Meteo (Merino 2026) Part II

According to the Köppen classification, climates of type B correspond to: A. Tropical humid climates. B. Temperate humid climates. C. Boreal climates. D. Dry climates (deserts and steppes).

What are local winds, and what factors influence their formation?. A) Local winds are global air currents that remain constant throughout the year. B) Local winds are air movements occurring in specific regions due to pressure and temperature differences, influenced by surface characteristics and elevation changes. C) Local winds are only found in mountainous areas and have no impact on coastal regions. D) Local winds are unpredictable and do not follow any specific patterns.

What typically triggers a sea breeze during daytime?. A. Subsidence of higher air pressure onto coastal zones. B. Convergence of two cold continental air masses. C. The land warms faster than nearby waters. D. The ocean warming faster than the land surface.

Which wind is a cold, dry wind typical of the Ebro Valley?. A. Levante. B. Poniente. C. Cierzo. D. Scirocco.

What is icing, and under what conditions does it occur?. A. Icing is the accumulation of ice on aircraft surfaces, occurring due to supercooled water droplets at temperatures between 0°C and ‐40°C. B. Icing only occurs on the ground and is caused by condensation during cold nights. C. Icing happens exclusively in polar regions where temperatures are always below freezing. D. Icing occurs when aircraft fly through warm, humid air masses with high pressure.

Aircraft icing mainly occurs at temperatures between: A. +10 °C and 0 °C. B. 0 °C and −5 °C. C. 0 °C and −40 °C. D. Below −50 °C.

Rime ice forms when: A. Large droplets freeze slowly. B. Small droplets freeze rapidly. C. Rain freezes on contact. D. Snow compacts on wings.

Which type of icing is considered the most dangerous for aircraft?. A. Rime ice, because it forms a brittle and easily removable layer. B. Hoar frost, because it forms on the ground and affects takeoff. C. Clear ice, because it is dense, transparent, strongly adheres to surfaces, and is difficult to remove. D. Mixed ice, because it forms in warm air masses and has great impact on aircraft performance.

Which type of ice forms when large supercooled droplets freeze slowly?. A. Hoar frost frequently develops on cold parked aircraft. B. Mixed ice forms when dust particles merge with ice. C. Clear ice that strongly adheres to surfaces. D. Rime ice accumulating as brittle deposits.

The highest icing risk in warm fronts is usually: A. Above −30 °C. B. Near the freezing level ahead of the front. C. Behind the cold air mass. D. Below the isocero.

What is the freezing level (isocero), and why is it important in aviation?. A. The freezing level is the altitude of the 0°C isotherm, serving as a reference for potential icing formation. B. The freezing level refers to the lowest temperature recorded at ground level. C. The freezing level is the temperature at which fuel in aircraft tanks begins to solidify. D. The freezing level only affects tropical regions and has no impact on aviation safety.

A thunderstorm is defined by the presence of: A. Heavy rain. B. Lightning. C. Thunder. D. Gust fronts.

Which condition is essential for thunderstorm formation?. A. Coriolis force. B. Atmospheric instability. C. High pressure. D. Radiation fog.

What are the three key conditions required for a thunderstorm to form?. A. Strong surface winds, high atmospheric pressure, and a cold air mass. B. Atmospheric instability, atmospheric moisture, and a triggering mechanism. C. Atmospheric stability, high humidity, and clear skies. D. Low humidity, high pressure, and the presence of stratiform clouds.

Microbursts are dangerous because they cause: A. Turbulence at cruise level. B. Sudden loss of airspeed and lift. C. Icing. D. Hail only.

A supercell thunderstorm is characterized by: A. Weak updrafts. B. A rotating updraft (mesocyclone). C. Absence of wind shear. D. Short lifetime.

