Managing People in Organisations E.2.

Who is most associated with the Hawthorne studies?. Professor Hawthorne. Professor Elton Mayo. Fritz Roethlisberger and William Dickson. Max Weber.

What were the original assumptions that the Hawthorne researchers started with?. That the optimum heating levels could be discovered to maximize output. That the optimum lighting levels could be discovered to maximise output. That better pay increases worker output. That workers formed social groups impacting their performance.

What was the key finding of the Hawthorne studies?. The power of the social group in influencing individual behaviour, particularly group norms. That people work better when they are being watched all the time. That workers are irrational and need stronger management control. That Taylorism is completely wrong.

What is the human relations movement?. A theory trying to get everyone to get on better with each other. An academic movement who study the social relations between people and the human factors of management. A view that says you do not need to pay people more to get them to work harder. A new approach to teamwork.

Why could it be said that Elton Mayo did not discover the principles that underpinned human relations through the Hawthorne Studies?. Mayo did not believe in the human relations approach. It was already discovered before him by someone else. Mayo had already assumed these findings before he published his interpretation of the experiment. Mayo made the research up.

According to the chapter how do we learn group norms?. We get told them when join a new group. We decide them as a group. We pick them up through subtle cues from the group. They are things we just know through how we are brought up.

What is the Hawthorne effect?. Where the act of observing someone changes their behaviour. The social side of the organization is important for good management. It is important to watch people to make them more productive. Workers feel alienated due to distant management.

Who were the progressive Taylorists?. Followers of Taylor who wanted to improve his work by intensifying managers control over the workers. Followers of Taylor who wanted to supplement Taylor's ideas with industrial democracy. Supporters of Taylor who thought his ideas were better than Mayo's. Mayo, Roethlisberger and Dickson who developed ideas that were better than Taylor's.

How did Mayo consider the relationship between workers and management?. Mayo thought that Taylor was right and workers and managers should be in harmony with one another. Mayo argued that workers and managers need to spend time working on finding common ground with each other. Workers and managers are in direct opposition to each other and therefore managers should take direct control. Workers and managers should be in harmony with one another.

What is the 'social side' of the organization?. Where workers can be sociable to each other, which makes them more productive. Where workers are more productive by working alongside each other. A view, in contrast to the rational view, which stresses the social relations and informal dynamics that exist within the organization. What the organization contributes to society.

Which of the following is most closely associated with Henri Fayol?. Hawthorne Studies. Time and Motion Study. Iron Cage. Classical Management School.

A factory supervisor is checking on the quality of work done by workers on an assembly line. Which of Fayol's functions of management are they performing?. Organising. Co-ordinating. Commanding. Controlling.

A factory manager is analysing a spreadsheet to forecast demand for products in the year ahead. Which of the following of Fayol's five functions are they performing?. Organising. Co-ordinating. Planning. Controlling.

Which of the following is not an example of Charles Clinton Spaulding's eight necessities of management?. No job titles. Cooperation and teamwork. Advertising budget. Conflict resolution.

What is the key difference between Fayol's five principles of management and Spaulding's eight necessities of management?. The need for adequate staffing. Emphasis on cultural values and communal wellbeing. Planning and forecasting are not important. Clear lines of authority and command are required.

How might Charles Clinton Spaulding have analysed the recent problems of excessive queuing and lack of basic cleaning caused in hotels by the requirements for people to self-isolate during the pandemic?. They were unable to conduct a feasibility analysis. There was not an adequate amount of capital available. They led to inadequate staffing. They disrupted lines of authority and responsibility.

Which of the following best describes the control and management of workers performed on a personal, face-to-face basis?. Direct control. Span of control. Impersonal control. Indirect control.

Which of the following refers to the management of workers through levels of hierarchy and through the use of rules and procedures, rather than being on a face-to-face basis?. Direct control. Span of control. Impersonal control. Indirect control.

Which of the following refers to the number of workers that a manager supervises directly?. Direct control. Span of control. Impersonal control. Indirect control.

An organization chart is divided into different branches which are further divided into areas such as finance, human resources, and marketing. What is this known as?. Reverse differentiation. Functional differentiation. De-differentiation. Hierarchical differentiation.

