M2 2021

Related to the certification process: All the new and modified equipment part of the Type Design must be adequately qualified. It is managed and direted mainly by the authority. If the company is DOA, it is not needed. The system specialists of the industry have not an important participation in it.

The part 25 airworthiness standards (JAR/CS & FAR) are based on and incorporate the objective and principles of the fail-safe design concept. The fail-safe design concept uses, among others, the following design principles: Use of equipment whos failure probability is extremely improbable. Use of equipment which never fails. Isolation and/or segregation of systems, components and elements so that the failure of one does not cause the failure of another. Redundancy of back-up systems to enable continued function. Failure warning or indication to provide detection.

Related to the Certification Tests. The tests must be witnessed by the airworthiness authority. It is required a Declaration of Conformity statin that the test speciment is representative of the design to be certified for the test purpose. If the company is DOA, the authority has not the right to witness the tests. ETSO equipment does not require Certification Tests.

The FMEA/FMES. Is only performed for simple hardware components, such as valves or relays but not for more complex elements like computers. Is used as input for the fault tree analysis, as it provides the probability of ocurrence of the equipment failure modes. Lists all the aircraft failure conditions in which equipment participates. Has to be prepared by the equipment supplier.

A Functional Hazard Assessment is. A systematic, comprehensive examination of A/C and system functions to identify and classify Failure Conditions of functions according to thheir severity. It describes all FCs identified in terms of Safety repercussions, detection means, crew action, A/C condition after crew action. A systematic, bottom-up method of identifying the failure modes of a system, item, orr function and determning the effects on the respective and next higher level. A syystematic examination of proposed system architecture(s) to determine how it can meet the safety requirements and how failures can cause the identified failure conditions. A systematic analysis that identifies individual common mode failures or external events that has to be precluded as coommon cause events for Catastrophic Failure Conditions.

A Failure Condition is. A condition havin an effect on the aeroplane and/or its occupants, either direct or consequential, which is caused or contributed to by one or more failures or errors, considering flight phase and relevant adverse operational or environmental conditions, or external events. Any real or potential condition that can cause loss of aircraft or death to its occupants, considering flight phase and relevant adverse operational or environmental conditions, or external events. An occurrence, shich affects the operation of a component, part, or element such that it can no longer funciton as intended (this includes both loss of function and malfunction). An occurrence which has its origin in the aeroplane or outside, such as system failures, atmospheric conditions, runway conditions... which have an effect on the aeroplane.

According to SAE ARP4754, which general principle shall be verified in order to allow for a DAL downgrading of two items whose failures contribute to the same failure condition. It is not allowed to downgrade the DAL requirement. One shall be developed DAL A and the other donw to DAL C, or both shall be developed DAL B. They shall be dissimilar and independent. Their failure rate must be such that ensurues compliance with the probability objective of the failure condition.

Related with the CAE of INTA. Is subject to DGAM approval. If the company is ROD, it can have the privilege to issue the CAE. To obtatin a CAE it is required an Statement of Airworthiness signed by theh industry stating that theh aircraft is safe to performe the intended flights.

After Entry Into Service of an aircraft, who's the ultimate responsible for the safety of the operation?. The Type Certificate holder. The organization in charge of the maintenance of the aiarcraft. The Customer (i.e. the owner of the aircraft). EAS if operates in Europe and FAA if operates in USA. The aircraft manufacturer (i.e. Airbus, Boeing, Embraer, etc.). The local Airworthiness Authority (i.e. DGA in France, INTA in Spain, COA in Australia, etc.).

Series Production Tests Process Objectives are. Get the Airworthiness Certificate. Get the Customer Type Concept approval. Check out the functioning of the overall system, as defined and built by design. Get the Type Certificate.

During the project life time, taking decisions is needed many times. Wich one(s) of the following statemes is(are) true: A decision taken by an expert is always the right one. Kepner Tregoe Analysis (KTA9 is used in trade-offs to justify the selection of candidates. Good decisiions can never result in a bad solution. Involve all the levels needed of the "Vee" to avoid repeating the same decision in the future.

Why Configuration Management shall be implemented?. To maintain control over requirements. To enforce change impact evaluation. To prevent changes.

A good Systems Engineer should be: A talented professional highly experienced in all engineering domains related to the project. A talented engineer very worried about all details of System Architecture. A qualified professional with generalist vocation, holistic view and system-thinking, open-minded to all the factors that can influence a determined problem. A combination of a project manager, an engineer and a scientists.