What are the three stages of a thunderstorm's life cycle?. A. Formation stage, stable stage, and extinction stage. B. Warm front stage, cold front stage, and occlusion stage. C. Cloud condensation stage, precipitation stage, and clearing stage. D. Developing stage, mature stage, and dissipating stage.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the different types of thunderstorms and their formation mechanisms?. A. Air mass thunderstorms form when a cold air mass advances over a warm surface, while frontal thunderstorms develop due to strong convective heating in tropical regions. B. Frontal thunderstorms are associated with weather fronts, where a cold air mass forces warm air to rise, while orographic thunderstorms form when moist air is lifted over mountains. C. Orographic thunderstorms occur only in coastal regions due to temperature differences between land and sea, and squall lines are a type of weak, short‐lived thunderstorm system. D. Heat thunderstorms require strong cold fronts to develop, while air mass thunderstorms form exclusively in polar regions due to descending cold air.

Why do supercell storms often last longer than typical single‐cell storms?. A. Their overall lifespan mainly hinges on ground cooling. B. Their rotating updrafts tilt and sustain convection. C. They form in mountainous zones with stable layers. D. They lack mesocyclones or other strong rotating updrafts.

What are some of the main in‐flight hazards that pilots must consider?. A. Clear skies, stable atmospheric conditions, and light winds. B. Warm temperatures, high humidity, and calm winds. C. Increased oxygen levels, strong tailwinds, and clear air conditions. D. Icing, turbulence, wind shear, storms, tornadoes, and reduced visibility.

Which turbulence type is hardest to detect visually at high altitudes?. A. Mechanical turbulence often occurs due to friction near surfaces. B. Clear‐air turbulence with no obvious cloud formation. C. Orographic turbulence arises whenever strong winds cross mountains. D. Convective turbulence under towering cumulonimbus clouds.

Wind shear is especially dangerous during: A. Cruise. B. Descent only. C. Take‐off and landing. D. Holding.

Mountain waves are associated with: A. Unstable air. B. Weak winds. C. Stable airflow over mountains. D. Tropical air masses.

What mountain‐induced hazard might produce extreme downdrafts and rotor clouds?. A. Sea breezes forming over high terrain. B. Mountain waves generated by strong perpendicular airflow. C. Foehn wind bringing warm air downslope. D. Localized low‐pressure cells forming in valleys.

What is CATDEF, and what is its purpose?. A. CATDEF is a global weather prediction model used for civilian meteorological forecasting. B. CATDEF is the Catalog of Meteorological Data, Products, and Services for Defense, ensuring meteorological support for the Armed Forces and National Defense. C. CATDEF is a classification system for weather phenomena based on their severity. D. CATDEF is a training program for meteorologists specializing in military operations.

What are EMAe, OMAe, and OMD, and what are their functions?. A. They are global meteorological centers responsible for long‐term climate forecasting. B. They are different types of meteorological service units within AEMET that provide observation and forecasting for aerodromes and defense operations. C. They are private weather organizations that supply data to commercial airlines. D. They are specific weather patterns that influence air mass movement.

What is the purpose of SIGWX charts and AIREP Special reports in aviation meteorology?. A. SIGWX charts provide forecasts of significant weather conditions at various flight levels, while AIREP Special reports are real‐time pilot observations of hazardous weather. B. SIGWX charts report real‐time weather conditions, and AIREP Special reports provide long‐term forecasts for en route planning. C. SIGWX charts are used exclusively for military aviation, while AIREP Special reports are used for commercial flights. D. SIGWX charts focus on weather at ground level, while AIREP Special reports provide data only for high‐altitude flights.

METAR reports are issued regularly every: A. 10 minutes. B. 30 minutes. C. 1 hour. D. 6 hours.

TAF forecasts are issued by: A. EMAe stations. B. OVM offices. C. OMAe offices. D. WAFC.

SIGMET reports information about: A. Routine weather. B. Significant hazardous weather for en‐route flights. C. Only thunderstorms. D. Aerodrome conditions.

Within the Single European Sky framework, AEMET acts as: A. Supervisory authority. B. Military authority. C. Certified meteorological service provider. D. Air traffic controller.