Which of the following is not shown by an organization chart?. The levels of managerial responsibility that people have within an organization. The career paths that workers might take. The social relationships within an organization. The official role that an individual holds within an organization.

Which of the following best describes the reason for bureaucratic rules and procedures in organizations? a. b. c. d. People have a moral duty to abide by the rules set. They are designed to ensure that everyone across the organizational hierarchy is acting in the same way. They create jobs within an organization. They allow all managers to have a manageable span of control.

Bureaucratic rules and procedures are said to reduce managerial discretion. Which of the following best describes discretion?. The ability to make ethical judgements about how desirable a technically efficient action might be. Applying the rules to the letter even if another action might make more sense. The tendency for more and more of our lives to be governed by bureaucratic rules and structures. The ability of managers to act autonomously on their own initiative and bend the rules where necessary.

An appraisal and promotion policy outlines a standard set of procedures which should be used for each appraisal. Which of the following is this intended to ensure?. Impersonal fairness. Discretion. Nepotism. Personal bias.

Which of the following does not apply to bureaucratic records and paperwork?. They allow for information to be collected and retrieved easily and efficiently. They allow for surveillance to take place by monitoring the information that they hold. They are always held in filing cabinets. Some organizations exist mainly to process bureaucratic records and information.

What is meant by Shoshana Zuboff's concept of the 'informated organization'?. It is a bank. The organization has become almost purely computer code. It makes banking more personal. Organizations use computer databases for a small part of their work.

The term 'Big Data' refers to which of the following?. An algorithm. Paperwork in filing cabinets. A computer programme. Data stored by organizations about their customers, staff, and processes.

Which of the following best describes the performance management system at Amazon?. They observe workers through a time and motion study in order to redesign their work to be more efficient. They use ongoing feedback mechanisms whilst rejecting overly bureaucratic methods of performance management. They have abandoned all forms of performance management. They collect vast amounts of data about worker performance and use this to construct metrics against which the workers are judged.

Which of the following best describes Max Weber?. He invented bureaucracy. He was a manager who developed the use of bureaucracy in his factory. He was a sociologist who observed the negative effects of bureaucracy in society. He is an Australian motor racing driver.

'Just because something is technically rational, it does not mean that it is rational in human and ethical terms.' Which of the following of Weber's critiques of bureaucracy best sums up this statement?. Substantive rationality. Rational-legal authority. Disenchantment. Modernity and the Holocaust.

'Bureaucracy leads to boring, repetitive tasks where people do not get to think for themselves or try out anything new. It takes away all of the magic from life.' Which of the following of Weber's critiques of bureaucracy best sums up this statement?. Substantive rationality. Rational-legal authority. Disenchantment. Ideal type.

What does Max Weber mean by the 'iron cage' of rationality?. That bureaucracy is the best way to run prisons. That bureaucracy is so commonplace that hardly any aspects of our lives are beyond its control. That excessive rules and procedures leave us more likely to be imprisoned. That bureaucracy leads to a loss of 'magical elements' in life.

A 'jobsworth' is an example of which of the following dysfunctions of bureaucracy?. Mock bureaucracy. Red tape. Bending the rules. Bureaucratic personality.

What is meant by Gouldner's term 'mock bureaucracy'?. Rules exist but are ignored. Workers make their own rules. The organization is a fake. The organization pretends to have bureaucratic rules.

A social worker complains that they have been unable to visit vulnerable clients needing urgent attention because they have been too busy completing paperwork relating to previous cases. Which of the following dysfunctions of bureaucracy best describes this situation?. Red tape. Mock bureaucracy. Exercising discretion. Bureaucratic personality.

A police officer walks past a bar and hears a fight taking place. Rather than going straight into the bar and implementing the law, the officer walks around the block for 15 minutes. Upon returning, the fight has ended, everything is calm and there is nothing more for the police officer to do. Which of the following dysfunctions of bureaucracy best describes this situation?. Red tape. Mock bureaucracy. Exercising discretion. Bureaucratic personality.

What is the main argument of a post-bureaucratic perspective?. That computers can process bureaucratic records much more quickly than was previously possible. That bureaucracy is commonplace in contemporary service organizations. That bureaucracy is too inflexible for the fast-moving and dynamic contemporary world. That bureaucracy is needed to standardize information that is shared between computer networks.