When are logical architectures defined?. At each level of system design. Always after physical architectures. when SW development starts. only if SysML notation is used.

Requirement Validation implies to check (choose the right one). Requirements are transmitted to all stakeholders. Requirements are not exceeding an specified quantity. Requirements are correctly documented and stored. Requiremens are complete and consistent, and reflect user needs.

For the CONOPS, which one(s) of the following statements is(are) valid: As part of the SE approach it is always issued in every project. it is only used to address the customers operational view. It is used to translate the customer operation needs into the system developers technical specifications. It is a powerful tool to elicit (get) customer requirements.

When integration strategy shall be defined?. At the start of testing. At the bottom of the V (implementation). When defining the CONOPS. On the left side of the "Vee" for every level of functional analysis / architectural design.

Preliminary Design Review (PDR). Outcomes of this review are: To make available to the design organization all the installation drawings of equipment including interface data in order to issue a mature version of the EDR and Principle Diagrams documents. Freeze the design layouts is not required or essential. To freeze the systems architectures. Validate the aircraft general arrangement and the location of the main components is part of future reviews.

One of the following statements about the management of the agents involved in a project ("Stakeholder Management") is NOT correct. The stakeholders of a project will be concerned about what the project should deliver/provide to them. The stakeholders may affect the project and be affected by the results of it. The stakeholdes of the same project may have different interests and even not aligned ones. The stakeholders of the same project will have the same interests and common expectations about the project and its results.

Chief Engineer responsibilities. Aproves concepts and architectures proposed by system architects. Manages engineering and technical ativities. Responsible for cost, scheduel, and risk related decisions. Manages all stakeholders in the project with technical and non-technical activities.

Which of the following is a valid statement regarding work packages. It is not necessaary that the WP are understood by stakeholders. The total sum of WP represents all the workd and products necessary for the project. WP are each WBS element. WP include just the major deliverables and not the minor ones.

The aim of Project Management is to get the project objectives... On time, within budget, according to the specifications and with a highh level of customer satisfaction. With a highh level of profit for the company. On time, on price and on scope. Under control whatever it costs.

Which is the correct order of Phases in Project life cycle?. Planning - Concept - Definition - Execution - Closing. Closing - Concept - Definition - Planning - Execution. Concept - Definition - Planning - Execution - Closing. Defintion - Concept - Planning - Execution - Closing.

A WBS in a project provides: Detailed cost estimating and control. Schedule development and control. Organizing and managing the approved project scope. Only technical activities defined in detail.

Particularities of the civil market projects. The Customer base is not standard and the evaluation criteria may have significatn variation among them. The most fundamental parameter is the operating costs per passenger: fuel consumption, reliability, maintenance and cost and crew training. The operation and certification rules are well established, standardized and worldwide recogniezd. The fundamenteal aspect is the ability to achieve the mission.

The Declaration of Design and Performance document: Is to be signed by the Purchaser as evidence of acceptation of Equipment Supplier Documentation. Cannot be substituted by other official certification documents (TSo, FAR33, etc.). Is not requried to the equipment supplier in the chapter Supplier Data Requirement List (SDRL) of the Equipment Specification since it is always mandatory. Contains the Statement of Compliance or the Deviation List with respect to the Specification.

The harnesses are composed by: Cables and connectors from a single wiring diagram if specific safety segregation requirements for this system are provided. Cables from multiple wiring diagrams, including only mating connectors to equipment receptacles. Cables, connectors, backshells, labels and some other protections. Cables, connectors, heatshrinks and also the supporting brackets. Irrespective of requirements, only cables extracted from a single wiring diagram including its connectors.

Indicate the true sentence(s). An Equipment is always represented in the architecture scheme of the system. The system EDR is equivalent to the SIRD plus the system equipment EIRD's. A Component is always represented in the architecture schem of the system. A detail part with a heat treatment is, in fact, an assembly.

Regarding the Configuration Management Functions, indicate wich of the following statements are true. The establishment of uniform access privileges for users is essential for data protection and dissemination. The form and format of the planning documentation are critical for the Configuration Management process achievements. Product operational information is derived from the product defintion information. Purposes of Configuration Verification and Audit are to ensure that the product design validates the integrity of the product configuration information and to verify the consistency between a product and its configuration.

