Meteorología

1. Which phenomenon occurs when a cloud remains in contact with the ground?. A) It is caused by excess water vapor. B) It only arises in mountainous terrain. C) It forms from pollutant-laden smoke only. D) It always dissipates within an hour.

2. Which factor typically leads to fog dissipation?. A) Increased presence of condensation nuclei everywhere. B) Wind shear can occur within stable air masses. C) Reduced solar radiation after midnight. D) Rising ambient temperature or decreasing humidity levels.

3. What type of fog is considered densest and most persistent?. A) Valley fog confined to mountainous basins. B) Radiation fog forming through nocturnal cooling. C) Advection fog over surfaces with colder temperature. D) Orographic fog from forced air ascension.

4. What condition is essential for fog formation at the surface?. A) Abrupt temperature increase above ground level. B) Presence of condensation nuclei and high humidity. C) Dry air stagnating in stable layers. D) Unsaturated conditions with minimal cooling involved.

1. Which theory primarily explains precipitation formation in cold clouds?. A) Coalescence theory involving droplet capture effect. B) Monsoonal theory describing tropical moisture flows. C) Bergeron theory using the ice crystal effect. D) Hadley cell hypothesis regulating frontal convergence.

2. How do drizzle droplets differ from typical rain droplets?. A) They are significantly larger in diameter. B) They usually exceed five millimeters across. C) They only appear at sub-freezing temperatures. D) They are smaller than 0.5 mm generally.

3. What type of precipitation is typically associated with cold fronts?. A) Short and intense precipitation with narrow bands. B) Long-lasting, low-intensity rain in wide areas. C) Persistent, moderate showers over extended periods. D) Light drizzle forming under stable conditions.

4. Which factor best characterizes convective precipitation?. A) Surface heating restricted by thermal inversions. B) Weak vertical movements above cooler ground. C) Rapid upward motion of very unstable air. D) Steady horizontal flow in stable layers.

1. What is the main characteristic of a tropical continental air mass?. A) It develops at extremely high latitudes. B) It flows over cooler maritime regions. C) It remains consistently saturated with moisture. D) It is very warm and often stable.

2. Which front occurs when a cold air mass advances under a warm air mass?. A) Stationary front with minimal horizontal movement. B) Cold front producing significant vertical cloud development. C) Warm front with widespread stratiform clouds. D) Occluded front merging two existing boundaries.

3. What is the main weather effect of a stationary front?. A) Prolonged, continuous precipitation with often stratiform clouds. B) Extreme wind shear over mountainous regions. C) Quick clearing triggered by descending air masses. D) Brief, intense showers in narrow zones.

4. What describes a warm occlusion in frontal systems?. A) It rarely produces extensive precipitation across broad areas. B) A cold front overtaking another cold front. C) It behaves similarly to a warm front. D) A colder air mass lifting a warmer mass.

1. What characterizes an anticyclone in the Northern Hemisphere?. A) It often triggers persistent thunderstorms and widespread instability. B) Air circulates clockwise and slowly diverges outward. C) Air converges counterclockwise, then it rises more forcefully. D) It most commonly develops above consistently warm oceans.

2. What is a thermal anticyclone typically formed by?. A) Cold surface air often accumulating in wintertime. B) Subsiding warm air in desert latitudes. C) Rapid evaporation over heated coastal waters. D) Stable maritime flow from equatorial regions.

3. What atmospheric condition do stationary anticyclones commonly bring?. A) Frequent cyclonic circulations may develop near anticyclone boundaries. B) Frequent low-level clouds with intermittent drizzles. C) Rapid frontal passages and stormy periods. D) Long-lasting stable weather and mostly clear skies.

4. What do high-pressure systems typically cause in the troposphere?. A) Enhanced turbulence from strong thermal contrasts. B) Persistent low-level inversions can produce heavy rainfall events. C) Atmospheric subsidence with significantly reduced cloud formation. D) Widespread convection triggers very strong vertical air currents.

1. What drives the large-scale heat transfer from the tropics to the poles?. A) Localized thunderstorm systems frequently migrate along frontal boundaries. B) Mountain wave interactions can redirect tropical air masses. C) Global circulation with Hadley and Polar cells. D) Monsoonal winds that always flow toward higher latitudes.