Which of the following best describes the most recent developments in performance management systems at Accenture?. They collect vast amounts of data about worker performance and use this to construct metrics against which the workers are judged. They observe workers through a time and motion study in order to redesign their work to be more efficient. They use ongoing feedback mechanisms whilst rejecting overly bureaucratic methods of performance management. They have abandoned all forms of performance management.

Which of the following is a means of categorizing different elements of the organization's environment?. PLAGUE analysis. VERMIN analysis. PEST analysis. SWOT analysis.

Which of the following would be an example of a factor emerging from the 'social' sector of the PEST model?. A competitor reducing their costs as a result of a new computer system. A public desire to reduce plastic packaging resulting from a television documentary. Changes to supply chain paperwork as a result of the implementation of the Brexit vote. An increase in the cost of raw materials due to currency fluctuations.

Which of the following would be an example of a factor emerging from the 'economic' sector of the PEST model?. A competitor reducing their costs as a result of a new computer system. A public desire to reduce plastic packaging resulting from a television documentary. Changes to supply chain paperwork as a result of the implementation of the Brexit vote. An increase in the cost of raw materials due to currency fluctuations.

Contingency theory suggests that an organization's ideal structure should take account of environmental uncertainty, size, and which of the following?. Local labour markets. Competitors. Technology. Bureaucracy.

An organization has a traditional bureaucratic hierarchy, but also places workers into cross-departmental project teams which have their own separate line managers. Which of the following best describes this arrangement?. Matrix structure. Contingency theory. Span of control. Unity of command.

Frank Blackler (1995) suggests that organizations have imploded into computer code and simultaneously what?. Imploded into databases. Exploded into computer networks. Become more susceptible to computer viruses. Become rhizomes.

Which of the following best describes the nature of organizations, and the connections between organizations, within cyberspace?. Flower. Leaf. Branch. Rhizome.

Which of the following is most similar to a root-tree metaphor?. A river. Cyberspace. An organization chart. Grass.

In food delivery services found in the gig economy, how is bureaucratic control at a distance achieved? a. b. c. d. Through commands being issued face to face by managers at various levels of the hierarchy. Through an algorithm. By the managers of individual restaurants. There are no formal control mechanisms.

Which approach to personality sees personality as something which is measurable?. Ideographic. Nomothetic. Social-radical. All of the above.

Which of the following statements would be true of a person with, in Jung's (1923) terms, an extraverted personality?. They gain energy from social situations. Social situations drain them of energy. They get energy from within. They thrive on working alone.

Which personality measuring instrument uses four scales and is derived from the work of Jung?. Cattell's 16PF traits. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Big five personality factors. Keirsey's temperament sorter.

Which of the following best describes Keirsey's (1988) temperament sorter?. It was the inspiration for the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. It is a direct critique of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. It links Myers-Briggs Type Indicator results to appropriate careers. It is used to analyse Myers-Briggs Type Indicator results when filling job vacancies.

How are the big five personality factors (McRae and Costa, 1990, 1996) also known?. RIVER scale. BROOK scale. PONDS scale. OCEAN scale.

Which of the following selection techniques has the highest predictive validity?. Personality assessment. References. Structured interview. Unstructured interview.

'Individuals are unique and complex. Their personalities are always changing and can never be reduced to a measurement.' Which approach to personality does this best describe?. Nomothetic approach. Ideographic approach. Trait theories of personality. Type theories of personality.

Which of the following is a factor which may cause bias in an interview?. Predictive validity. Halo/horns effect. Hawthorne effect. Nomothetic approach.

Which of the following is an issue if employers use social media profiles as part of the selection process?. It is not legal worldwide. It gives a poor insight into a candidate's personality. It is costly. It can uncover information that an employer may use as a basis for discrimination.

How would a Foucauldian perspective critique personality tests and types?. They are too costly to implement. They give inaccurate answers. They create artificial labels for people. There is not a wide enough range of tests available.

An extrinsic motivation is something which ….?. Is a source of motivation which comes from inside the individual. Is a source of motivation which comes from outside of the individual. Is a source of motivation which focuses on boosting the confidence of workers. Is a source of motivation which is built into the design of all jobs.

