mental Grammar. Generative Grammar. Comparative Grammar. Performance Grammar.

What is the role of transformations in generative grammar?. They modify words to fit grammatical categories. They link deep structures to surface structures, allowing for the transformation of meaning into spoken or written sentences. They alter the meaning of a sentence by changing its vocabulary. They determine the syntactic categories of a sentence's elements.

According to the unit, what is "mental grammar"?. The grammar used in written language. The system of grammatical knowledge stored in the brain that allows a speaker to generate sentences. The set of rules governing the pronunciation of words. The knowledge of syntax used only by linguists.

What is the function of a prescriptive grammar?. To describe how language is actually used by speakers. To establish rules about what is considered "correct" language use. To develop theoretical models for how language is understood. To identify the deep structure of sentences.

What is one of the major criticisms of the deep structure vs. surface structure distinction?. It suggests that grammar should be based solely on written language. It implies that surface structure is more important than deep structure. It assumes that surface structures are not related to meaning. It assumes a binary opposition between deep and surface structures, which has been questioned in recent linguistic research.

What is structural ambiguity in syntax?. When a word has multiple meanings. When a sentence has multiple interpretations due to the arrangement of words. When a word is pronounced differently in different contexts. When a sentence is grammatically correct but unclear in meaning.

What is the key characteristic of a tree diagram in syntactic analysis?. It uses a variety of confusing symbols to represent sentence structure. It visually illustrates the relationships between parts of a sentence, showing the hierarchy of phrases. It only represents the noun phrase and verb phrase, ignoring other parts of the sentence. It is only used to analyze phonetic structures of language.

What does "constituency" refer to in syntactic analysis?. The relationship between words that share the same syntactic function. The syntactic structure of a sentence as a whole. The way words are grouped together to form larger sentence components, like noun phrases and verb phrases. The dependency between a word and the words that follow it.

What does a tree diagram visually represent in linguistics?. The meaning of a sentence. The grammatical structure and relationships between the parts of a sentence. The way words are pronounced in a sentence. The historical development of the language.

What is lexical ambiguity?. Ambiguity caused by the arrangement of words in a sentence. Ambiguity that arises when a word has more than one meaning. Ambiguity in spoken language caused by phonetic structure. Ambiguity due to the complexity of the sentence structure.

What is an example of structural ambiguity?. "I can’t read" could mean either I am unable to read or I have no time to read. "She loves him" is clear and unambiguous. "The mouse ran away" has no ambiguity. "The man played the piano beautifully" is grammatically perfect but unclear in meaning.

According to the material, why is a tree diagram considered more effective than a Reed-Kellogg diagram?. It uses more complex symbols, making it better for professional use. It simplifies the representation of sentence structure and shows hierarchical relationships more clearly. It is only applicable to spoken language analysis. It is only used for syntactic analysis in written text.

What is the primary function of a noun phrase (NP) in a tree diagram?. To serve as the verb of the sentence. To act as the subject of the sentence. To modify the main verb in the sentence. To show the sentence’s grammatical errors.

In the sentence “The teacher gave homework to his students,” which part of the tree diagram represents the subject?. "The teacher". "Gave homework". "To his students". "Homework".

How do tree diagrams represent the relationship between sentence elements?. By using different color-coded symbols. By showing hierarchical relationships through branching structures. By listing the elements sequentially without any hierarchical structure. By grouping all words into a single box representing the sentence.

What is a phrase structure grammar (PSG)?. A grammar system where words are analyzed based on their pronunciation. A generative grammar in which phrase structure rules describe constituent structures. A non-generative approach focused on word order. A syntax system based on sentence punctuation.

Which component is NOT part of Chomsky's transformational grammar system?. Phrase-structure component. Transformational component. Morphophonemic component. Lexical-syntax component.

What is the role of phrase structure rules in syntax?. To define how a word is pronounced. To describe how sentences are formed from smaller units like noun and verb phrases. To explain sentence meaning based on context. To limit the number of words in a sentence.

What does the arrow in a phrase structure rule signify?. It separates the subject from the object. It indicates a transformation from one part of the sentence to another. It shows how a word is pronounced in different contexts. It denotes the movement of a noun phrase within the sentence.

In the sentence "The man will hit the ball," what part of the sentence is described by the rule "S → NP VP"?. The noun phrase (NP). The verb phrase (VP). The whole sentence (S). The direct object (ball).

How does a tree diagram help in syntactic analysis?. By showing the order of words in a sentence. By illustrating the phonetic structure of a sentence. By visually representing the hierarchical structure of a sentence's constituents. By defining the meaning of each word in a sentence.

Which of the following is an example of a complement clause in the sentence "He never expected that she would come"?. He never expected. That she would come. He. Expected that she would come.

What is the main function of a complement clause?. To provide additional adjectives in a sentence. To modify the subject of the sentence. To complete the meaning of a verb, adjective, or noun. To act as an independent clause in a sentence.

What type of clause is introduced by subordinating conjunctions like "that"?. Adverbial clause. Complement clause. Independent clause. Relative clause.

In transformational grammar, what does the term "generation" refer to?. The process by which a sentence is derived from an abstract syntactic structure. The method of transforming a sentence into its phonetic form. The act of creating a new word by adding affixes. The process of changing word order for stylistic purposes.

What is the primary focus of sentence patterns in syntax?. To identify the correct pronunciation of words in a sentence. To analyze how sentences are structurally formed and combined. To describe the meaning of each word in a sentence. To establish the correct vocabulary for academic writing.

What does a "compound sentence" consist of?. One independent clause. Two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction or semicolon. One independent clause and one dependent clause. A single clause that contains multiple subjects and verbs.

Which of the following is an example of a "complex sentence"?. "I love reading, and I enjoy writing.". "Although he was tired, he finished the work.". "She likes dancing and singing.". "The dog barked loudly.".

What is a "subordinate clause"?. A clause that can stand alone and expresses a complete thought. A clause that begins with a coordinating conjunction. A clause that depends on an independent clause to form a complete thought. A clause that is always grammatically incorrect.

Which type of sentence structure contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses?. Simple sentence. Complex sentence. Compound-complex sentence. Compound sentence.

What is the structure of a "simple sentence"?. One independent clause with an auxiliary verb. One independent clause with one or more dependent clauses. One independent clause that expresses a complete thought. Two independent clauses connected with a coordinating conjunction.

Which of the following connectors is used in compound sentences?. Because. Although. And. When.

What type of clause is introduced by a subordinating conjunction like "because" or "although"?. Independent clause. Complement clause. Dependent clause. Relative clause.

What is the difference between a "compound sentence" and a "complex sentence"?. A compound sentence has one independent clause, while a complex sentence has multiple independent clauses. A compound sentence consists of two independent clauses, while a complex sentence has one independent and one dependent clause. A compound sentence always has a subordinate clause, whereas a complex sentence does not. There is no difference; both terms describe the same sentence structure.

Which of the following is an example of a "compound-complex sentence"?. "She ate lunch, and then she went for a walk.". "After finishing his work, he went home, but his friends stayed at the office.". "I like ice cream.". "I read the book, but I didn’t enjoy it.".