2. What characterizes the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)?. A) Dry subsiding air often descends onto desert regions. B) Warm air masses occasionally collide with polar fronts. C) Persistent high-pressure zones with little convection. D) A narrow equatorial belt of heavy rainfall.

3. What is a defining feature of mid-latitude climates?. A) Interaction between warm and cold air masses. B) Sustained uniform temperatures throughout all seasons. C) Permanent dryness with minimal precipitation events. D) Absolute dominance of tropical convection year-round.

4. What typically triggers a sea breeze during daytime?. A) Subsidence of higher air pressure onto coastal zones. B) Convergence of two cold continental air masses. C) The land warms faster than nearby waters. D) The ocean warming faster than the land surface.

1. What causes aircraft icing due to supercooled water droplets?. A) Overheated engine parts in humid conditions. B) Intense solar radiation near significantly warmer cloud tops. C) Water droplets remaining liquid below zero degrees. D) High temperatures above freezing with stable layers.

2. Which type of ice forms when large supercooled droplets freeze slowly?. A) Hoar frost frequently develops on cold parked aircraft. B) Mixed ice forms when dust particles merge with ice. C) Clear ice that strongly adheres to surfaces. D) Rime ice accumulating as brittle deposits.

3. Where is the freezing rain triangle typically located?. A) Near convergent boundaries with minimal humidity. B) Ahead of a warm front in winter. C) Over maritime regions in tropical cyclones. D) Above mountainous zones during nocturnal inversions.

4. What is the biggest hazard of clear ice on aircraft wings?. A) It quickly melts away in warmer atmospheric layers. B) It protects the leading edges from strong winds. C) It affects only the fuselage structure on airplanes. D) It significantly alters aerodynamics and lift capacity.

1. Which stage of a thunderstorm features both updrafts and downdrafts?. A) Dissipating stage dominated by descending air. B) Developing stage remains dominated by strong updrafts alone. C) An anvil shape forms under stratospheric inversion layers. D) Mature stage producing gust fronts and rainfall.

2. What dangerous low-level wind phenomenon often occurs near thunderstorms?. A) Microburst with very sudden and intense downdrafts. B) Chinook wind raising temperatures drastically. C) Sea breeze converging toward the coastline. D) Jet stream forms higher, propelled by strong upper winds.

3. Why do supercell storms often last longer than typical single-cell storms?. A) Their overall lifespan mainly hinges on ground cooling. B) Their rotating updrafts tilt and sustain convection. C) They form in mountainous zones with stable layers. D) They lack mesocyclones or other strong rotating updrafts.

4. What is a common sign of an approaching thunderstorm’s gust front?. A) Soft hailstones typically descend from lofty convective clouds. B) A sudden humidity drop occurs ahead of thunderstorms. C) Roll clouds forming near the rainfall area. D) A persistent warming trend emerges near the surface zone.

1. Which turbulence type is hardest to detect visually at high altitudes?. A) Mechanical turbulence often occurs due to friction near surfaces. B) Clear-air turbulence with no obvious cloud formation. C) Orographic turbulence arises whenever strong winds cross mountains. D) Convective turbulence under towering cumulonimbus clouds.

2. What often causes severe wind shear during thunderstorms?. A) Intermittent bursts of stratospheric ozone pockets. B) Polar easterlies sometimes collide with relatively warmer ocean currents. C) Persistent calm air in stable atmospheres. D) Downbursts associated with intensely strong convective cells.

3. Which phenomenon can trap pollutants close to the surface and reduce visibility?. A) Thermal inversion creating a stable layer aloft. B) High-pressure systems causing intense vertical convection. C) Strong frontal passages displacing near-surface air. D) Wind shear that mixes the boundary layer thoroughly.

4. What mountain-induced hazard might produce extreme downdrafts and rotor clouds?. A) Sea breezes forming over high terrain. B) Mountain waves generated by strong perpendicular airflow. C) Foehn wind bringing warm air downslope. D) Localized low-pressure cells forming in valleys.