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic motivator?. A pay increase. Promotion. Satisfaction in a job well done. Good working conditions.

Using a foul-tasting nail varnish to motivate a person to stop biting their nails is an example of what?. Equity theory. Classical conditioning. Orientations to work. Expectancy theory.

Which of the following is a critique of behaviourism?. It has never been implemented in the workplace. Its ideas derive from psychology and are therefore not applicable to the workplace. People are motivated simply by achieving the target rather than any deeper level of motivation. It contains a number of different theories.

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what order does Maslow suggest we seek to satisfy our needs?. We have to fully complete one need before we move on to the need for the next level. We can complete any of the needs in any order. We can try to satisfy all the needs at the same time. A need does not need to be fully satisfied before an individual moves on to the next level.

Which of the following is an example of one of Herzberg's (1966) motivating factors?. Status within the organization. Salary. Recognition. Working conditions.

Which of the following best describes how people are motivated according to process theories of motivation?. People make subjective judgements based on past experiences and individual thought processes. People are located at different positions on a framework. Behaviour is modified through punishment and reward. People have different orientations to work.

Students doing group work may be unhappy with a high grade if they feel some members of the group didn't contribute evenly to the effort in getting that grade. This is an example of what?. Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Equity theory. Expectancy theory. Orientations to work.

Which of the following sums up Marx's view of how people are motivated?. People are lazy and unmotivated. People's motivation can be plotted out on a framework. People are naturally creative with an inherent desire to transform the world around them. People have work ethics given to them by their religious beliefs.

“Overall, drivers’ services were in fact defined and controlled by Bolt.  The Supreme Court also decided that Bolt drivers were working whenever they were logged into the app.  Particular weight was placed on Bolt's practice of logging out drivers who failed to accept bookings and keeping them temporarily logged out even if they were ready to work.  This pointed to there being a penalty for drivers who failed to comply with an obligation to accept a minimum amount of work when logged in.  The existence of this obligation, even when drivers were not performing a booking, meant that drivers were working whenever logged in.”   Which of the following can help explain how Bolt are trying to ensure that the drivers are available for work?. Designing the work itself to satisfy the different needs of the drivers. Equitable extrinsic rewards. Goal setting. Behavioural theories.

Which of the following is not an intrinsic reward?. Answering this question because you are interested in the topic or the subject. Painting a picture because you have a love of art and this form of expression. Working hard because it helps you feel a sense of achievement when you reach a self-determined goal. Answering this question because you are seeking to avoid a bad grade.

The amount of risk faced by gig economy workers, alongside uncertain working hours, leads to gig economy work being described as __________________ work.  . Self-employed. Precarious. Environmental. Permanent.

Financial concerns have a strong influence on job choice behaviour (Chapman et al., 2005). Evaluations of employee-employer relationships involve a comparison of the contribution (e.g., time and effort) invested by the employee in relation to the benefits that are provided by the employment (Cropanzano and Mitchell, 2005).  Recent research conducted by Hu and Hirsh (2017) suggested that people are willing to accept significantly lower salaries in exchange for more meaningful work.   Work meaningfulness can best be defined by which of the following?. The degree to which an employee experiences the job as one which is generally meaningful, valuable, worthwhile, and a variety of psychological rewards including a sense of purpose and significance. Providing a sense of well-being. The degree to which an employee experiences the job as a primary source of alienation, anxiety, emotional exhaustion, and boredom. Meaningful work is highly paid work.

The diagram shows different types of work in relation to the variety of and amount of discretion over how the work is done.  If the work of a customer service operative in a fast-food restaurant is an example of Neo-Fordist approach to job design (due to the variety of tasks that might be undertaken and the lower discretion over how to do these tasks), then, which of the following would be an example of Post-Fordism work within the food and hospitality industry?. A production line worker adding cheese into bread that is on the conveyor belt. Burger flipper in a fast-food restaurant. Head Chef of a restaurant in a hotel. Owner and chef of a restaurant.

For Herzberg (2003, 1966), characteristics of a job which cannot bring about increases in the job satisfaction and motivation of workers, but which can cause demotivation if they are not addressed sufficiently are which of the following?. Cleanliness factors. Pay. Hygiene factors. Work conditions.