The Wiring Diagrams. Are based on Principal/Circuit Diagrams, but removing all mating connectors to equipment. May be created per major component for a given wiring system. Contain cable types and gauges, equipment connectors and pin to pin details, but no break up connectors are included. Contain cable types and gauges, equipment and break up connectors, and also all connectivity details conducting to harness definition.

What is/are the leading paradigm/s of federated architectures?. Maximize fault-tolerance. Limit weight of systems. One function, one system. Partitioned systems are mandatory.

Related to the DO-178B Software Planning Process, mark the correct statement(s). The main objective of the Plan for Software Aspects of Certification (PSAC) is to communicate the Software Project Schedule to the Certification Authority. The Software Requirements Standards, the SW Design Standards and the SW Coding Standards shall be declared within the SW Development Plan (SDP) ans shall be approved th tye Certification Authority. The proposed means of compliance of every DO-178B objective have to be declared in the Plan for SW Aspecto of Certification (PSAC). The verification, mainly throgh reviews, of the SW Development Plan (SDP), the SW Verification Plan (SVP), the SW Config. Management Plan (SCMP9 and the SW Quality Assurance Plan (SQAP) is no specifically required by the DO-178B.

What is the main way to drive Reviews?. Checklists. Testing. Inspections. Analysis.

Mark disadvantages of federated architectures. Difficult to implementt. Not fault-tolerant. Problems with spare parts logistic. Increade wight and power consumption.

Which property is considered to be the most important in Requirements Engineering?. Requirements history. None of the listed options is correct. Requirements drawing. Requirements Traceability.

Tick the right statement(s). The planning and supporting processes run sequentially and the development process is continued throughout the project. None of the listed options is correct. The planning and development processes run sequentially and the supporting process is continued throughout the project. The supporting and development processes run sequentially and the planning process is continued throughout the project.

The DO-254 hardware supporting process generate the design data and resultant hardware item. These processes are. None of the listed options is correct. Requirements capture, conceptual design, detailed design, implementation and production transition. Validation, verification, configuration management, process assurance and certification liaison.

Related to the Certificatoin Context for Airborne SW, mark the three correct statements between the following. ARP4754 first introduces the concept of Development Assurancne as a mean of compliance with the certification requirements. DO-178B specifically ccovers the Software aspects related to certification. ARP4761 specifically deals with teh Safety Assessment process related to the Software items. DO-254 specifically covers the Complex Hardware aspects related to certification.

Which of the following statements is correct for conducted interference and for the connectors and cables used in electronic devices. The possibility to have a conducted interference is higher at lower frequencies. The optical fiber does not attenuate the conducted interference. The connectors do not make any influence on the conducted interference. The possibility to have conducted interference is higher at higher frequencies.

Design Margin of Electromagnetic Protection is. The difference between the damage level and worst case environment. A balance between the demonstrated level of upset and worst case environment. The difference between the targeted design level and worst case environment. The difference between the demonstrated level of upset and worst case environment.

Regarding HIRF Testing at aircraft level, indicate which of the following statements is(are) true. Low Level Testing is expensive in terms of Test Facilities. High Level Testing is expensive in terms of Test Facilities. Low Level Testing is cheaper in terms of Test Facilities. High Level Testing is cheaper in terms of Tests Facilities.

The purpose of a bronze mesh protection implemented in the external face of a composite (CFC) laminate is. Increases the structural strength of the composite laminate. Improves the electrical properties of the structure. Protect the laminate against corrosion problems and external environment. Protect the laminate against lightning strikes reducing the resulting local damage.

What is the preferred electrical bonding method taking into account risk of corrosion?. There is not a preferred method providing that electrical conductivity is ensured. Face to face bonding. Bonding by fasteners. Either face to face bonding or bonding by fasteners, but avoiding bonding jumpers when possible.

Regarding EMC Equipment Testing, indicate which of the following statements is(are) true. Equipment SW can have effect on test results. All EMI/EMC test levels depend on equipment criticallity. RF susceptibility (HIRF) test levels depend on equipment criticallity. Limits in MIL-STD 461 or RTCA DO160 represent the test levels necessary to show the equipment capability to maintain the required performance when exposed to the expected EM environment. Test levels do not depend on equipment location. EMC test setup does not need representative installation and interconnection, only adequate interference test levels.

The massive use of composite materials (CFC) in new aircraft. Improves the protection that the aircraft structure provides to the systems installed inside. Represents an improvment of the electrical properties of the aircraft structure. Increases the probability that the aircraft receives a lightning strike. Increases the local damage resulting from a lightning strike with regards to an equivalent metallic structure.