Mary Parker Follett was an early management theorist who took a more human and social approach to Taylorism.  Why were Mary’s ground-breaking contributions to organizational behaviour overshadowed by that of Elton Mayo and the Hawthorne Experiments?. Discrimination. The ‘glass ceiling’. They had different beliefs about people. Elton Mayo’s work appealed to managers as it legitimised their authority over workers.

What concept can provide a framework to explain the assertion by Olenski et al., (2017) in the Harvard Business Review that ‘When Clinicians Know They’re Being Watched, Patients Fare Better’?. Observation Effect. Hawthorne Experiment. Hawthorne Effect. Ringelmann Effect.

According to the authors of the core text (King and Lawley, 2022) the four key features of the Fourth Industrial revolution (Schwab, 2016) are?. Dataveillance, artificial intelligence, cyber-physical systems and the world wide web. Big data, algorithms, quantified self (Moore, 2018), and flexibility. Physical, digital and biological worlds are brought together seamlessly in one system by the use of technology. Rhizomes, ‘informated’ organisations, technology and artificial intelligence.

In the article ‘The Selection of Communication Media as an Executive Skill’ by Lengel & Daft (1989), they suggest that effective communication is a matching process, and the richness of the medium should be selected to fit the nature of the message and the ‘management problem’.  P&O Ferries told staff via a pre-recorded video call that Thursday 17th March 2022 was to be their final day of employment. How might Lengel and Daft (1989) explain this communication failure by using their media selection framework?. It was a routine management problem and the media chosen was rich. It was a routine management problem and the media chosen was lean. It was a non-routine management problem and the media chosen was rich. It was a non-routine management problem and the media chosen was lean.

Equity and expectancy are examples from which of the following motivation theory categories?. Social theories. Process theories. Behaviourist theories. Content theories.

Which approach to personality sees personality as complex, dynamic and unique to each individual?. Nomothetic. Ideographic. Social-radical. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

The meaning of the term ‘group dynamics’ is?. A group who meet together with a common purpose and some degree of mutual interdependence. A psychological phenomenon which limits the range of alternatives being considered because there is an overwhelming desire for consensus. The underlying (and often unconscious) processes which shape the way group members react to each other. Where the group members feel bound together, often feeling as though they share a similar fate.

Which of these are not a characteristic of a team?. Work together on collective tasks. Share information and different perspectives. Focus on individual goals and outcomes. Share responsibility for outcomes.

What key features were the Hawthorne Studies research said to have discovered?. The power of hygiene factors. The power of informal social relations and group norms. That money is a motivating factor. ‘Social man’.

McDonaldization suggests Ritzer (2011) can be seen in different degrees in many other contemporary service organizations.  What are the four aspects of McDonaldization?. Surveillance, standardization, individualization and knowledge. Efficiency, calculability, predictability and control. Division of labour, division of work, scientific selection of workers, cooperation. Planning, organizing, co-ordinating, commanding and controlling.

Which of the following are examples of Panoptic control (Michel Foucault, 1977)? . Dataveillance. Call-centre monitoring. Speed cameras. All the above.

Which of the following can be an issue if employers use social media profiles as part of the selection process?   . Hawthorne Effect. Need to have the passwords to the social media accounts. It can uncover information that an employer may use as a basis for discrimination. None of the above, as there is no issue at all.

Which of the following is a measure on the big five personality scale (McCrae and Costa, 1990, 1996)?  . Likeability. Conscientiousness. Excellence. Extraversion.

Taylor’s Scientific Management and rational work design brought about a number of consequences and greater control could be exerted over workers.  These consequences were standardization, individualisation, surveillance, knowledge and skill.  Which of the following definitions is incorrect?. Standardization = Having the same tasks to perform made workers more predictable. Individualization = People had their own task to perform and no longer had the power of being in a gang. Knowledge and skill = Skill increases, so workers cannot be easily replaced and the power workers has from their craft knowledge is rendered redundant. Surveillance = Workers did not need constant direct control; it is easy to match faults to the person performing an assigned task.

Which of the following best describes rational work design?. Designing organization structures to be as efficient as possible. Implementing rules and procedures. The design of actual work tasks so that they can be performed more efficiently. The use of paperwork to record information about workers.

Bureaucratic control is exerted over the organization through which of the following?. Records. Hierarchy. Rules, procedures and policy. All of the above.

The base rules of behaviour for members of the group are called ‘group norms’.  How do we learn group norms?  . They are written down. Through watching others. We pick them up through subtle clues of behaviour from the group. None of the above.

Goldthorpe (1968) suggests that ‘orientations to work’ are linked to motivation and with our identity in society.  Which of the following is not one of these ‘orientations’?. Instrumental. Bureaucratic. Solidaristic. Loyalty.

Which of the following is not part of the group development process by Tuckman and Jensen, (1977)?. Forming. Storming. Starting. Norming.

This question relates to Katzenbach and Smith’s (1993) teamwork performance curve.  To become a high-performance team, they argue that the group will go through four stages.  What are the four stages?  Select one. Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing. Unformed Group, Group, Working Group, Team. Working Group, Pseudo–Team, Potential Team, Real Team. Storming, Norming, Performing, Reforming.

Wray-Bliss, E., and Willmott, H. (1999) wrote a chapter in a book entitled ‘Battling with gods: workers, management and the deities of post-industrial management culture’ about call centres.  In it they discussed how rewarding achievement of targets can be counterproductive.  The target becomes the behaviour.  It seems that people often find creative ways to meet targets that don’t necessarily correspond to the initial behaviours desired by management.  Which of the following theories best explains how this might come about?  . Operant conditioning (Skinner, 1969). Classical conditioning (Pavlov and Anrep, 1927). Organization behaviour modification (Luthans and Kreitner, 1985). All of the above.

Howard Gardner’s (1983) theory of multiple intelligences suggests that people exhibit many different types of intelligence, each of which can be more useful in particular situations.  A particular type of intelligence which has been viewed as a valuable competency for the workplace is emotional intelligence (EI) that emphasis the ability of managers to empathize with other co-workers and subordinates (Mayer and Salovey, 1983).  Below are listed some of the ‘intelligences’.  Select the one that provides the best description of this emotional intelligence (EI). Verbal/linguistic intelligence: The ability to understand and use language to express oneself. Interpersonal intelligence: The ability to understand, empathize, and work with others. Intrapersonal intelligence: Being able to understand ourselves and our feelings. A combination of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence.

While a degree programme provides an important amount of theory and skills for management, employers increasingly view this as insufficient, and are interested in ‘real world’ experience which is gained, for example, through placements and sandwich years during a degree programme (Brooks and Kay, 2014).  Why might this be?  Can it be explained by referring to knowledge and learning?  Which of the following provides the fullest and best explanation?       . The degree certificate is evidence that a student has accumulated explicit knowledge that will equip them with how to manage, as in Freire’s (1970) banked knowledge. But there is an amount of tacit knowledge that is only learned from experience in the workplace. It can be explained by reference to the experiential learning model by Kolb (2014) and having a concrete experience. Learning by doing. Tacit knowledge is knowledge which comes from experience and from doing and practising something; it is thus a more personal form of knowledge that we carry within us.

The core text (King and Lawley, 2016) identifies four features which make up the nature of communication.  Which of the following shows these four features?. Formal communication, hierarchy, noise and channels. Source, recipient, message and noise. One-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many and many-to-one. Formal and informal channels of communication, channels of communication, synchronicity and feedback, focus of communication.

Social facilitation is a theory that suggests that: When working in groups individuals go slower than when they worked alone. When working in groups individuals cycle quicker than when they worked alone. When in a group individuals watch each other. When in a group individuals tend to work hard due to support of the team but also because they are being watched.

Any factor in the communication process which causes the original intended message to be distorted is known as ____________. Noise. Distraction. Bounce. Inference.

Which of the following referring to informal communication is true?. It is gossip or time wasting. It only takes place in post-bureaucratic organizations. It can be an important form of organizational learning. It must be carefully managed.

According to media richness theory (Daft and Lengel, 1986) which of these media would communicate the richest meaning?. Telephone call. Text message. Personal email. Message on a noticeboard.

Which of the following is not an aspect of Scientific Management?. Scientific selection of employees. Division of labour. Using craft skills. Separation of planning and doing.

Charlie Chaplin starred in his own film called ‘Modern Times’ (1936) and it portrayed workers in factories as which of the following?. Needles in a haystack. Drops in the ocean. Flies in the ointment. Cogs in a machine.

Which of the following is an example of a neo-Fordist system?. The work process is left to the discretion of highly skilled employees. An artisan workshop, where individual products are made using craft skills. An assembly line, where standard products are made with no variation. A warehouse, where unique parcels are put together by workers using a standard workflow process and aided by computer technology.

Which of the following best describes rational work design?. The use of paperwork to record information about workers. The design of actual work tasks so that they can be performed more efficiently. Designing organization structures to be as efficient as possible. Implementing rules and procedures.

Zygmunt Bauman (1989) noted that the death camps of the Holocaust during World War II were technically efficient but ethically abhorrent.  Which of the following most applies to this debate?. The iron cage of rationality. Dysfunctions of bureaucracy. Trained incapacity. Formal and substantive rationality.

Which of the following statements best describes the nature of the gig economy work?. Workers gain the advantages of both self-employment and capitalist wage-labour and face the disadvantages of neither. Workers gain the advantages of self-employment but face the disadvantages of capitalist wage-labour. Workers face the disadvantages of both self-employment and capitalist wage-labour and gain the advantages of neither. Workers gain the advantages of capitalist wage-labour but face the disadvantages of self-employment.

Which of the following terms refers to control over people by monitoring electronic records that are held about them?. Data day. Foucault. Dataveillance. Datopticon.

Ritzer (2019) used four elements to characterize the ‘McDonaldization of Society’.  Which of the following show the four correct elements?. Calculability, precision, optimization, individualisation. Efficiency, control, predictability, optimization. Efficiency, control, calculability, predictability. Standardisation, division of labour, surveillance, individualisation.

Who were the progressive Taylorists?. Henry Ford and other manufacturers that used the assembly line. Mayo, Roethlisberger and Dickson, who develop ideas that were better than Taylors. Followers of Taylor who wanted to supplement Taylor’s ideas with industrial democracy. Followers of Taylor who wanted to improve his work by intensifying management control over the workers.

What is the Human Relations movement?. That workers are irrational and need stronger management control. A theory trying to get everyone to work in harmony in organisations. An academic movement consisting of those who study the social relations between people and the human factors of management. A motivation theory.

Which of the following best defines the term ‘groupthink’?. Social pressure put on individuals to think in a particular way. A meeting where everyone shares their ideas. Learning to compromise to fit within the group. Negotiation a solution as part of the group.

In the article by Sewell, G. (1998) ‘The Discipline of Teams: The Control of Team-based Industrial Work through Electronic and Peer Surveillance’, how can teamwork increase management control?  Which of the following is the best explanation?. The Hawthorne Effect. Team members share information and knowledge. Team members monitor and control each other’s actions. Empowering high performance teams also increases management control.

Belbin devised the Team Role Inventory and after completing the questionnaire an individual is better able to understand their preferred team role.  A team role as defined by Belbin (1981) is “A tendency to behave, contribute and interrelate with others in a particular way.”  In Belbin’s Team Role model a Shaper is: . Challenging, dynamic, thrives on pressure. Has the drive and courage to overcome obstacles. Imaginative, creative, free-thinking, generates ideas and solves difficult problems. Single-minded, dedicated and provides knowledge skills in rare supply. All of the above.

Lencioni (2002) has a pyramid diagram that shows five dysfunctions of a team. These are:  Inattention to results, avoidance of accountability, lack of commitment, fear of conflict and ___________?. Norming. Mutual interdependence. Storming. Absence of trust.

Which personality measuring instrument (psychometric assessment) uses four scales and is derived from the work of Carl Jung?. Hippocrates four humours. The Big Five OCEAN personality scale. Psychopathic personality test. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

According to Herzberg in the Two Factor (hygiene and motivators) Theory of Motivation, ______________ is a hygiene factor, something that cannot increase motivation but the lack of it might cause dissatisfaction. Intrinsic rewards. Pay. Meaningful work. Self-actualisation.